Word-formation Patterns Research Articles

ANOMALIES IN AN ADVERTISING TEXT (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE)

This article is devoted to anomalies, i.e. non-standard ways of using vocabulary in advertising texts, by means of which the communication is carried out. The interest in the study of the mechanisms of speech impact made this study relevant. The novelty of this study lies in insufficient research on anomalies in the language of advertising. The hypothesis of this study was the assumption that speech anomalies could be used in advertising texts, since they had been previously studied in fiction and article writing.
 The aim of the article is to demonstrate examples of non-standard, occasional use of the English language means in the texts of commercial advertising. In order to achieve it the following tasks were set: to describe the principles according to which a word, phrase or other formation can be considered anomalous; to find examples and systematize the types of anomalies used by copywriters in English-language advertising texts.
 Materials and methods. The material for the study involved the texts selected by random sampling from printed periodicals and online stores. To prove the logical or illogical use of words, we applied the analysis of semantic meaning, i.e. decomposition of meaning into components, as well as morphological analysis of word forms. These methods involve the use of English-English thesauri. At the sentence level, syntactic analysis was used.
 Results. The analysis showed that the examples of anomalous use of the vocabulary can be reduced to three groups: lexical-semantic, morphological and syntactic. As a result, we managed to show that the most numerous group is the first one, which includes examples of illogical combinations on the principle of animate-inanimate, incorrect designation of quality, concrete-abstract, violations of stylistic combination of words, as well as deformation of phraseological units. The second group is represented by morphological violations of word-formation patterns, simple conjunction of bases, changes in spelling. The third group – syntactic anomalies – is represented by examples of violations in cohesion and split infinitive.
 Practical implications. The results can be used by copywriters, marketers, who compose advertising texts not only in English, but also in Russian.

Like in a Drop of Water: colloquial Cuban Spanish in just one Joke

Cuban Spanish, its colloquial variety included, is quite a peculiar, perhaps a unique phenomenon. Fruit of the unique history of the Cuban ethnic community, the Cuban colloquial speech has become an amalgam of imprints of many languages, as well as of a host of ethnic and religious traditions. Here, as nowhere else in the Western Hemisphere, with the exception, perhaps, of Brazil, the African heritage stayed very much alive and came afloat first in the language of the Afro-Cuban community as a whole, and then in Cuban Spanish as such. And yet other sources of colloquial Cuban should also be mentioned: first, the colloquial speech of native Spaniards, which were plenty on the Island before the Revolution of 1959 and contributed a lot to the patterns of word-formation in Cuban; and, finally, two more elements: the Portuguese one and the Gipsy one, as units thereof have found a prominent place among the most commonly used Cuban colloquialisms.

Approximation and comparison in word-formation: The case of denominal adjectives in Dutch, German, and English

The paper presents a corpus-based comparative study of denominal adjectives in Dutch, German, and English. It aims at clarifying the notion of approximation. More specifically, it focuses on investigating the relation between approximation and comparison as semantic categories in word-formation. Drawing on equivalent patterns, we study both the relation between comparative and approximative readings in various word-formation patterns (derivation and compounding) in Dutch, German, and English as well as the respective differences between the languages. We specifically focus on suffixes and other right head constituents (in particular Dutch -achtig, German -artig and -ähnlich, and English -like), thereby addressing the question whether word class changing morphology is at all suitable for expressing approximation. We conclude that the patterns investigated in our study may have approximative readings but are not approximative in the strict sense.

WORD-FORMATION IN AUSTRIAN STANDARD GERMAN IN THE CONTEXT OF LEXEME “KRAUT”

Despite numerous studies, the aspect of word formation of nouns in the modern literary German language of Germany and Austria is yet to be fully covered.
 The purpose of this study is to determine patterns in the word-formation of substantives in modern Austrian Standard German using the example of the lexeme “Kraut” (cabbage).
 We used continuous sampling method and lexicographical literature for Standard German and Austrian German.
 As a result of the study, universal and unique language characteristics for this variant were identified. For example, in Austrian German the lexeme is replaced by a synonymous one with identical semantics, forming derivative lexical units. Word formation occurs according to the model of attributive composition, while the addition of root morphemes takes place without a connecting element, which is typical for word formation according to the composition model in Standard German. The results obtained provide a perspective for further research in patterns of word-formation in modern Standard German and modern Austrian Standard German.

