Words Research Articles

Lexical-semantic analysis of term characteristic words in the Azerbaijani literary language of 15th century

Lexical-semantic analysis of term characteristic words in the Azerbaijani literary language of 15th century

Immediate cross-language transfer of novel articulatory plans in bilingual speech.

Current models of second language (L2) acquisition focus on interactions with a first language (L1) at the level of speech sound targets. In multilinguals, the degree of interaction between the articulatory plans that guide speech in each language remains unclear. Here, we directly address this question in bilingual speakers. We use a sensorimotor adaptation paradigm to drive the acquisition of novel articulatory plans for speech in one language and then measure the extent to which these new motor plans influence articulatory plans in the speaker's other language. Twenty L1-French, L2-English bilinguals adapted their speech production to a real-time alteration of vowel sounds. In one session, the adaptation was acquired during French sentence production; in a second session, the adaptation was acquired during English sentence production. In each session, cross-language transfer of these novel articulatory plans for speech was assessed using a transfer task that involved the production of French and English words with heavily noise-masked auditory feedback. Sensorimotor adaptation that countered the vowel sound alteration was observed in both French and English. Regardless of the linguistic context in which the adaptation was acquired, the adaptation transferred to the production of words in both languages. The amount of transfer did not depend on whether the adaptation was acquired in the participant's L1 or L2. In a second experiment, the result was replicated with 20 L1-English, L2-French speakers. The experiments support the idea that, in bilinguals, the interaction between L1 and L2 articulatory motor plans is rapid and bidirectional. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The role and meaning of compound words in the Azerbaijani literary language of the 15th century

The role and meaning of compound words in the Azerbaijani literary language of the 15th century

SINN AND ITS SHADOW. TERMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF HUSSERL’S CONCEPTION OF NOETIC-NOEMATIC STRUCTURES OF PURE CONSCIOUSNESS

The methodological premise of the investigation is the meta-difference between foreground and background as a necessary element of any difference, including the difference between conceptual and terminological types of analysis of philosophical texts. The topic of terminological analysis is the function of the terms that make up the framework of concepts, the methods and justifications for their introduction. The role of D.Hume, who was the first to draw attention to the difference in the meaning of the same word in natural and philosophical languages, is noted. More general questions are formulated regarding the prerequisites of terminological analysis: what is a term, what experience underlies the very process of introducing terms, are terms a necessary building material of philosophical texts or a necessary evil? The prerequisites for terminological analysis include the differences between a term and a word, as well as a term and a metaphor. Husserl’s concept of noetic-noematic structures is considered in terms of the difference between conceptual and terminological dimensions. The research focuses on the functions of “sense” as an intermediary between natural language and philosophical terminology. The prerequisites for the introduction of the terms “noesis” and “noema” are identified; in the first case, this is the traditional scheme of hylomorphism, in the second, the postulate of the identity of what is perceived during normal and abnormal perception. A comparison is made between Husserl’s expression “sense does not burn” with M.Bulgakov’s aphorism “manuscripts do not burn.” Husserl’s division of two types of consciousness (positional and neutral or shadow) reveals the incorrectness of Husserl’s description of the difference between the foreground and background of perception. Husserl’s description of “neutralization” is subjected to critical analysis using the example of the perception of Durer’s engraving. The final section of the article examines attempts to correlate the meaning of the word “sense” with experience, compares the role of the terms “sense” and “concept,” and also analyzes Husserl’s “generalization of the idea of meaning,” or expansion of the meaning of the term “sense.” Finally, a distinction is made between a methodology of separation, which corresponds to the boundary-setting function of terms, and a methodology of differentiation of differences, which implies the differentiating function of terms.

The Use of Borrowings from the Greek Language in Hybrid Words of the Modern German Language

The Use of Borrowings from the Greek Language in Hybrid Words of the Modern German Language

Innovative Hybrid Cloud Solutions for Physical Medicine and Telerehabilitation Research.

