Wool Yarns Research Articles

Highly stretchable and wearable strain sensors using conductive wool yarns with controllable sensitivity

Wearable strain sensors for various applications, such as human motion detection, soft robotics, and healthcare have recently received extensive attention. Although a number of strain sensors based on various active materials have been proposed, a simple and practical method to obtain both high stretchable and sensitive strain sensors remains challenging. This paper presents a simple, scalable and environment-friendly fabrication method for wearable strain sensors, based on wool yarns, as abundant, lightweight, and stretchable natural materials. A simple coating technique was used to achieve highly conductive wool yarns using a conductive ink. Different types of strain sensors were then fabricated by changing the shape of the active material within the elastomer to tune their sensitivity. In detail, the conductive yarns were sandwiched within the Ecoflex in the form of a straight line (CWY-1 strain sensors) or serpenoid curves (CWY-2 and CWY-3 strain sensors). The strain sensors were fully characterized up to 200% of applied tensile strain. Gauge factors of 5 and 7.75 were found within the percentage stretch ranges of 0–127 and 127–200 %, respectively, for the CWY-1 strain sensors. We have also demonstrated the ability of the strain sensors to monitor human muscle and joints movements.

Muhu vammuste lõikelistest eripäradest / Characteristics of the sewing patterns of Muhu overcoats

As the song festival, our main event involving folk costumes, takes place in the summer, when outer garments are not particularly necessary, such garments have received relatively little interest from researchers as an everyday part of folk costume. In this article, I shall examine the characteristics of the patterns of women’s overcoats in Muhu, sharing information I came across when making an overcoat for myself, and when studying, measuring and describing the overcoats found in the collections of Estonian museums.
 A total of 19 overcoats can be found in the collections of Estonian museums. The focus of this article is strictly on Muhu women’s overcoats. Outer garments have been covered before in various books on Estonian folk costumes, but the characteristics of the patterns of Muhu overcoats, including the side gussets, have not been studied in depth. Side gussets are triangular pieces of fabric located at the side seams of the front pieces of the overcoats. In most cases, the gusset is located at the hip or slightly lower; they tend to vary in size between coats (see Table 1). The museum items also included overcoats with gussets added to the shoulders and lower edges. Presumably, these pieces, which seem at first glance unnecessary, have been added for practical purposes.
 Such overcoats were made for special occasions in the life of a girl or young woman, such as for confirmations and weddings. The overcoat was also worn on top of the sheepskin winter coat to keep the latter clean. As a rule, the textile overcoats found in museums were sheep brown originally and could later be coloured black with alder bark.
 All the overcoats studied here were made in a similar way: they consist of four main pieces, with two-piece sleeves, differing only in their manner of sewing and decoration. The material used was hand-woven and fulled wool fabric. The process of wool fulling is long and complex; after textile mills emerged in Estonia, fabric was often taken there to be fulled. When the fabric was ready for sewing, it was narrow, just ca 60 centimetres wide. This meant that extreme care was needed in placing the pattern on the fabric so that as little of the fabric as possible would go to waste.
 The neck would be V-shaped at the front and at the back, with a black or dark blue baize binding decorated with both a rolled hem in orange and by embroidery. The chest part would be decorated with square pieces made of an orange fine wool background with embroidered wool ornaments. The central back seam was similar in all the museum examples, employing an extremely interesting technological solution. The width of the seam varies along the length of the entire seam –wider at the waist (up to 7 cm) so as to shape the waistline, and much narrower at the bottom in order to increase the width of the coat.
 The back pieces of all the overcoats came down longer than at the front, forming a gently sloping triangle at the central back seam. The lower edge of the overcoat was stitched with a couching stitch, and a coloured wool yarn finished off the closed hem. The coats were fastened with hooks at the front; a coloured ribbon, known locally as taht, located at chest-level could be used as an additional fastener.
 The front pieces and gussets of all the women’s overcoats studied here were joined with a lapped seam. To understand why gussets are necessary, I decided to experiment with placing the patterns on the fabric. Figure 4 clearly shows that placing the patterns meant for the front and back pieces with the shoulder seams facing one other ensured that the fabric would be used as economically as possible. The shoulder seam of the back piece intersects with the side seam of the front piece, which results in triangular cut-outs at the sides.
 Gussets are needed at the lower edges of the sides if the piece does not fit the width of the fabric and so the length of the lower edge needs increasing. Several pieces found in museums also have gussets at the shoulders: if the front and back pieces are placed very close to one other on a narrow piece of fabric, the side of the back piece intersects with the shoulder seam of the front piece. We can thus conclude that the gussets are a sign of a thrifty use of fabric which has been made into a decorative element by means of the stitching.
 Keywords: overcoats, folk costumes, Muhu, patterns, cut-out