Prefix In Mongondow Language

The goal of this research is to explain the word formation, prefix, of the Mongondow language. The method used in this study is a taxonomic descriptive method, namely exposure by classifying language elements according to hierarchical relationships. The results of the research show word formation patterns are done by adding prefixes, infixes, suffixes, confixes, and clitics. In this pattern of word formation, a morphophonemic process occurs, resulting in new forms like phoneme modifications or deletions. Reduplication and compounding procedures can also result in word formation patterns. As a result of forming words with these patterns a new class of words is formed. The focus of this research is to reveal the prefix in Mongondow Language. The result show there are Prefix {moN-}, {mo-}, {no-},{poN-}, {ko-} ,{mopo-}, {nopo-}, {popo-}, {moko-}, {noko-}, {poko-}, {mogi- , {nogi-}, {pogi-}, {mojiN-}, {pongiN-}, {moki-} {poki-}, {moliN}, {noliN-}, {moi-}, {noi-}, {monoN-}, {nonoN-}, {mopoko-}, {nopoko-}, {mopopo-}, {mopoko}, {poro-} , {pinoro-}, {pinoro-}, {pino-}, {pinopo-}, {poR-}, {toR}, {kinoR-} iand those prefixes depict process with root morphemes functions and form specific categorical word class

Effects of sleep on learning morphophonological alternations

In this experiment, we examine the contribution of sleep-based memory consolidation to the learning of morphophonological alternations in an artificial grammar. Periods of sleep after training seem to help participants to retain word formation patterns that they have previously learned, and also generalize learned word formation patterns to novel stimuli (Bryant et al., 2020; Dumay & Gaskell, 2007, 2012; Gomez, 2017; Gómez & Edgin, 2015; Sandoval et al., 2017; Simon et al., 2017). As our previous work has shown, Arabiclike morphology is particularly difficult for English-speaking participants to learn and retain, despite L1 transfer (Drake, under review), varying the type of instructions provided (Drake et al., 2022a), and multi-talker training (Drake et al., 2022b). In this ongoing work, we, therefore, compare participants’ accuracy rates after three periods of delay (no delay, delay without sleep, delay with sleep) to find out whether sleep aids in learning, generalizing, and retaining abstract morphological structure, and whether accuracy differs for the Englishlike or Arabiclike morphophonological alternations learned.

PREFIXES OF GERMANIC ORIGIN

<p><span>The purpose of this research is to investigate the use and meaning of German prefixes, as well as their impact on word formation in English. German prefixes are grammatical features that are added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning or function. The prefixes will be examined in terms of their etymology, frequency of use, and common word formation patterns. They can also indicate a verb's location, tense, aspect, or modality. Prefixes are essential to the German language, and mastering them requires a solid understanding of them. The research will also look into how these prefixes affect the overall structure and meaning of German words. The research will be conducted using a combination of primary and secondary sources, such as German language dictionaries and texts, and linguistic studies on prefixation in German. The study's findings will shed light on the rich and complex nature of German word formation and its underlying grammar rules. The study also delves into the etymology of the prefixes and how they have evolved over time. The study's goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of German prefixes and their usage for both German language learners and native speakers.</span></p><p><span><strong><span>Keywords: </span></strong><span>German<strong> </strong>prefixes, bound morphemes, lexemes, word-formation, words, etymology, etc.</span></span></p>