The primary objective of this study was to develop and implement a Hybrid Cloud Environment for Telerehabilitation (HCET) to enhance patient care and research in the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) domain. This environment aims to integrate advanced information and communication technologies to support both traditional in-person therapy and digital health solutions. Telerehabilitation is emerging as a core component of modern healthcare, especially within the PM&R field. By applying digital health technologies, telerehabilitation provides continuous, comprehensive support for patient rehabilitation, bridging the gap between traditional therapy, and remote healthcare delivery. This study focuses on the design, and implementation of a hybrid HCET system tailored for the PM&R domain. The study involved the development of a comprehensive architectural and structural organization for the HCET, including a three-layer model (infrastructure, platform, service layers). Core components of the HCET were designed and implemented, such as the Hospital Information System (HIS) for PM&R, the MedRehabBot system, and the MedLocalGPT project. These components were integrated using advanced technologies like large language models (LLMs), word embeddings, and ontology-related approaches, along with APIs for enhanced functionality and interaction. The HCET system was successfully implemented and is operational, providing a robust platform for telerehabilitation. Key features include the MVP of the HIS for PM&R, supporting patient profile management, and rehabilitation goal tracking; the MedRehabBot and WhiteBookBot systems; and the MedLocalGPT project, which offers sophisticated querying capabilities, and access to extensive domain-specific knowledge. The system supports both Ukrainian and English languages, ensuring broad accessibility and usability. The practical implementation, and operation of the HCET system demonstrate its potential to transform telerehabilitation within the PM&R domain. By integrating advanced technologies, and providing comprehensive digital health solutions, the HCET enhances patient care, supports ongoing rehabilitation, and facilitates advanced research. Future work will focus on optimizing services and expanding language support to further improve the system's functionality and impact.

Intelligent Translation System Aiding High-Quality Writing in English in the Age of the Internet

Abstract This study focuses on applying intelligent translation systems in assisting high-quality English writing in the Internet era. The study analyzes statistical machine translation techniques, especially N-gram language modeling and word alignment techniques, and their crucial role in translation quality improvement. In English writing, the intelligent translation system significantly improves the quality of students’ Writing through word block translation. By analyzing 320 students, the mean value of self-efficacy in writing skills of students in the high-quality writing group was 3.78, significantly higher than that of the low-quality group, which was 2.82. After the experiment, 0.57 students indicated that they would improve their English writing vocabulary with the aid of the Intelligent Translation System, which showed the potential of the Intelligent Translation System to enhance students’ interest in and autonomy in Writing. Average distribution analysis shows that word block usage positively correlates with writing performance, with an R Square value of 0.6726. The intelligent translation system improves students’ English writing and enhances their self-efficacy, which is of great significance to English teaching.

PROBLEMS OF ECOLOGIZATION OF THE MODERN UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

It is always important to talk about the purity of language, as language is one of the main means of communication and expression. Here are some reasons why it is important today: a). Ensuring clarity: The use of correct language facilitates understanding between language promotes understanding between interlocutors. Incorrect use of words, grammatical structures or pronunciation can lead to misunderstandings. b). Professional credibility: In many areas of life, correct speech can affect the first impression and the level of professional credibility. Competent language shows the culture of the interlocutor and their level of education. c). Preservation of cultural heritage: Language is not only a means of communication, but also a part of cultural heritage. Compliance with the rules of the language contributes to preservation and development of language culture. d). Effective communication: Correct speech helps you to express your thoughts, ideas and feelings effectively. People with right speech can express yourself more accurately and clearly. These topics can occur in a variety of contexts, from academic discussions to practical measures to improve speech culture. The authors of this article consider several factors that may affect the ability of Ukrainians to speak the correct literary language: 1). The influence of dialects and language variants: Ukraine has many regional dialects and language variants that can affect the way words are pronounced, word usage and grammar. 2). Language contact: The richness of language contact in Ukraine can lead to the borrowing of words, phrases and grammatical constructions that do not always meet the standards of the literary Ukrainian language. 3). Lack of language education: Lack of opportunities to receive quality language education or insufficient attention to language literacy in the programs can affect the level of language skills. 4). Socio-cultural context: Socio-cultural factors such as social status, education, media, and the influence of the Internet can influence the language behavior and word use of Ukrainians. 5). Lack of motivation: Lack of motivation to learn and use the correct language can be an obstacle for Ukrainians. 6). Political and historical context: Historical events and political processes also influence Ukrainians' language choices and speech practices. As a result of these factors, Ukrainians may have different levels of language literacy and use of the literary language. However, the interest in improving language skills and proper language education can help to improve this situation. Thus, it is important to talk about language purity today in order to maintain quality communication, preserve cultural heritage and increase the level of professional trust.