K‐M theory of fabric knitted by three‐channel rotor spun wool yarn

AbstractTwo‐component and three‐component color blended yarns were spun by red, yellow, and blue wool slivers using a three‐channel rotor spun machine, and the corresponding plain fabrics were knitted. The color‐matching models of K‐M theory were built with the relative method and the least squares method, respectively. Colors and blending ratios of the fabrics were predicted by the model. The results showed that the average color differences of the samples predicted by the two methods are both about 1.0 and the mean value of the proportional error is below 3%. The least squares method has a better color‐matching effect for the three‐component sample, and the relative value method has better color‐matching results for the two‐component sample. When the tolerance range is 2.0, the pass rates of the samples predicted by either the relative value method or the least squares method reach 100%.

Natural Dyeing of Wool by Madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) Root Extract Using Tannin-based Biomordants: Colorimetric, Fastness and Tensile Assay

In this work, the natural dyeing behavior of woollen yarn with madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) root extract was studied. The effects of different tannin-rich plants (Rhus coriaria, Eucalyptus, Terminalia chebula, Quercus castaneifolia, Pomegranate) extract as biomordants and alum (as a chemical mordant) with two mordanting procedures (pre- and metamordanting) on color characteristics of the dyed samples were also investigated. The CIEDE2000 values, color strength (K/S), washing fastness and tensile property of the mordanted and dyed samples were assessed. Visually, a range of hues from orange to brownish-red were obtained. In general, pre-biomordanted samples with Rhus coriaria (10 %owf), Eucalyptus (10 %owf), Terminalia chebula (5 %owf), Quercus castaneifolia (5 %owf) and Pomegranate (5 %owf) showed almost the same color difference (ΔE00) and wash fastness values compared to those treated with 3 %owf alum. Finally, it was concluded from the comparative studies that the biomordants have good potential to be considered as alternatives to the common chemical mordants.

Eco-friendly food products as source of natural colorant for wool yarn dyeing

ABSTRACTFood products as a source of natural colorants are gaining widespread popularity around the globe due to their ayurvedic and eco-friendly nature. Current study is aimed with the utilization of food products (Saffron and madder) as a source of dye for woolen yarn. It is found that, for Saffron, irradiation of yarn for 6 min gives high color strength by dyeing for 45 min in the presence of 2% of salts using un-irradiated dye bath of 1 pH, whereas for madder, 4 min is optimal irradiation time for extract to dye irradiated yarn for 25 min in the presence of 6% of salts using the irradiated dye bath of pH 1. The mordanting carried out at optimal conditions show that using both extracts, woolen yarn dyed at optimal conditions has given good color characteristics. It is concluded that microwave radiation has not only improved natural dyeing process but also make the process more eco-friendly and sustainable as well.