Lexical creativity in modern Nahuatl: An analysis of multidialectal data

Nahuatl has a long history of contact with, and marginalization by, Spanish. Today the language shift maintains a steady pace, despite numerous initiatives for revitalization and revalorization. This paper deals with the lexical creativity of Nahuatl speakers. As a result of the fieldwork of our research team in six communities in Mexico, we have amassed rich data concerning neologisms that designate objects and concepts imported from European culture. Unlike most studies on language contact in Nahuatl, we choose to focus not on the morphosyntactic strategies of lexicogenesis, or on phenomena of matter and/or pattern borrowing, but on the conceptual structure of neologisms, applying the onomasiological theory of word-formation. We argue that, while language endangerment and the lack of an obvious need for lexicogenesis may cause some productivity patterns to go dormant, these do not necessarily become eradicated. Moreover, innovative patterns of word-formation may come to light when lexical creativity is triggered.

An example of the variant suffixes -ica and -ka in feminatives derived from masculine words ending in -or and -ator

The article examines feminatives as a semantic and word-formation category. In Slavic languages feminatives are mainly regarded as modificational derivatives formed from masculine derivatives by the whole replacement of the masculine suffix (bor-(-ec/-k?), partial replacement of the masculine suffix (bra-l/(-ec/-ka), or by adding the feminine suffix to the masculine suffix (miz-ar/-ka). Due to the expansion of global communication through mass media, the inevitable broadening of vocabulary requires the adaptation of borrowed words to the morphemic, morphological and word-formation paradigms of the borrowing language. As a consequence, it comes as no surprise that feminatives formed from the same masculine base often have two or more variants of feminine suffixes (dekan-ica - dekan-ka - dekan-ja). Three examples of variant feminine suffixes -ica and -ka added to masculine nouns ending in suffixes -or and -ator, which are of foreign origin, are examined in this paper. The purpose of the study is to establish which of the feminine suffixes are more productive and how they conform to the established patterns. The examined cases of masculine formations using the borrowed suffixes -or and its variant -ator (in addition to -tor, -itor and -utor) in the semantic category of living beings show variability in languages such as Slovene, Serbian and Slovakian, which are dependent on the existence of an appropriate nominal or verbal base in the language. In Slovene, such formations are consistently deverbal, while in Serbian and Slovakian they are either denominal or deverbal. The study focuses on three masculine formations koordinator, selektor and senator, and examines how their suffixes combine with the feminine suffix variants (-ka and -ica). The established pattern in Slovene predicts that masculine formations in -ator will form feminatives by adding the suffix -ka, while masculine formations in -or will form feminatives by adding the suffix -ica. In the example of the words koordinator- ka (from koordin-ator) and selektor-ica (from selekt-or), the usage confirms this pattern. However, there is a deviation from this pattern in the example of senatorka (from senat-or), where the feminative senator-ica would be predicted. The study offers a possible answer to the question of such deviations from the predictable patterns in contrast to the actual use of feminative suffixes. It is clear that language users are guided by different analogies when they form words. Although these analogies may not be linguistically supported, they are important in motivating the formation of many new words, especially those from borrowed bases. The language user depends on the recognition of the formal structure of the word to be able to choose a predictable word-formation pattern. In borrowed words, such formal structure is less clear, since it is based on foreign word-formation patterns with foreign root and derivational morphemes.

Tvorba neologizama vezanih za pandemiju COVID-19 na hrvatskim mrežnim portalima

The COVID-19 virus pandemic affected all spheres of human life, including the language in which new words, phrases and idioms appeared in response to the emerging situation. These new terms as a linguistic reflection of a pandemic are quickly becoming part of our daily vocabulary. Therefore, it is important to investigate which new words and expressions entered the active lexis of the Croatian language. Given that the media played a key role in informing the population about everyday events related to the pandemic, lexical innovations as a reflection of the corona virus on Croatian websites are analysed in this paper. The main source are website articles. This research analyses the words related to coronavirus pandemics from the word formation perspective. In other words, the aim is to determine the most frequent word formation patterns which are used while forming new words. The analysis focuses on word formation processes of neologisms related to the COVID-19 pandemic: prefixation, suffixation, compounding, blending, analogy formation, language borrowing and calques. The research results show that the most productive formation method is compounding with the component korona and the abbreviation COVID. Furthermore, analogy formation is frequently found, as well as numerous examples of language borrowing, especially in the form of literal calques. It is clear that the Croatian media discourse accepts and creates neologisms quickly, depending on communication needs, and thus impacts their application among the wider population and within public discourse in general. Although traditional formation methods such as affixation or compounding were confirmed, the research showed that the Croatian media discourse quickly accepts formation methods which are not typical for it. This reflects the speed of the impact which extralinguistic factors have in determining linguistic elements, resulting in the passivity of the Croatian linguistic system and its speakers when providing a suitable replacement.

