Word Space Research Articles

The Construction and Trend of Feminist Literature Theory Based on Social Media Data Mining

Up to now, the development path of Chinese women's liberation movement and modern Chinese women's literature is fundamentally different from that of the West. Therefore, the study of Chinese women's literature can not only rely on the essentialism of western feminist literary theory but also must return to the social reality and cultural reality of China. Based on social media data mining, this study uses the Word2vec model to map the text content to a more abstract word vector space, improves the original Text Rank algorithm from three aspects, semantic association between words, word frequency, and word directionality, then carries out feature extraction, and applies this algorithm to the generation of user tags. The feasibility and superiority of the model are verified by comparative experiments on LFR benchmark network. The research in this study provides a reference for the analysis of users' interests and behaviors and has certain theoretical significance and application value.

구글 번역기와 네이버 파파고 번역기의 스페인어-한국어 기사 번역 오류 유형 분석

Machine translations(MT) such as Google Translate and Naver Papago are widely used in Korea as translation tools. Although both translators apply the data-based Neural based MT (NMT) method, the translation results are not yet satisfactory compared to skilled human translators. In this paper, the Spanish-Korean translation errors made by these machines translators were analyzed qualitatively based on the Skopos theory, which is a functionalist translation theory. Some macroscopic errors are observed in word recognition, punctuation, spacing, phrase, sentence recognition, and sentential ending style. Microscopic errors in lexical, syntactic, and pragmatic aspects were analyzed by applying eight oblique translation procedures. The only procedure applied well in both translators is transposition and the majority of oblique procedures such as modulation, adaptation, amplification, explicitation, omission, and compensation are not properly applied. We expect that this study will be used as basic data for reference when applying a machine translator in the educational field or when a developer wants to improve the performance of both translators.

A New Alignment Word-Space Approach for Measuring Semantic Similarity for Arabic Text

This work presents a new alignment word-space approach for measuring the similarity between two snipped texts. The approach combines two similarity measurement methods: alignment-based and vector space-based. The vector space-based method depends on a semantic net that represents the meaning of words as vectors. These vectors are lemmatized to enrich the search space. The alignment-based method generates an alignment word space matrix (AWSM) for the snipped texts according to the generated semantic word spaces. Finally, the degree of sentence semantic similarity is measured using some proposed alignment rules. Four experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach, using two different datasets. The experimental results proved that applying the lemmatization process for the input text and the vector model has a better effect. The degree of correctness of the results reaches 0.7212 which is considered one of the best two results of the published Arabic semantic similarities.

A Study on the Graded Education of Dependent Noun Word Spacing for Chinese Korean Language Learners

목적 본 연구는 중국인 한국어 학습자를 위한 의존명사 띄어쓰기의 등급화 기준을 설정하여 이에 따라 등급별 교육 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 방법 이를 위하여 한국어 의존명사 띄어쓰기 등급화 기준의 설정 방법을 검토하고, 설정된 기준을 토대로 설문 테스트를 설계하였다. 중국인 학습자 초급 20명, 중급 20명, 고급20명 총 60명을 대상으로 조사를 실시하였으며, 형태⋅의미적 원리와 규범적 원리 두 가지 측면으로 나누어 조사 자료를 분석하였다. 결과 본 연구에서는 의존명사 띄어쓰기의 등급화 기준을 객관적 기준(학습자의 객관적 사용 능력)과 주관적 기준(학습자의 주관적 인식)으로 설정하였다. 이해도, 숙달도과 난이도에 따라 중국인 학습자를 위한 의존명사 띄어쓰기 등급별 교육 목표와 교육 내용을 모색하였다. 초급 단계에서는 의존명사 띄어쓰기의 기본 원칙을 인식하게 하고, 기본적인 문법 개념을 알아보도록 한다. 중급 단계에서는 의존명사의 형태와 의미를 정확하게 분석하고 구별할 수 있게 지도해야 한다. 고급 단계에서는 의존명사 띄어쓰기에 내재된 표기 원리를 판단할 수 있으며 원리에 적용하는 능력까지 배양해야 한다. 결론 본 연구는 한국어 교육에서 띄어쓰기 등급화하는 연구로서 의존명사를 중심으로 중국인 학습자의 실제적인 사용능력을 고려하여 교육용 어휘 선정부터 규범적 원리를 제시하는 데에 이르기까지 단계적인 교육 방안을 마련한다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