Investigating the composition and degradation of wool through EGA/MS and Py-GC/MS

Wool has been the most widely used textile fiber in Europe since the Iron Age. It was largely employed to weave fabrics and clothes, and also for artistic purposes such as producing tapestries. This kind of artworks is among the most fragile of our heritage and is often in bad preservation conditions. Thus, the knowledge on the degradation processes of wool fibers is crucial for conservation issues.In the present study, we tested the potentialities of Pyrolysis coupled with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and Evolved Gas Analysis coupled to Mass Spectrometry (EGA/MS) for the characterization of woolen reference samples, also subjected to artificial ageing, and of historical and archeological samples. The reference sheep wool yarns were prepared with different mordants and dyes, and have been analyzed both after storage in the dark for three years after preparation, and artificially aged for different time intervals and at different relative humidity values. We created a detailed pyrolysis database, evidencing the phenomena occurring with ageing and including camel wool for comparison. The ageing process undergone by the proteinaceous fraction of wool has also been investigated through monitoring specific fragment ions in the EGA profiles. The relevant parameters affecting the degradation process identified in this study match those assessed in previous investigations by different and complementary techniques, thus validating our approach. We proved that the novel approach based on EGA/MS is suitable for quickly assessing the conservation conditions of the woolen yarns and represents an advantage with respect to more time-consuming and complex methods, such as GC/MS or High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

Eco-dyeing of wool yarn with Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Ber) and its colour fastness properties

In search of eco-friendly processes for dyeing with natural dyes research has been focused on identification and standardization of natural dyes. Considering the growing importance of natural colourants all over the world, the present work was undertaken with on aim to study the colour fastness properties of wool yarn dyed with bark of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (ber). The dyed wool samples had good to excellent colour fastness to washing, crocking perspiration and sunlight. Different shades of brown colour of rust, candy pink, biscuit brown, nut brown and light brown were obtained using different mordants. This type of eco-dyeing process may be helpful in increasing the variety of colours in the field of textiles.

Influencing factors analysis of tensile properties of wool yarns with different proportions of polyamide blend

This paper presents a comparative analysis of three batches of wool yarns with different fineness, twists and compositions and the way in which these characteristics influence the tensile properties of the yarns. We performed the tensile strength tests and the values for the following tensile characteristics were determined: breaking force, elongation at break, tenacity and the mechanical breaking work and were made the diagrams. Stroke for strength and elongation at break – the diagrams give us an idea on the distribution of weak sections along the yarn tested. In order to make this analysis we used the machine USTER® TENSOJET 4. The main conclusions drawn from this analysis are following: the breaking force of the yarns is mainly determined by the value of length density and only after that by the percentage of polyamide and the twisting value, elongation at break is primarily influenced by the percentage of polyamide from the yarns composition and only then by the yarns twisting degree, the toughest yarns are the ones with the smallest fineness, the mechanical work created when stretching the yarns depends mainly by the percentage of polyamide from the yarns composition, by the yarns fineness and only then by their twisting.

Compatibility of Natural Dyes on Aluminum Pre-Mordanted Woolen Yarns by Determination of Diffusion Coefficient

In the present research, a method of assessing relative compatibility rating of single and binary mixtures of walnut green shell, cochineal, and weld natural dyes on aluminum pre-mordanted woolen yarns was proposed, where a proportion of the calculated diffusion coefficients of dyes was postulated. To calculate the diffusion coefficient values, the uptake behavior of dyes was derived as the K/S and the exhaustion curves by dyeing the woolen yarn samples with the individual dye as well as with the mixtures of dyes obtained from practical conditions of dyeing. A typical method was employed to dye the samples at two temperatures of 80 and 95 oC. The method proposed for determination of the compatibility of dyes was more verified at higher temperature, that is, 95 oC, against a conventional method of solution analysis. The results of compatibility showed that the selected binary mixtures of cochineal-weld have an excellent compatibility. The other mixtures, that is, walnut green shell-cochineal and walnut green shell-weld showed weak-moderate and very weak compatibility, respectively.

Antibacterial Functionalization and Simultaneous Coloration of Wool Fiber with the Application of Plant-Based Dyes

ABSTRACTHigh susceptibility of wool toward bacterial growth owing to proteinous nature and moisture retention ability leads to need for antibacterial functionalization of wool to cure the resulting deterioration. Antibacterial colored wool was designed via application of Terminalia chebula, Alkanna tinctoria, and Tagetes erecta natural dyes. Characteristics in terms of color and antibacterial activity were compared to correlate coloring compound’s effect on characteristics of dyes and, both T. chebula and A. tinctoria dyes inferred themselves actively resisting bacterial growth while T. erecta was not efficient against bacterial strains. Colorful shades of good color and fastness properties were obtained from selected natural dyes on woolen yarn. Results show Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive) were highly resisted by the effect of T. chebula and A. tinctoria dyes, and T. chebula among them proved best in terms of both color characteristics and antibacterial potential.