The life cycles of the suffix -ost’- in Russian

The research summarises the general framework of N. M. Shansky’s PhD thesis which initiated a range of historical lexicological and synchronic linguistic studies. The paper provides arguments and examples showing the development of the scientist’s ideas on the lexical material of the 19th century. An example is N. M. Shansky’s concept of "semantic centres" in the process of filling in important socio-cultural lacunae. Involving a range of lexemes in structuring the concept "Social Environment" through the formation of relevant connotative components in them (kazarmennost’ – salonnost’ – kabinetnost’ – berlozhnost’ – keleinost’ / Engl. barrackness – salonness – cabinetness or officeness – denness – secrecy) provides a good illustration of the scientist’s idea. The average (relative) number of derivatives with ­ost’­ in the modern language is 3 500 – 4 000 lexemes. The paper examines the lexical and word-formation innovations that expand the field of derivational bases (foreign vocabulary, calques or loan translations, and semi-calques as well as low colloquial vocabulary). Additionally, the study analyses the mechanisms of interaction between the formal and the semantic criteria with the supremacy of the latter as it contributes to the removal of the previous morphonological limitations (derivation from relative adjectives ending in ­skiy). Deriving lexemes with the double ­ost’ suffix has become possible within the word-formation pattern ending in ­ost’: one suffix is in the derivational base, the other – in the stem of the derived word (skorostnost’, lichnostnost’ / Engl. high­speedness, personhood). The paper also outlines the chronological dissonance in the formation of adjectival nouns ending in ­skost’ in Russian abroad half a century ahead of the time they appeared in the language of the metropole. The ­skost’ pattern expands the nominative field by means of including surname derivatives (dostoevskost’, chekhovskost’, stalinskost’, khrushchevskost’, and others). The semantic-motivational stimulus is the "semantic increment" formed in relative adjectives due to the strong pragmatic connotation of particular precedent surnames. Thus, lexemes with the derivational suffix ­ost’­ in the modern language show ample opportunities for development both on the basis of intralingual potentials and as a result of fo reign language influence. The research employed critical-analytical, constructive-synthetic methods, definitional analy sis, the method of distinguishing between synchronic and diachronic word-formation, multiple motivation, the method of analysing usual and occasional words.

WORD-FORMATION IN THE OLD ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF ALEXANDER’S LETTER TO ARISTOTLE

This article deals briefly with word-formation in the Old English version of Alexander’s Letter to Aristoteles (AlexArist). AlexArist has been edited several times. Here the edition by Orchard 2003 has been used, because Orchard edits not only the OE AlexArist, but also the Latin Epistola, and he provides a translation of the OE text. This text shows all the word-formation patterns common in Old English, in particular compounding, prefixation and suffixation. The latter two are sometimes grouped together under the heading of derivation.

Continuity and Change in Modern Nahuatl Word Formation

Abstract The paper presents an analysis of Nahuatl coinages for six artifacts: ‘bicycle,’ ‘car,’ ‘clock,’ ‘key,’ ‘pen,’ and ‘umbrella,’ as attested in interviews with speakers from four communities in Mexico. These artifacts have been selected because of their shared characteristics: the terms for them do not belong to the core vocabulary; they tend to be referred to with Spanish loanwords or with terms created ad hoc using descriptive phrases; the non-borrowed terminology for them is highly varied. The analysis reveals that, despite the ongoing process of language shift and pervasive borrowing from Spanish, new terminology continues to be created in Nahuatl both innovatively and according to established patterns of word formation inherited from previous stages of language contact. This suggests that even a situation of language marginalization, displacement and massive substitutive borrowing, does not impair speakers’ ability to create new lexemes according to established patterns, or the ability to innovate morphosemantic patterns.