Prominence effects in vocal iconicity: Implications for lexical access and language changea).

This paper explores how three cognitive and perceptual cues, vocal iconicity, resemblance-based mappings between form and meaning, and segment position and lexical stress, interact to affect word formation and language processing. The study combines an analysis of the word-internal positions that iconic segments occur in based on data from 245 language families with an experimental study in which participants representing more than 30 languages rated iconic and non-iconic pseudowords. The pseudowords were designed to systematically vary segment and stress placement across syllables. The results for study 1 indicate that segments used iconically appear approximately 0.26 segment positions closer toward the beginning of words compared to non-iconic segments. In study 2, it was found that iconic segments occurring in stressed syllables and non-iconic segments occurring in the second syllable were rated as significantly more fitting. These findings suggest that the interplay between vocal iconicity and prominence effects increases the predictive function of iconic segments by foregrounding sounds, which intrinsically carry semantic information. Consequently, these results contribute to the understanding of the widespread occurrence of vocal iconicity in human languages.

Mediating role of inhibitory control in relationships between cardiovascular fitness and academic achievement in preadolescents.

Cardiovascular fitness (CRF) has been consistently linked to cognitive performance and academic achievement, and inhibitory control has been recognized as a key predictor of academic success. However, few studies have explored whether inhibitory control mediates the relationship between CRF and academic performance in children, and the existing findings are inconclusive because of certain limitations. This study investigated the mediating role of inhibitory control in the association between CRF and academic achievement among preadolescents while also addressing the related limitations. This study enrolled a total of 175 elementary school students (70 girls, mean age=11.17years, standard deviation=0.7), who participated in a half-mile test for assessing their CRF level. Additionally, inhibitory control was measured using the Stroop Color and Word Test (Stroop test), and language and mathematics tests were administered to measure their academic performance. The results revealed that the participants with higher CRF levels achieved superior performance in tasks requiring a high level of inhibitory control (r=0.291, P<0.001) and in Chinese language (r=-0.415, P<0.001) and mathematics (r=-0.366, P<0.001) tests even when gender, age, and body fat were considered. Furthermore, a mediation analysis revealed that inhibitory control, as measured through the incongruent trials of the Stroop test, partially mediated the relationship between CRF and academic performance (language: indirect effect=-0.013, 95% CI [-0.019, -0.008]; math: indirect effect=-0.013, 95% CI [-0.021, -0.009]). These findings have major implications for child development, emphasizing the key role of inhibitory control in the beneficial effects of CRF on academic achievement.

Phonetic Interference Changes of Arabic to Indonesian in Arabic Learning

The integration of Indonesian with other languages causes Indonesian to easily absorb various elements of foreign languages, Arabic has a strong influence and integration with Indonesian. This has caused a lot of Arabic to be absorbed in Indonesian, which is commonly found in some Indonesian vocabulary listed in KBBI, officially recorded to be used in full form by the people of Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to describe the form and see the phonetic changes that occur in the absorption elements of Arabic Indonesian vocabulary listed in the officially recorded KBBI. The method used in research is library research, using a qualitative approach, namely research that attaches importance to collecting qualitative data. The result of the study is that the acquisition of sounds in this language can be studied scientifically, so how to produce these sounds can be explained in more detail phonetically or phonetically. The absorption element of Arabic has a positive effect on Arabic language learning. This effect occurs when the vocabulary inherited from Arabic is not changed entirely, changing the sound and use of the language's words.