L’émergence du concept de « violence obstétricale » : l’impact du mouvement féministe

Scientific literature has already explored many aspects relating to the concept of violence in terms of genealogy towards feminist movements. Although the formulation of the concept obstetric violence is quite recent, the experience is old. It is this paradox that this article questions. More precisely, since the genealogy of this concept is anchored in hospital reflexivity and feminist movements, this contribution aims to elucidate how feminist movements have been able to play a facilitating role. Through the observation of a feminist association mobilized for alternative childbirth, this study aims to understand how activist dynamics paved the way for this new concept. The field research made it possible to identify two postures based on interviews with users. An analysis of the history of the association shows that an internal compromise in the association between these two postures has favored a space of words for parturients and negotiations with the local hospital for concrete achievements. The discussion analyzes these two postures through the prism of universalist and differentialist feminist points of view as well as of the sociology of the body. The conclusion questions this dynamic of social movements, asking if we can observe a similar process.

Place de la psychiatrie dans l’accompagnement des enfants et adolescents avec transidentité

Place de la psychiatrie dans l’accompagnement des enfants et adolescents avec transidentité

Research on Word Vector Training Method Based on Improved Skip-Gram Algorithm

Through the effective word vector training method, we can obtain semantic-rich word vectors and can achieve better results on the same task. In view of the shortcomings of the traditional skip-gram model in coding and modeling the processing of context words, this study proposes an improved word vector-training method based on skip-gram algorithm. Based on the analysis of the existing skip-gram model, the concept of distribution hypothesis is introduced. The distribution of each word in the word context is taken as the representation of the word, the word is put into the semantic space of the word, and then the word is modelled, which is better modelled by the smoothing of words and the semantic space of words. In the training process, the random gradient descent method is used to solve the vector representation of each word and each Chinese character. The proposed training method is compared with skip gram, CWE + P , and SEING by using word sense similarity task and text classification task in the experiment. Experimental results showed that the proposed method had significant advantages in the Chinese-word segmentation task with a performance gain rate of about 30%. The method proposed in this study provides a reference for the in-depth study of word vector and text mining.

Prop of Ribbon Hypergraphs and Strongly Homotopy Involutive Lie Bialgebras

Abstract For any integer $d$, we introduce a prop ${{\mathcal {R}}}{{\mathcal {H}}} ra_d$ of oriented ribbon hypergraphs (in which “edges” can connect more than two vertices) and prove that it admits a canonical morphism of props, $$ \begin{align*} & {\mathcal{H}}\textit{olieb}_{d}^\diamond \longrightarrow {{\mathcal{R}}}{{\mathcal{H}}} ra_d, \end{align*}$$${\mathcal {H}}\textit {olieb}_{d}^\diamond $ being the (degree shifted) minimal resolution of prop of involutive Lie bialgebras, which is nontrivial on every generator of ${\mathcal {H}}\textit {olieb}_{d}^\diamond $. We obtain two applications of this general construction. First we show that for any graded vector space $W$ equipped with a family of cyclically (skew)symmetric higher products, $$ \begin{align*} & \Theta_n: (\otimes^n W[d])_{{{\mathbb{Z}}}_n} \longrightarrow {{\mathbb{K}}}[1+d], \ \ \ \ \ n\geq 1, \end{align*}$$the associated vector space of cyclic words $Cyc(W)=\oplus _{n\geq 0} (\otimes ^n W)_{{{\mathbb {Z}}}_n} $ has a combinatorial ${\mathcal {H}}\textit {olieb}_{d}^\diamond $-structure. As an illustration, we construct for each natural number $N\geq 1$ an explicit combinatorial strongly homotopy involutive Lie bialgebra structure on the vector space of cyclic words in $N$ graded letters, which extends the well-known Schedler’s necklace Lie bialgebra structure from the formality theory of the Goldman–Turaev Lie bialgebra in genus zero. Second, we introduced new (in general, nontrivial) operations in string topology. Given any closed connected and simply connected manifold $M$ of dimension $\geq 4$. We show that the reduced equivariant homology $\bar {H}_{\bullet }^{S^1}(LM)$ of the spacej $LM$ of free loops in $M$ carries a canonical representation of the dg prop ${\mathcal {H}}\textit {olieb}^\diamond _{2-n}$ on $\bar {H}_{\bullet }^{S^1}(LM)$ controlled by four ribbon hypergraphs explicitly shown in this paper.