유추 유형에 따른 신어 형성 양상

The purpose of this study is to categorize analogy, which is a word formation mechanism, and to quantitatively examine the formation patterns of new words according to the type of analogy. For this purpose, this paper deals with new words data. This is because new words use the form and meaning of existing words, but they are often formed in a way that partially modifies the form of existing words, so they can show various patterns of word formation by analogy. The type of analogy can be divided according to the criteria of the model of analogy, the similarity between the model word and the target word, and the fixed element that is the axis of the analogy. It is confirmed that the types of analogy that predominate in the formation of new words are essentially closely related to the schema of analogy. Considering that the formation of words ultimately starts from representing meaning, it can be interpreted that the fixed elements shared by model words and target words and the 'meaning' of the schema of analogy based on them act as the most important factor in the formation of new words.

REDUPLICATION IN OLD ARMENIAN

ABSTRACT Reduplicative compounds form a unique group in the word- stock of Armenian translated books of Bible. The study of subject matter of originals reveals the following types of reduplication; a) root–type – gowndagownd (in troops, in regiment), dasadas (in classes), zanazan (different), mec'amec' (very big), charcharanq (torture), p'oghp'oghel (to wave), b) vowel alternation-type and alternation-type - barbar' (dialect), t'o't'ap'el (to toss), kskc'eli (painful) boghboj (blossom), karkam (bent), c) phomenic deletion-type - sasanel (to shake), papand'il (to be silent), dadar (pause, break), babaxel (to beat, to throb), xaxowt (instable), d) root-determinative-type – arhamarhel (to ignore), kokord (throat), tatask (blackthorn) , trtownj (lamentation), twatwanch (ray), e) prepositional-type - de'm y'nd de'm (face to face), xar'n i xowr'n (in random, confusedly), o'r y'st o're' (day by day) & ayln? These types of word-combinations are not completely isolated from each other indeed and any type of root reduplication may exhibit other types of word formation, although we have conditionally placed such words in one type, based on general word-formation patterns. The synchronic investigation of word-stock of Bible first, reveals the word-formation opportunities of Old Armenian. On the other hand, the results of such investigation can become base for diachronic study of word-formation of reduplication.

Verbs with Prefix po- in Russian Dialects of Amur Region

The prefix verbal lexicon is analyzed on the basis of the dialect material of the Russian dialects of the Amur region. The relevance and novelty of the work are due to both the general unresolved problem of describing the meanings of Russian verbal prefixes, and insufficient knowledge of the specifics of verbal word formation in dialects. Verbal derivatives with the prefix po- are considered. The linguistic processes accompanying the formation of these derivatives are characterized. A classification of word-formation types and patterns is proposed based on the material presented in the Dictionary of Russian Dialects of the Amur Region, their distinctive features are noted in comparison with their literary counterparts. Attention is drawn to the phenomena of polyprefixation and substitution, in which the prefix po- is involved. It is concluded that the group of Russian dialects of the Amur region is characterized by agglutination with the prepositive prefix po-. Addressing the problems of verbal prefixation in dialects of secondary formation, localized on a vast territory of late settlement, can contribute to a wider involvement of dialect material to illustrate the controversial provisions of prefixology in modern Russian, as well as to identify the features of the verbal derivation of the Russian language in the aspect of its regional existence.