Laccase‐catalysed coloration of wool and nylon

The potential for laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) to be used within the area of textile coloration, specifically for the generation of decorative surface pattern design, remains relatively unexplored. The current study presents a novel process for the coloration of wool and nylon 6,6 fibres via laccase oxidation of aromatic compounds as an alternative to conventional dyeing methods. Emphasis was placed on producing a diverse colour palette, which was achieved through the investigation of three different aromatic compounds as laccase substrates: 1,4‐dihydroxybenzene, 2,7‐dihydroxynapthalene and 2,5‐diaminobenzenesulphonic acid. Reaction processing parameters such as buffer systems and pH values, laccase and aromatic compound concentrations, and reaction times were investigated, all in the absence of additional chemical auxiliaries. Enzymatically dyed fabrics were tested against commercial standards, resulting in reasonably good colour fastness to wash. To demonstrate the coloration and design potential by laccase catalysation of aromatic compounds, specially constructed fabrics using a combination of undyed wool, nylon and polyester yarns were dyed using the one‐step laccase‐catalysed coloration process. The use of different fibre types and weave structures enabled simple colour variations to be produced. Shadow, reserve and contrasting effects were achieved with the laccase‐catalysed dyeing process developed. Important advantages over conventional processing methods include the use of simpler and milder processing conditions that eliminate additional chemical use and reduce energy consumption.

Extraction, Dyeing, and Antibacterial Properties of Crataegus Elbursensis Fruit Natural Dye on Wool Yarn

Fruits obtained from shrubs of the Crataegus elbursensis (C. elbursensis) plant demonstrate significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties. In this study, natural dye was sono-extracted from fresh and dried fruits and applied in dyeing and antibacterial finishing of wool. The maximum sono-extraction yield was obtained when optimal conditions of ethanol/ water (4/1 v/v) as extracting solvent, time 30 min, pH 4, temperature 50 oC, and C. elbursensis concentration 10 g/l were used. When wool yarns were dyed with the extracted natural dye, the maximum dye uptake was achieved using dye concentration 75 % owf, and dyeing condition of 100 oC, 60 min, pH 4, and LR 100:1. Different metal salts like aluminum sulfate, copper sulfate, and tin chloride were applied on wool by pre-mordanting method and their effects on dye uptake, color variation, and color fastness were examined. Results showed that the natural dye itself had relatively high uptake and good color fastness on un-mordanted wool. Further, each mordant had different effect on dye uptake, color variation, and color fastness properties depending on its coordination ability with dye molecules and wool chains. Moreover, dyed yarns showed good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria.

Effect of various dyeing conditions on pure natural yellow dye from Turmeric for dyeing of wool yarn

Effect of various dyeing conditions on pure natural yellow dye from Turmeric for dyeing of wool yarn

Investigation of mordants for dyeing of yarns in ancient Persian carpets (15th–17th century) by IBA methods

This research work presents the application of proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE), to the study of carpet yarns collected from ancient Persian carpets belonging to Safavid period (1499–1722 CE). The elemental concentrations in the yarns of precious carpets were measured and compared with the corresponding data extracted from a set of prepared wool yarns dyed by the conventional mordant dyeing process. The results indicate the possibilities for identification of the applied dyes and mordant as well as inorganic impurities present in the carpet yarns. This could assist the art historians to understand the history of ancient carpets and variation of its constituent yarns through the ages. Based on the collected information, the museum restorers could be advised to adopt the appropriate mordant dyeing techniques for high quality restoration of these unique carpets.

