Dyed Wool Fabrics Research Articles

Study on hydraulic spray atomizing system as a new resource-efficient dyeing-finishing method for wool fabric

This study introduces hydraulic spray (HS) atomizing system as new resource-efficient continuous dyeing-finishing method for wool fabric. Here, wool fabric was dyed and finished by using commercial dyes and finishes through either one-step or two-steps HS method. Results obtained from color strength (K/S), color difference (ΔECMC) and color fastness analysis presented the apprehension of HS method in dyeing of wool fabric with different GSM and dyes. Finishing performance of wool fabric was measured through water contact angle analysis. Analysis shows that, the finishing performance of HS method were substantial to reach water contact angle as high as 145° while maintaining high fastness to wash and abrasion. Between one-step and two-steps HS method, one-step method showed better performance with high resource efficiency compared to two-steps method. Results from statistical analysis shows no statistical significance of fabric weight, type of dyes, and finishes to the performance of new HS method which is crucial for true-scale industrial implementation and scaling up of this process. The findings of this report are of great importance as it presents a greener alternative to the conventional resource-intensive dyeing-finishing methods of wool fabric.

Topping of naturally dyed wool fabrics with different natural dye sources

AbstractWool fabrics can be dyed with synthetic dyes and even with natural dyes. To present a different aspect to the coloration of wool, the current study was focused on a topping process (ie, the dyeing of wool that was already dyed) with different natural dye sources. For this purpose, the fabrics that were already dyed with a natural dye source were once again dyed with two different natural dyes. In bottom dyeing (bottoming), fabrics were dyed with hops (Humulus lupulus L.) in the presence of different mordanting agents. Then the dyed, washed and dried samples were once again dyed (topping) with two different natural dye sources. For topping, powdered madder and acorn were tested in direct dyeing of wool samples. Finally, the colour changes were analysed with the use of a spectrophotometer. The study demonstrates that such a process (ie, bottoming with hops in the presence of different mordanting agents and then topping with madder or acorn) can be a way of obtaining different shades and colours with sufficient/good fastness values by natural dyeing.

Improvement of the Dyeability and Salt-Free Dyeing for Wool Fabrics with Anionic Dyes by Pretreatment with Whey and Soybean Proteins

ABSTRACT Wool fabrics were pretreated with whey protein concentrate (WPC) and soybean flour (SPF) proteins individually to improve their dyeability toward anionic dyes as acid orange 10 (AO10) and reactive black 5(RB5). Comprehensive study was undergone on these fabrics evaluating their dyeability, functional properties and the possibility to reduce the need for electrolyte in the dyebath. Furthermore, coating with protein as a biopolymer is more environmentally friendly. The structure and properties of the pretreated wool fabric were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV) and antimicrobial activity. Nitrogen content was used to confirm the existence of amino groups on treated protein fabrics compared to the untreated one. All the pretreated dyed samples were enhanced in color strength (K/S). The color strength of wool treated fabrics without salt was the highest. Treating fabrics indicated better protection against ultraviolet radiation and the highest UV protection factor (UPF) was of white and dyed wool fabrics treated with SPF. The highest antimicrobial activity reduction percent against gram positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus) was in the sample treated with WPC as well as the sample treated with SPF has the greatest antimicrobial activity effect against fungal yeast (Candida albicans).

Pomegranate fallen leaves as a source of natural dye for mordant‐free dyeing of wool

AbstractThe application of metal mordants is usually necessary in dyeing of wool with natural dyes to improve the dye exhaustion and fastness properties. The majority of metal salts generally used as mordants are considered as toxic and it is important to find replacements for them. Plant sources with high content of tannins are good candidates as bio‐mordant or colourant to overcome this drawback. In this study, the waste fallen leaves of pomegranate tree were used as a source of natural dye for the eco‐friendly dyeing of wool fabric without the use of metal mordants. The dyeing process variables including dye concentration, dyebath pH, and temperature were optimised using response surface methodology to obtain the highest colour strength. The colour strength was increased by increasing the natural dye powder up to 100%owf while the optimum pH and dyebath temperature were 4 and 100°C, respectively. The sample dyed under the optimal condition exhibited good fastness properties against washing and light. This study approved the potential of Punica granatum fallen leaves for the dyeing of wool without any mordant, while high fastness properties were obtained.

Almond skin, a bio-waste for green dyeing of wool fibres

During the industrial processing of almond fruits, tons of almond skins are generated. Valorization of blanched almond skin wastes by recovering natural polyphenols using water, instead of organic solvents, for direct application of aqueous baths for dyeing of wool fabrics was studied in this work. The results showed that it was possible to recover polyphenols from almond skins and use them as a dye for wool fibres. Kinetics of extraction was modelled by using the diffusion-based Chrastil’s model and Peleg’s empirical model, obtaining excellent fit in both cases (R2 > 0.96). The amount of polyphenol extracted was enough to achieve correct direct dyeing with excellent washing, rubbing and perspiration fastness although the shades obtained were dull. Nevertheless, it was possible to achieve a better coloration by using ion(II) sulfate as the mordant resulting in dyeings with reasonable good washing and rubbing fastness.