Mobility in Unsupervised Word Embeddings for Knowledge Extraction—The Scholars’ Trajectories across Research Topics

In the knowledge discovery field of the Big Data domain the analysis of geographic positioning and mobility information plays a key role. At the same time, in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) domain pre-trained models such as BERT and word embedding algorithms such as Word2Vec enabled a rich encoding of words that allows mapping textual data into points of an arbitrary multi-dimensional space, in which the notion of proximity reflects an association among terms or topics. The main contribution of this paper is to show how analytical tools, traditionally adopted to deal with geographic data to measure the mobility of an agent in a time interval, can also be effectively applied to extract knowledge in a semantic realm, such as a semantic space of words and topics, looking for latent trajectories that can benefit the properties of neural network latent representations. As a case study, the Scopus database was queried about works of highly cited researchers in recent years. On this basis, we performed a dynamic analysis, for measuring the Radius of Gyration as an index of the mobility of researchers across scientific topics. The semantic space is built from the automatic analysis of the paper abstracts of each author. In particular, we evaluated two different methodologies to build the semantic space and we found that Word2Vec embeddings perform better than the BERT ones for this task. Finally, The scholars’ trajectories show some latent properties of this model, which also represent new scientific contributions of this work. These properties include (i) the correlation between the scientific mobility and the achievement of scientific results, measured through the H-index; (ii) differences in the behavior of researchers working in different countries and subjects; and (iii) some interesting similarities between mobility patterns in this semantic realm and those typically observed in the case of human mobility.

Words in the Middle Ages/Les Mots au Moyen Âge ed. by Victoria Turner and Vincent Debiais