IDENTIFIKASI PEWARNA SINTESIS PADA PRODUK OLAHAN BUNGA ROSELLA (Hibiscus sabdariffa) DENGAN METODE KROMATOGRAFI LAPIS TIPIS

Food additives are often used or added intentionally into processed food or beverage products are dyes. Dyes are divided into two types: natural dyes and synthetic dyes. Syrup circulating in the community generally contains a lot of synthetic dyes, this is done by manufacturers to reduce production costs and make the appearance of materials to be attractive. The use of synthetic dyes in addition to having a positive impact on producers and consumers can also cause a negative impact, especially for consumers. When compared with natural dyes, synthetic dyes have the more negative impact on health. Currently, farmer groups from Kalampangan Village treat Rosella as syrup. Evident from the observations in the field Rosella syrup production of farmers groups is quite interested in the local community. Therefore this study aims to analyze synthetic dyes on Rosella processed products produced by farmer groups from Kalampangan Urban Village, Palangka Raya. Rosella flower syrup samples were analyzed qualitatively by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. In the Thin Layer Chromatography method, the sampling treatment was carried out by the withdrawal of the dye using a fat-free wool yarn. There are 4 (four) synthetic dyes identified by the identification in the sample Ponceau, Carmoisine, Brilliant Blue and Rhodamine B. The result obtained is on Eluen I (Ethyl Methyl Ketone: Acetone: Water) Rf raw Ponceau 4R 0.7667, Rf raw Carmoisine 0.8266, Rf Brilliant Blue 0.7466 raw, and Rf raw Rhodamin B 0.8667 while in the sample there is no stain.

Analysis of the Strength Parameters of Worsted and Component Spun Yarns after the Rewinding Process

The notion of yarn is understood as a continuous textile product of theoretically endless length and circle-like cross-section, made of staple or continuous fibres. A yarn leaves the spinning mill in a raw state and is used to produce some fabrics, but mostly it is subjected to the process of finishing. The yarn undergoes preparatory processes, such as winding, doubling, twisting, paraffin treatment, singeing and dyeing, depending of the final fabric type. Yarns are rewound on winding frames, and computers control operation of the rewinding frames and systematically monitor the yarn parameters. An electronic cleaner removes yarn defects, whose size has been saved in the computer memory. The purification of yarn improves its quality, resulting in a decrease in the number of breaks in further technological processes. A lower number of yarn breaks contribute to an increase in machine efficiency (weaving and knitting machines). The experimental section of the study is divided into two parts. The first includes tests of yarn strength parameters before and after the rewinding process. It was established in the process of cleaning that the yarn during rewinding affects the strength of wool and blended yarns. In the second part, the strength parameters of yarn doubling points after the rewinding process for various variants of the splicer setting were tested. The blowing time in the doubling chamber was changed and the importance of using the thermosplicer for the yarn joint strength was established.

Photo-oxidation processes of Rhodamine B: A chromatographic and mass spectrometric approach

The study and characterization of organic dyes in textiles, wastewaters, food, cosmetics and forensic specimens is an increasingly important field of research and a challenge for analytical chemistry. Sensitive and specific methods are required to determine molecular markers at very low concentrations and to detect and identify their relative degradation products. In this field, the present paper deals with the development of an extremely sensitive analytical strategy able to identify synthetic organic dyes even after ageing, such as photo-oxidation resulting in severe fading, by identifying specific stable markers. Rhodamine B (C.I. 45,170), belonging to the class of xanthenes, was chosen as representative of fugitive dyes of high commercial and historical importance, in the frame of a research promoted by the European platform IPERION-CH. The behaviour of Rhodamine B used as a dyestuff for wool yarns, subjected to accelerated photo-ageing, was investigated by chromatographic, spectroscopic and high resolution mass spectrometric techniques. The ultra-sensitive analytical method developed, based on core shell reverse phase analytical column separation, allowed us to characterize Rhodamine B oxidation products investigating their mass fragmentation and rationalizing the resulting ageing pathway. These degradation compounds, characterized in artificially aged reference wool yarns, confirmed to be valuable markers for the identification of Rhodamine B even in a complex historical textile matrix as a red Florentine velvet cope subjected to restoration in the 20th century.