Naive Bayesian Prediction of Japanese Annotated Corpus for Textual Semantic Word Formation Classification

With the rapid development of Japanese information processing technology, problems such as polysemy and ambiguity at the text and dialogue level, as well as unregistered words, have become increasingly prominent because computers cannot fully “understand” the semantics of words. How to make the computer “understand” the semantics of words accurately requires the computer to “understand” the rules of converting and integrating words into words from the perspective of semantics. Traditional Japanese text classification mostly adopts the text representation method of vector space model, which has the problem of confusing classification effect. Therefore, this paper proposes the topic of constructing a semantic word formation pattern prediction model based on a large-scale annotated corpus. This paper proposes a solution that combines Japanese semantic word formation rules with pattern recognition algorithms. Aiming at this scheme, a variety of pattern recognition algorithms were compared and analyzed, and the naive Bayesian model was decided to predict semantic word formation patterns. This paper further improves the accuracy of computer prediction of Japanese semantic word formation patterns by adding part of speech. Before modeling, the parts of speech of words are automatically tagged and manually checked based on the original annotated corpus. In the research on predicting Japanese semantic word formation patterns, this paper builds a semantic word formation pattern prediction model based on Naive Bayes and conducts simulation experiments. We divide the eight types of semantic word formation patterns in the annotated corpus into two groups, and divide the obtained sample sets into training sets and test sets, so that the Naive Bayes model first learns semantic word formation rules based on the training sets of each group. Semantic word formation patterns are predicted on the test set for each group. The simulation results show that the prediction model of semantic word formation mode has a generally high degree of fit and prediction accuracy. The prediction model of semantic word formation pattern based on this theory can ensure that the computer can judge the semantic word formation pattern more accurately.

Prediction of Chinese Semantic Word-Building Patterns Based on Complex Network Features

The research on prediction of Chinese semantic word-formation patterns based on complex network features has certain practical and theoretical significance in the field of natural language understanding. In this paper, complex networks are introduced into the prediction of Chinese semantic word-formation patterns, and a new prediction method of Chinese semantic word-formation patterns based on complex networks is proposed. And a solution that combines the semantic word-building rules of Chinese language with pattern recognition algorithm is put forward. Aiming at this scheme, a variety of pattern recognition algorithms are compared and analyzed, and the most suitable binary logistic regression model and naive Bayes model are found to predict Chinese semantic word-building patterns. The semantic loss is reduced, and the text classification model and corresponding classification algorithm are constructed, by introducing the maximum common subgraph theory to calculate text similarity under the complex network representation. The results of the experiments show that using complex networks to predict Chinese semantic word-formation patterns is both effective and feasible. The computer can judge the semantic word-formation pattern more accurately using the semantic word-formation pattern prediction model based on this theory.

НОВИ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИ И ДИАЛЕКТОЛОЖКИ ИЗСЛЕДВАНИЯ НА БЪЛГАРСКИЯ ЕЗИК / NEW HISTORICAL AND DIALECTAL STUDIES OF BULGARIAN