Reviewed by: Words in the Middle Ages/Les Mots au Moyen Âge ed. by Victoria Turner and Vincent Debiais Véronique Duché Turner, Victoria, and Vincent Debiais, eds, Words in the Middle Ages/Les Mots au Moyen Âge (Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy, 46), Turnhout, Brepols, 2020; hardback; pp. vi, 340; 100 b/w illustrations, 6 b/w tables; R.R.P. €85.00; ISBN 9782503587950. This bilingual collection of fourteen essays—eleven in English and three in French—offers an intriguing book cover: it shows a panel of the famous eleventh-century Tapestry of Creation, housed in the Museum of the Cathedral of Girona (Spain). Its central scene is delimited by two concentric circles, with Christ Pantocrator in the middle. Two of the three scenes illustrated in the bottom half of the larger circle are represented on the cover: the creation of the birds (‘volatilia celi’—‘birds of the air’) and of the aquatic beings (‘mare’—‘sea’); and Adam, naming the animals around him, with the index of his right hand pointed to them. The inscription reads: ‘Adam non inveniebatur similem sibi’ (‘Adam did not find any creature of his own kind’). These striking scenes, with beautiful colours and fantastic animals (including a unicorn), offer a graphic illustration of the power of the word in the Middle Ages. Indeed, the status of words in the Middle Ages is at the core of this volume, which constitutes the proceedings of the 2016 symposium of the International Medieval Society (IMS) held in Paris in conjunction with the Laboratoire de médiévistique occidentale de Paris (LAMOP). Philologists, historians, epigraphers, palaeographers, and art historians interrogate the concept of ‘word’ by scrutinizing all sorts of support—texts, images, objects, and buildings. According to its editors, Victoria Turner and Vincent Debiais, this volume ‘traces the status of the word from ontology to usage, encompassing its visual, acoustic, linguistic, and extralinguistic forms’ (back cover). The volume is organized ‘using the zoom-out principle, from the letter to the context of the writing, from the detail contained in the pen stroke to the material and monumental environment of the text’ (p. 3). Firstly, Adrian Papahagi (‘Words with Masks: A Note on the Nomenclature of Some Late Medieval Initials’, pp. 5–20) clarifies the codicological vocabulary, while Dominique Stutzmann (‘Words as Graphic and Linguistic Structures: Word Spacing in Psalm 101 Domine exaudi orationem meam (Eleventh–Fifteenth Centuries)’, pp. 21–59) explores a corpus of forty-eight manuscripts to address ‘the definition, perception and measures of blank spaces between words’ (p. 23), with the open source Oriflamms. exe proving a very useful tool. Focusing on page space, Anne Rauner scrutinizes parish obituaries and their ‘visual rhetoric’ (‘Managing a Living Book: The Planning and the Use of Page Surface in Parish Obituaries in the Late Medieval Diocese of Strasbourg’, pp. 61–88), while Arthur Westwell (‘Correction of Liturgical Words, and Words of Liturgical Correctio in the Ordines Romani of Saint Amand’, pp. 89–107) examines the words of the liturgy and their lexical and morphological characteristics. [End Page 273] Jennifer M. Feltmann (‘Aligning Word and Deed: The Emergence of Confessor as a Priest who Hears Confession’, pp. 109–30) scrutinizes texts as well as sculptures and images to trace the semantic instability of the word ‘confessor’. Focusing on the French Grail romance, Lucas Wood (‘The Origin of the Text and the Authority of the Word in Robert de Boron’s Joseph d’Arimathie’, pp. 131–44) discusses the topos of the ancient, authoritative source. Morgan Boharski (‘Kisses on Stitches: Words of Active Fetishisation of Cloth Bodies in Old French Romance’, pp. 145–59) turns her attention to two French romances and the erotic dimension of ‘cloth bodies’—a chemise and a manche—offered to the protagonists. Liam Lewis (‘Quacktrap: Glosses and Multilingual Animal Contact in the Tretiz of Walter of Bibbesworth’, pp. 161–79) studies a bilingual list of animal noises and argues that it offers ‘a contact zone between human, animals, and birds’ (p. 163). Focusing on a set of Gallic epitaphs devoid of royal computation, Morgane Uberti (‘Un règne sans roi: Le Non-dit du temps dans quelques inscriptions de la Gaule du haut Moyen Âge...

Transfer Learning to Detect Age From Handwriting

Handwriting analysis is the science of determining an individual’s personality from his or her handwriting by assessing features such as slant, pen pressure, word spacing, and other factors. Handwriting analysis has a wide range of uses and applications, including dating and socialising, roommates and landlords, business and professional, employee hiring, and human resources. This study used the ResNet and GoogleNet CNN architectures as fixed feature extractors from handwriting samples. SVM was used to classify the writer’s gender and age based on the extracted features. We built an Arabic dataset named FSHS to analyse and test the proposed system. In the gender detection system, applying the automatic feature extraction method to the FSHS dataset produced accuracy rates of 84.9% and 82.2% using ResNet and GoogleNet, respectively. While the age detection system using the automatic feature extraction method achieved accuracy rates of 69.7% and 61.1% using ResNet and GoogleNet, respectively

Design and Development of an Android App (HanDex) to Enhance Hand Dexterity in Children With Poor Handwriting

According to the oscillation theory of handwriting, letters are formed by the coupled modulation of horizontal and vertical oscillation of our hands. This modulation-oscillation scheme requires human motor control. Hence one of the reasons for poor handwriting is lack of fine motor skills. The main objective of this study is to design, develop and evaluate a hand therapeutic-application (HanDex) for children with writing difficulties, to enhance their hand dexterity. Hence this paper describes the design, development and evaluation of the HanDex app. It has mainly five activities for improving tripod grip, hand-eye coordination, spatial organization, letter formation and fine motor skills. The main principle behind the design of all these activities is the oscillation theory of handwriting. A set of user interface (UI) guidelines have been followed in the UI design for simplicity, user-motivation, easy navigation, etc. User evaluation of the prototype was conducted by ten participants in five iterations and the final product was built by considering their feedback. After that, we have conducted case studies in two primary school children with poor handwriting to test the effectiveness of the application. The study used a single subject pretest-posttest design to observe and measure the efficacy of the HanDex application. The post test results showed a positive impact on letter formation, size of letters, spacing of letters and words, placement, speed and legibility in these children. Hence the HanDex app is promising and warrants further investigation on more children with different levels of handwriting difficulty.