دراسة مدى إمکانية استخدام خيط البوم بوم ( (pom – pom ) بمفرده أو بدمجه بخيط آخر في عمل غرز التريکو اليدوي لإثراء جماليات ملابس الأطفال التريکو ومکملاتها

ملخص البحث يهدف البحث إلى توضيح مدى کفاءة استخدام خيط البوم بوم بمفرده أو بدمجه بخيط آخر فى عمل غرز التريکو اليدوي ، وإثراء القيمة الجمالية لملابس الأطفال التريکو ومکملاتها من خلال إحداث تأثيرات متنوعة جديدة ناتجة من استخدام خيط البوم بوم ، وايضا تحديد المشاکل التي تظهر عند تنفيذ بعض غرز التريکو اليدوي باستخدام خيط البوم بوم . واتبع البحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي والتجريبي وکانت أدوات البحث : استبانه تحکيم المتخصصين في عينات التريکو اليدوي المنفذة بخيط البوم بوم يمفرده أو بدمجه بخيط الصوف . استبانه تقييم لمعرفة آراء المتخصصين في القطع المنفذة . استبانة آراء المستهلکين في القطع المنفذة . وتوصل البحث إلى : 1- توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين المنتجات السبعة من حيث جودة المنتج وفقا لأراء المتخصصين. 2- توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين المنتجات السبعة في تحقيق الجانب الوظيفي وفقا لأراء المتخصصين. 3- 3- توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين المنتجات السبعة في تحقيق الجانب الجمالي وفقا لأراء المتخصصين. 4- 4 - توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين المنتجات السبعة في تحقيق الجانب الإبتکاري وفقا لأراء المتخصصين. 5- توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين محاور المنتجات السبعة المنفذة وفقا لآراء المحکمين . 6- آراء المستهلکين ايجابية نحو استخدام المنتجات المنفذة . Abstract: A study of the extent to which pom-pom yarn can be used alone or integrated with another yarn to make a hand-knitting stitching to enrich the aesthetics of knitted children's clothes and its accessories The research aims at elucidating the efficiency of using pom-pom yarn alone or integrated with another yarn to make a hand-knitting stitches, enriching the aesthetic value of knitted children’s clothes and its accessories through creating new different effects by using pom-pom yarn, and determining the problems that arose during executing some hand-knitting stitches using pom-pom yarn. The research adopted the descriptive analytical and experimental method, in which the following tools are used: Detecting the specialists’ arbitration regarding hand-knitting samples which executed by using pom-pom yarn alone or integrated with wool yarn. Detecting an estimation to identify the specialists opinions regarding the executed pieces. Detecting the consumers’ opinions regarding the executed pieces. The research concludes the following results: There are statistically significant differences between the seven products in terms of the quality of the product according to the specialists opinions. There are statistically significant differences between the seven products in accomplishing the functional aspect according to the specialists’ opinions. There are statistically significant differences between the seven products in accomplishing the aesthetic aspect according to the specialists’ opinions. There are statistically significant differences between the seven products in accomplishing the innovative aspect according to the specialists’ opinions. There are statistically significant differences between the axes of seven products according to the specialists’ opinions. The consumers opinions towards the use of executed products are positive.

FEATURES GASTOSTOMY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF NESTS OF THE GREAT TIT (PARUS MAJOR L.) AND THE COMMON REDSTART (PHOENICURUS PHOENICURUS L.) IN THE URBANIZED LANDSCAPE OF THE CITY OF MONCHEGORSK THE COMMON REDSTART (PHOENICURUS PHOENICURUS L.) IN THE URBANIZED LANDSCAPE OF THE CITY OF MONCHEGORSK