Research on the Translation of Indirect Expressive Speech Acts Identified in the Novel It Ends With Us

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;This study aims to find all indirect expressive speech acts in the &lt;em&gt;It End With Us&lt;/em&gt; novel, classify them, examine if they underwent a shift in the translation, and assessed the quality of the translation. This is a descriptive qualitative research and used purposive sampling technique. The data were later analyzed using content analysis method and were verified in Focus Group Discussion. It was discovered that this novel contained 33 indirect expressive speech acts with the following classification: boasting (10), deploring (8), complimenting (5), lamenting (5), forgiving (2), condoling (1), thanking (1), and apologizing (1). No data underwent a shift in indirectness. It can be concluded that the difficulty of translating indirect expressive speech acts is affected by several factors such as the cultural disparity between the source and target language, finding the equivalent words in the target language, and the minimum understanding on the context of the work. Additionally, the score for accuracy and acceptability is 2,81 and 2,55, while the final score of the Translation Quality Assessment is 2,68, indicating that despite the translation being imperfect, the translator has overall successfully translated the indirect expressive speech acts into the target language.&lt;/p&gt;

Sivil Havacılık Şirketlerinin İnsansız Hava Aracı Stratejileri

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were developed to alter the course of warfare and eliminate vulnerabilities. Initially used for intelligence, reconnaissance, and surveillance, their service capacity has expanded due to technological advancements and evolving needs arising from natural and human factors. To meet the demands of emerging markets and increase efficiency, civil aviation companies have begun developing UAVs. To meet the demands of emerging markets and increase efficiency, civil aviation companies have begun developing UAVs. Initially, the focus was on increasing the functional load-carrying capacity of UAVs, but as different sectors began to express interest, unmanned aerial vehicles were designed by other industries. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased demand for UAVs, particularly for the rapid and contactless distribution of medicines required when inspecting for violations of curfew restrictions or monitoring citizens in quarantine. This study analyses the investments and activities of companies operating in civil aviation for UAVs. The study analyzed the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle strategies of Turkish Airlines, Boeing, and Henan SunHawk companies using Content Analysis and Thematic Analysis methods. The study analyzed the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle strategies of Turkish Airlines, Boeing, and Henan SunHawk companies using Content Analysis and Thematic Analysis methods. No additional aspects have been added to the content. The study analyzed the UAV strategies of Turkish Airlines, Boeing, and Henan SunHawk companies using Content Analysis and Thematic Analysis methods. The text has been revised to adhere to the desired characteristics, including clear and concise language, logical structure, formal register, and precise word choice. The text is free from grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors. Based on the research findings, it is evident that both governments and private companies have effectively utilized UAV technologies over the past 25 years. The study also predicts a significant increase in the use of UAVs in the next 25 years across a wider range of sectors. The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis evaluates the current potential of UAVs in terms of their future structure and the impact of new technologies on company policies. Precautions against cyber-attacks are also discussed due to the vulnerability of UAVs as high-tech products.