Задача локальної оптимізації графів та її застосування

Introduction. We study the problem of constructing a locally optimal directed graph when each edge is assigned a fixed numerical weight. Due to the broad interpretation of the numerical weights of edges, the problem of finding the least-cost paths has many applications and is one of the most common and studied problems in the applied theory of algorithms. In various modifications, it can be found in algorithms for constructing optimal routes for flying and other moving objects, in pattern recognition, optimization of communication networks and integrated circuits. The property of local optimality is defined through a dynamic process that at every round assigns to each vertex the minimal value depending on its current value and sums of values stored in neighborhood vertices with weights of incoming edges. The graph is locally optimal when any vertex cannot allow further minimizations. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to investigate the problem of constructing a locally-optimal graph, establish properties of such graphs, and derive new applications. Methods. We consider the problem of finding the shortest paths in a broader context as a general computational problem of local graph optimization. This model of computations on a graph is studied. Each local vertex, regardless of the other vertices, performs the same iterative procedure of minimizing some non-negative numerical value assigned to that vertex. The operation of such minimization depends on the current value obtained in this vertex when applying the previous minimization and sums of the current numerical data located in the vertices from which the input edges lead to the selected local vertex and weights of the seedges. After several stages of such an operation, the graph always comes into a stable state: further minimization of vertices does not change the values assigned to the vertices. In this state, we call the graph locally optimal. Results. The conditions under which the graph reaches the state of local optimization are investigated. With different choices of interpretation of the function that determines the influence of neighboring vertices on the vertex minimization value, we obtain a variety of applications. For example, the gradient descent method from the local optimization state makes it easy to obtain the minimum weight (cost) paths from the given starting vertex to all vertices. If the graph is interpreted as a semantic network in the space of natural language words, it is shown how the problem of finding the minimum path among words or phrases is interpreted as solving a known problem in computational linguistics: find the word most associated with a given input set words or sentences (images). Finally, by calculating the weights of the paths in randomized (uniformly distributed) graphs, a fast-authentication protocol is proposed for the two coalition entities acting in a malicious environment. Conclusions. The local optimality is a stable constant state of the current graph marking reachable by using the dynamic minimization process. Local optimality provides a common method for solving many problems related to search engine optimization. It is shown how from solving the general problem of constructing a locally-optimal graph it follows the problem of finding the paths of least weights (cost). New applications include solving the problem of associative search in computational linguistics (creative thinking) and fast mutual authentication in coalition groups.

Infinitary Noetherian constructions I. Infinite words

We define and study Noetherian topologies for spaces of infinite sets and for spaces of infinite words. In each case, we also obtain S-representations, namely, computable presentations of the sobrifications of those spaces.

Deconstruction, Reorganization, Fusion and Derivation - A Talk on Introduction to Cursive Script

Cursive writing is convenient and smooth, with strong artistry and inclusiveness. Since its inception, it has been widely concerned by different social strata and spread rapidly. Through the deconstruction and reorganization of the elements of the cursive script, the author summarizes the common principles, and completes the discussion on the form and technique of the cursive script. This paper starts with the writing method, takes points, lines, surfaces and other elements as the research objects, analyzes and refines, and proposes that in the aspect of structure, attention should be paid to factors such as space and reality, interspersed avoidance and other factors. Then, from the perspective of the comparison of word spacing and line spacing, the basic rules of composition and the relationship between the change of ink method and the use of pen are expounded. Finally, the rhythm changes of cursive script under different combinations are illustrated with examples. Calligraphy is a highly condensed materialized form of traditional Chinese culture, and it is the representative of imagery art. Cursive writing is convenient and smooth, with strong artistry and inclusiveness. Since its inception, it has been widely concerned by different social strata and spread rapidly. However, with the development of science and technology, the strokes of the keyboard gradually replaced the writing of Chinese characters, and people's writing consciousness gradually disappeared, and the ideographic effect of Chinese characters also disappeared. Calligraphy is facing a serious test. The author wants to summarize a targeted approach to cursive script through his own writing and teaching experience.