The author made an analysis the composition and characteristics of nests of hole-nesting birds within the city of Monchegorsk and neighbouring areas: the great tit (n=35) and the common redstart (n=17) over a five-year period. The main parameters of the nests for the great tit are as follows: the height of 5.43±0.31 cm, diameter of 14.52±0.42 cm, weight 36.78±2.6 g and the common redstart: height of 7.2±0.6 cm, diameter of 16.53±7.75 cm, weight 61.82±5.84 g. the Average starting date of the construction of the nest great tit at the first attempt of nesting 09 May±1,27 (limmin=April 24, limmax= May 23; n=27), a second attempt of nesting 24 June±1.79 (limmin=June 18, limmax= Jul 11; n=8), the common redstart May 24±1.18 (limmin=May 15, limmax= June 06; n=17). The predominant tree species for settlement nest-boxes and built nests of hole-nesting birds is the subarctic birch (Betula subarctica Orlova). The highest number of nests of the great tit (28.5%) are in the nest with the four components; the nest, consisting of 2 and 3 components are, respectively, 8.5% and 22.9% of the total number of nests. In the nests of the great tit the number of components ranges from 2 to 5, an average of 4.37±0.28, the main ones are green moss and dog wool. The overwhelming number of nests of the common redstart consists of seven components (29.5%), nests, containing four, five and six components, accounting for 17.6 percent; the number of components is in the range from 3 to 10, averaging 6±0.46. The most typical components of the common redstart nests are grass sprouts, leaves, bark and trash. Shoots of grasses, leaves, bark and trash – based nest of the common redstart. These components are the traditional natural materials for nests listed bird species. As a specific anthropogenic components used by birds to build their nests, used: polyethylene, paper (cardboard), wool yarn, burlap, cotton, polyester. The percentage of occurrence of anthropogenic materials 34.3% for nests of the great tit and 52.9% for nests of the common redstart.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ГНЕЗДОСТРОЕНИЯ И ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ГНЕЗД БОЛЬШОЙ СИНИЦЫ (PARUS MAJOR L.) И ОБЫКНОВЕННОЙ ГОРИХВОСТКИ (PHOENICURUS PHOENICURUS L.) В УРБАНИЗИРОВАННОМ ЛАНДШАФТЕ Г. МОНЧЕГОРСКА

В работе проанализирован состав и характеристика гнезд дуплогнездящихся птиц в черте г. Мончегорска и прилегающих территорий: большой синицы (n=35) и обыкновенной горихвостки (n=17) за пятилетний период. Определены основные параметры гнезд для большой синицы: высота 5,43±0,31 см, диаметр 14,52±0,42 см, масса 36,78±2,6 г и обыкновенной горихвостки: высота 7,2±0,6 см, диаметр 16,53±7,75 см, масса 61,82±5,84 г. Средняя дата начала гнездостроения у большой синицы при первой попытке гнездования 09 мая±1,27 (limmin=24 апреля, limmax=23 мая; n=27), при второй попытке гнездования 24 июня±1,79 (limmin=18 июня, limmax=11 июля; n=8), у обыкновенной горихвостки 24 мая±1,18 (limmin=15 мая, limmax=06 июня; n=17). Преобладающей древесной породой для заселения синичников и постройки гнезд у дуплогнездящихся птиц является береза субарктическая (Betula subarctica Orlova). Наибольшее число гнезд большой синицы (28,5%) приходится на гнезда с четырьмя компонентами; гнезда, состоящие из 2 и 3 компонентов, составляют, соответственно, 8,5% и 22,9% от общего числа гнезд. В гнездах большой синицы количество компонентов колеблется от 2 до 5, в среднем 4,37±0,28, основными из которых являются зеленый мох и собачья шерсть. Преобладающее количество гнезд обыкновенной горихвостки состоит из семи компонентов (29,5%), на гнезда, состоящие из четырех, пяти и шести компонентов, приходится по 17,6%; количество компонентов находится в диапазоне от 3 до 10, в среднем 6±0,46. Самыми распространенными компонентами гнезда обыкновенной горихвостки являются: побеги трав, листья, кора и труха. Данные компоненты являются традиционными природными материалами для гнезд перечисленных видов птиц. В качестве специфических антропогенных компонентов, для постройки гнезд птицами используются: полиэтилен, бумага (картон), шерстяные нитки, мешковина, вата, синтепон. Процент встречаемости антропогенных материалов составляет 34,3% для гнезд большой синицы и 52,9% для гнезд обыкновенной горихвостки.