KAZAKH TERM FORMATION: TRADITIONAL PROCESSES AND MODERN DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT

The paper proves that on the basis of linguistic data, the functioning of synthetic (morphological), syntactic (analytical) (unification, combination, combination, reduction of words) methods of term formation of the national sample, formed by analyzing the traditional processes of Kazakh term formation and the modern directionscontinues smoothly. Besides, suffixes that are currently being used productively and suffixes that are increasing in productivity are also indicated. Russian suffixes, which are attached mainly to words from European languages and to words of the Russian language, are translated into Kazakh as follows: a) one Russian suffix with phonetic versions of one Kazakh suffix and b) one suffix with phonetic versions of several suffixes. In the present paper, the term elements of «hybrid» terms composed with the participation of foreign language elements were classified as follows: elements used before the word (prefixes); elements used at the end of the word (affixodes). However, such elements are currently also being translated into Kazakh. The following «positive» trends in modern Kazakh terminology formation can be noted: through lexico-semantic (conversion) creation an increase in the number of terms created as a result of metaphorical use based on national cognition; through Russian transliteration of terms that are in the lexical fund of the Kazakh language related to national values; borrowing terms from the speech of Kazakhs living abroad; Russian translation of words and phrases entered into the Russian language from European languages, as well as from the Russian language itself into the Kazakh language in various ways; the adoption of terms not only through the Russian language, but also directly from the English language, while based on their pronunciation, and not on spelling in Russian. Also, the following «negative» trends are observed in Kazakh terminology: the emergence of a «new type» of ways of forming phrases that were not previously encountered in the Kazakh language, by structural, semantic and syntactic calculus from the Russian language; an increase in the use of «affixoids» (-aldy, -arty, -asty); strengthening the process of connecting words; parallel use of several equivalents of terms that have entered the Russian language from European languages; borrowing words that have entered the Russian language from European languages by spelling in Russian; borrowing words from European languages by spelling in these languages; increasing the number of «hybrid» terms formed with the participation of foreign elements.

LEXICO-SEMANTIC GROUPS OF WRITTEN MONUMENTS OF THE GOLDEN HORDE ERA

The article presents written monuments of the Golden Horde era of the XIV century, studying the language of the palace safe "Gulistan bit-Turks" and "Khosrow and Shirin", dedicated to several lexical and semantic groups: religious words, kinship, positions and professions held, social and social vocabulary, trade, intellectual, human qualities, fruits, astronomical topics, mood, military names, entertainment, proper names, gems, etc. A statistical study of the collected thematic groups is carried out, their frequency is determined for the first time and the cause is investigated. The peculiarity of the use of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, polysemous words in the texts is indicated. They were compared with the use of some words in the modern Kazakh language and local colloquial dialects. Passing through the sound, morphological changes of words in the Arabic and Persian languages, the manuscript and modern Kazakh versions are considered in the Middle Ages, when the Kipchak economic discourse was formed and developed with specific examples, which formed the basis for the widespread spread of linguoeconomic discourse with the consolidation of economic terms in the modern Kazakh language. The article defines the semantic field of old words, divided into lexical and semantic groups by methods of comparative historical, semantic analysis, component analysis.

Features of application of single- and multi-component terms in the Kazakh official style

The article discusses the terms used at the present stage in the official sphere, among which are the terms and term combinations derived from the native Kazakh words. The authors of the article emphasize that today the process of transferring the names of new concepts and phenomena in the native language by reproducing the meaning of the word, using word-forming forms, as well as ways of combining, combining words in the native language, terminology in this area is not only one-two-component, but also three to four, five to six components. An analysis of the methods for the formation of legal terms showed that legal terms consist of own and borrowed words, in terms of grammatical structure they are often one-component, and multi-component terms are currently used more often than in previous periods in the development of this style.

Informatorul. Biografia unui concept etnologic

Indicating the person who provides a researcher with information about the reality of a rural/traditional community, the word informator (informant) lost its “innocent” character when it started to be used for the collaborators of the secret services, especially of the Romanian political police during the communist period, the Securitate. The authors follow the “biography” of this word in Romanian language and of this concept in Romanian ethnology. They also explore the evolution of the term according to political contexts (especially in communist Romania and the post-socialist years). The paper focuses on two aspects: (a) the evolution of the meaning of the word informator, as it can be found in the main dictionaries; the influence of the political context on the transformation of the term is also studied; (b) who and in which contexts has defined, conceptualized or mentioned the informator (informant) as an essential part of the process of knowledge of folkloric realities, within the Romanian ethnology.

ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGE «NADSAT» IN THE RUSSIAN, FRENCH AND CHINESE LANGUAGES

This article is devoted to the analysis of the translation of the artificial language «nadsat» in the novel A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess. A sci-fi novel written in 1962 and set in a near-dystopian future, A Clockwork Orange revolves around a violent youth subculture and, in particular, 15-year-old delinquent Alex and his friends. Based on the predilection of young people for the creation and use of informal words and slang, the author of the novel, British linguist and writer A. Burgess, uses fictitious vocabulary, i.e., the artificial language «nadsat». The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the problem of understanding and correct interpretation of words in fictional and artificial languages has not been sufficiently studied.&#x0D; The purpose of the study is to identify common features of the translation of the artificial language «nadsat» from English into Russian, French and Chinese.&#x0D; The research methods are method of theoretical analysis translation analysis of the text from the original language into Russian, French and Chinese.&#x0D; The results of the study showed that an adequate translation of «Nadsat» will help the reader understand the main idea expressed by the author of the novel.

Terminology of the aerospace industry: systemic and structural features

This article presents an attempt to describe systemic and structural features of contemporary English-language aerospace terminology. Relevance of this terminological system study is determined by rapid development of aerospace industry. Its terminology is expanding rapidly as well. Specifically, existing terms acquire new conceptual meanings; new concepts appear as well as terms to convey them; concepts and terms from adjacent domains are borrowed; general language words become specialized knowledge units within the framework of specific terminological system. The purpose of this study is to describe systemic features of aerospace terminology from the perspective of basic requirements to terms, as well as to describe structural features of terms in question. Terminological units are subject to linguistic analysis, which can be carried out in a number of ways. To conduct the research aiming at describing aerospace terminology as a system, the author used definitional, structural and statistical methods. The terminological system of the industry in question is based on «genus proximum et differentia specifica» principle. It is also marked by the presence of polysemous, homonymous, and synonymic terms. As for the structural features, there are both monolexemic and polylexemic terms: monolexemic terms cover basic, derived, and compound terms with predominance of simple terms; polylexemic terms comprise two-component, three-component, and multicomponent terms with predominance of two-component terms. Most polylexemic terms have abbreviations. Abbreviations are omnipresent in the aerospace industry terminology: on the one hand, they simplify specialized communication; on the other hand, abbreviations prevent non-specialists from understanding the aerospace discourse.

Allomorphic and isomorphic features of lexical borrowings in the economic sphere in Russian, Arabic and English

The scientific linguistic understanding of adequate communication is important for implementing business projects on different aspects of economic partnership and collaboration. The article studies comparative lexical borrowings in differently structured languages: Russian, Arabic and English. Using economic vocabulary, we examine allomorphic and isomorphic features in unrelated languages based on the comparative method. The purpose of this research is to identify similar and different features in the process of lexical borrowing in the data systems of three languages. Among the main isomorphic features, the article presents the following ones: a large number of early borrowings in the economic sphere in the form of the product naming, a significant number of early borrowings in the economic sphere from Greek, Latin, French and Italian, the presence of mutual borrowings related to the group of product categories, trade relations, the presence of the international vocabulary, etc. Allomorphic features are identified in the peculiarities of assimilation of a foreign word in receptor languages, in the presence or absence of intra-linguistic borrowings, in the various adaptation differences of borrowings at phonetic, semantic, morphological levels, etc. The article focuses on the understanding of adequate ways of communication in the implementation of business economic projects, which take into account both the regulations of business companies in European countries and the requirements of partners in the eastern regions, representatives of Arab countries. Our practically oriented results can be implemented in the educational methodological literature for the professionals in economics, philologists, Russianists, Arabists, Anglicists, translators, etc.