DeltaVLAD: An efficient optimization algorithm to discriminate speaker embedding for text-independent speaker verification

<abstract> <p>Text-independent speaker verification aims to determine whether two given utterances in open-set task originate from the same speaker or not. In this paper, some ways are explored to enhance the discrimination of embeddings in speaker verification. Firstly, difference is used in the coding layer to process speaker features to form the DeltaVLAD layer. The frame-level speaker representation is extracted by the deep neural network with differential operations to calculate the dynamic changes between frames, which is more conducive to capturing insignificant changes in the voiceprint. Meanwhile, NeXtVLAD is adopted to split the frame-level features into multiple word spaces before aggregating, and subsequently perform VLAD operations in each subspace, which can significantly reduce the number of parameters and improve performance. Secondly, the margin-based softmax loss function and the few-shot learning-based loss function are proposed to be combined for more discriminative speaker embeddings. Finally, for a fair comparison, the experimental results are performed on Voxceleb-1 showing superior performance of speaker verification system and can obtain new state-of-the-art results.</p> </abstract>

Alternative criteria for writing system typology

AbstractIn essence, typologies of writing systems seek to classify the world’s diverse writing systems in principled ways. However, against backdrops of early, misguided assumptions (Gelb 1969 [1952]) and stubborn term confusions, most proposals have focused primarily on the dominant levels of representational mapping (i. e., morphemic, syllabic, or phonemic), despite their shortcomings as idealizations (Joyce 2016, forthcoming; Joyce and Borgwaldt 2011; Meletis 2018). In advocating for exploring a more diverse range of criteria, either as alternatives or complementary factors, this paper outlines a promising framework for organizing typology criteria (Meletis 2018; 2020), which consists of three broad categories; namely, (a)linguistic fit, (b)processing fitand (c)sociocultural fit. Linguistic fit concerns the match between a language and its writing system and, thus, relates closely to the traditional criterion of representational mapping. Processing fit pertains to the physiological and cognitive aspects of a writing system, such as word spacing. Finally, sociocultural fit addresses the communicative and social functions of writing systems, such as implementing orthographic reforms. In singling out a particular parameter from each category, the paper illustrates its potential application as a typology criterion with cross-linguistic observations from the German (GWS) and the Japanese writing systems (JWS).

Effects of word spacing on children’s reading: Evidence from eye movements

Effects of word spacing on children’s reading: Evidence from eye movements

High Time to Break Up the Boys’ Club: The Gendered Politics of Spoken Word and Open Mic Spaces in Trinidad and Tobago

The increased visibility of spoken word in media, public campaigns, and literary festivals demands critical attention to the social organisation of the art form, movement, and space. This paper explores the gendered politics of spoken word and open mic spaces in Trinidad and Tobago since 2000. Based on semi-structured interviews with spoken word poets and open mic organisers, this article discusses the unequal gender power relations between male and female spoken word poets in open mic events. I argue that unredressed gender stereotypes and male privilege contextually marginalise female spoken word poets and maintain the posture of “power” for male spoken word poets and organisers in the movement.

The outcast space of Perugino

When I was a boy in St. Louis, Missouri, I grew up across the street from the house of Norris K. Smith, an art historian who taught at Washington University. As I have gotten older, I associate this experience with a picture in Smith’s last book–a book about Renaissance perspective and a kind of career summation he published in 1994 called Here I Stand: Perspective from Another Point of View. The picture, painted by the artist Robert Jordan, shows the vantage from the far distance of Perugino’s Sistine fresco, the Christ Giving the Keys of the Church to St Peter. Perugino shows the protagonists front and center, with smaller and inconsequential figures populating the mid ground and distance. But in Jordan’s picture we see Peter and his entourage as tiny figures in the far distance, beheld from over the shoulder of a faraway ball-player in Perugino’s original. Thinking of this image in Smith’s book, recalling the reversed perspectives of life on either side of Cornell Avenue in St. Louis, and considering my difference from Smith, I speculate on the meanings of the words world and space as they relate to Perugino’s painting and to the act of writing art history.