The first three papers featured in Issue 4/2021 of Balgarski ezik present results of the work on a project titled Everyday Life in the Middle Ages according to Lexical Data from Bulgarian and Romanian – a bilateral effort between the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the Romanian Academy. Mariyana Tsibranska-Kostova’s paper Magic and its Faces (the 61st Canon of Trullo in Slavic Translations) proposes an analysis of several representatives of the lexical-semantic group of performers of magical practices according to three translations of the canon. The author discusses the word-formation structure of the lexical group as well as the semantic adaptation of Greek names for unknown realia. The text of the 61st Canon of Trullo is published as an appendix. Elka Mircheva provides a discussion on the topic of Bad Thoughts are Worse than Illness (to the Analysis of Medieval Texts) by analysing examples of illness in Pope Gregory the Great’s Dialogues which have been interpreted by earlier studies as cases of psychological conditions. The author’s analysis points to the fact that some of these occurrences are evidence of the influence of bad thoughts resulting in unacceptable reprehen-sible behaviour. Vanya Micheva’s paper Names for Living Places in the Bulgarian Language Picture of the World in the Middle Ages deals with the linguistic and semantic realisations of the concept of living places in the Old Bulgarian classical and original works from the 9th – 11th centuries and in the works of Patriarch Euthymius. The author traces the process of enrichment of the names for living places and the changes in the conceptual content of the studied lexemes. Tatyana Braga’s paper A Little-known Damaskin from the Karlovo-Adzhar School of Calligraphy and Art: Odessa Damascus № 36 (62) – Palaeography, Codicology, Dating offers a meticulous palaeographic and codicological description of a Bulgarian written monument, the Odessa Damaskin № 36 (62) from the manuscript collection of V.I. Grigorovich. Nadka Nikolova’s paper Общ язик с виражение народно. The Language Norms in the Translation of A. Granitski’s За Тръговско писмописанїе (On Commercial Letter Writing), 1858 presents the results of a study on Anastas Granitski’s contribution to the establishment of the structural basis and spelling and language norms of the Bulgarian literary language of the Revival period. On the basis of her observations on adjectives, numerals, pronouns and verbs, the author comes to the conclusion that the text reveals significant convergence of written and spoken language. Maria Mitskova addresses some Issues in the Verb Morphology of Bulgarian Dialects in the Studies of Three European Slavicists from the First Half of the 19th Century – Vuk Karadžić, Victor Grigorovich, Stefan Verković. The paper emphasises the contribution of the first Slavicists whose work marks the origination of the scientific interest in one of the most characteristic features of Bulgarian verbs. Elena Kanevska-Nikolova and Simeon Marinov present a study on the Names for Women’s Outerwear in the Rhodope Folk Clothing based on ma-terial excerpted from various ethnographic, regional historical and dialectological studies. The authors examine ambiguous and synonymous terms, main word-formation patterns, as well as the etymology of some of the names under study. They go on to analyse the terminological unity of many names for women’s outerwear characteristic of both confessional groups to which the Bulgarian population in the Rhodopes belong. Georgi Mitrinov’s paper Is there a Pomak Dialect in Bulgaria? is a critical look at a study by Emel Balakchi dealing with the Bulgarian Rhodope dialects. The author addresses Balakchi’s attempt at presenting the Rhodope dialects as Pomak dialects, while ignoring the presence of a native Bulgarian Christian population in the Rhodopes. Using numerous examples, Georgi Mitrinov reveals the study’s lack of scientific competence and objectivity in presenting the characteristic features of the Bulgarian Rhodope dialects. The issue concludes with a paper that remains outside its thematic scope. Stative Predicates in Contemporary Linguistic Theories by Svetlozara Leseva, Hristina Kukova and Ivelina Stoyanova offers a critical overview of the thematic classes of stative verbs based on a contrastive study of several thematic classifications. The authors analyse the different views of the properties of stative predicates from an aspectual and semantic perspective.

Multi-criteria linear optimization classifier with semantically weighted kernels for Chinese word formation pattern prediction

For many classification methods, different features in these classification models are usually organized into a flat and equal-length vector while semantically restrictive relations or nonparallel structures among them are often ignored. However, sometimes the semantic relations or structures among different attributes derived from the domain knowledge are very important, for instance, natural language processing and biological data mining, which can help to increase the performance of classification models considerably. For Chinese semantic word formation analysis with the large-scale Chinese corpus, the feature set is horizontally composed of different morpheme types, semantic types and part of speech (POS) while it vertically consists of three levels of big, medium and small classes. If a classifier model does not consider these relations or structures, then it can lead to information loss and distortion, and the degenerated classifier model can be ultimately obtained. In this paper, in view of the aforementioned limitations, by defining a new conceptual hierarchy graph, the semantic weights of different features are obtained, then semantically weighted kernels are formulated and introduced to multi-criteria linear optimization classifier (MCLOC). Thus, a new semantically weighted MCLOC (SW-MCLOC) using the linear and radius basic function (RBF) kernels is proposed and applied to Chinese word formation pattern prediction. The experimental results and comparison among MCLOC, SVM and SW-MCLOC show that our proposed model can effectively increase the separation of different word formation patterns, the predictive accuracy of target patterns and the generalization power of pattern classification on new compound words.