Deep colorful antibacterial wool fabrics by high-efficiency pad dyeing with insoluble curcumin

In accord with the general trend of low carbon emissions, aiming at solving the difficulty of insoluble natural dyes pad dyeing, we innovatively proposed an efficient pad dyeing method for wool fabrics with curcumin. In this study, a color paste containing curcumin dispersion and sodium polyacrylate solution (PAAS) was used as a coloring agent to pad dyeing wool fabrics. The mixed color paste showed excellent stability and dyeing performance. The highest K/S value (16.15) can be obtained by wet steaming process under 7.5 g/L of sodium polyacrylate, 8 g/L of curcumin and steaming for 15 min. Dyeing and fixation can occur simultaneously by adding tannin, achieving an outstanding color effect. Utilization rate of natural dyes was significantly improved. This dyeing method endowed wool fabrics excellent color intensity, fastness and antibacterial activity, the wet steaming method eliminated the drying process and reduced energy consumption. It provided a feasible route for natural dyes pad dyeing and showed great potential in environmental dyeing field.

Assessment of wild turmeric-based eco-friendly yellow natural bio-colorant for dyeing of wool fabric.

The current study has been designed to observe the coloring efficacy of wild turmeric-based natural yellowish colorant for wool dyeing under microwave (MW) treatments. Extracts and fabrics have been exposed to MW treatment for up to 10 min. Surface morphology and changes in the fabric's chemical nature before and after radiation have been studied through SEM and FTIR, respectively. The results obtained after a series of experiments show that using 45 mL of aqueous extract (pH = 5) in the presence of 1.5g/100mL of table salt as an exhausting agent at 75°C for 45 min has displayed outstanding color depth (K/S) onto microwave-treated wool fabric. On applying biomordants, it has been found that acacia extract (1.5%), pomegranate (2%), and pistachio extracts (1.5%) before dyeing, whereas acacia (1%), pomegranate (1%), and pistachio extracts (2%) after dyeing, have shown colorfast shades of high strength. Comparatively, salts of Al (1.5%) and Fe (1%), and T.A (2%) before dyeing, while salts of Al (1%) and Fe (1.5%) and T.A (1.5%) after dyeing, have given the best results. Generally, it has been originated that salt of Fe (1.5%) as a post-chemical mordant and pomegranate extract (1.5%) as a post-bio-mordant have displayed wonderful color strength. It very well may be inferred that MW treatment, being naturally protected, has just superior the varying strength of colorants on wool fabric. Adding biomordants has transformed the strategy into a more sustainable one.

Investigation of the Possibilities of Using Rhaponticoides Iconiensis in Wool Dyeing

Recently, many scientists have been struggling to identify natural dyestuff sources from different plants, especially for dyeing of textile materials such as wool and cotton. One of these struggles was carried out in this paper. The aim of this study was made to reveal R. iconiensis (hub.-mor.) M.V.Agab. & Greuter plant used as a source of natural dyes. In this study, both plant’s flowers and stems have been used separately for the dyeing of wool fabrics. These parts of plants were collected in the summer and separately dried, then milled and powdered and then used as a dyeing material in the dyeing of woollen fabrics via five (Fe, Cu, Al, Cr, Sn) different metal salts. All the dyeing processes were carried out for one hour at boiling temperature. Subsequently, CIE L*a*b* and K/S values of dyed wool fabrics were examined for colour strength. Various colour fastness tests, such as rubbing, washing and light fastness of dyed fabrics, have also been made. In the light of the obtained data, it was seen that R. iconiensis plant could be a natural dyestuff for wool materials.

Simultaneous Dyeing and Ultraviolet Protection of Wool Fabric with Pomegranate Rind Using TiO2 Nanoparticles

ABSTRACT The effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the dyeing of wool fabric with pomegranate rind was investigated. The TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by the solgel method. Various concentrations of the nanoparticles were added during the dyeing of wool with pomegranate. The dyed fabrics were analyzed for physico-mechanical properties, color values, and Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF). The presence of nanoparticles on the fiber surface was confirmed by SEM, EDX, and FTIR analysis. The phytochemical analysis of aqueous pomegranate rind showed the presence of saponins, phenols, tannins, glycoside, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The particle size analysis results inferred that the solgel synthesis produced TiO2 nanoparticles of around 200 nm size. After dyeing, the color intensity and UPF of the dyed fabric increased along with the concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles. The dyeing process did not cause any significant reduction in the strength properties of the wool fabric. The rubbing and washing fastness properties of the dyed fabric were found to be good.

A local Talaromyces atroroseus TRP-NRC isolate: isolation, genetic improvement, and biotechnological approach combined with LC/HRESI-MS characterization, skin safety, and wool fabric dyeing ability of the produced red pigment mixture

BackgroundDuring the last decade, enormous research efforts have been directed at identifying potent microorganisms as sustainable green cell factories for eco-friendly pigments. Talaromyces atroroseus has recently been shown to excrete large amounts of azaphilone mycotoxin-free red pigment mixture comprising some known coloring components together with many uncharacterized metabolites. In this study, a new Talaromyces atroroseus isolate was identified via sequencing of the fragment of the nuclear ribosomal gene cluster containing internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S rRNA gene. The parameters that affected the level of pigment production were optimized in uncommon static conditions of culture and genetic improvement, via γ-irradiation, to improve pigment yield. Moreover, chemical characterization using LC/MS and skin safety test of the target pigment mixture were precisely conducted to maximize its benefits as a natural and safe red pigment for wool fabrics. ResultsMolecular identification via the sequencing of the ITS of the rDNA encoding gene cluster revealed that the fungal isolate TRP-NRC was T. atroroseus TRP-NRC (deposited in GenBank under accession number MW282329). In the static conditions of culture, pigment production was dramatically enhanced to 27.36 g/L in an optimum yeast malt peptone medium of 2% mannitol at pH 2−4.5 and 30 °C for 7 days of incubation. Under exposure to a 400-Gy γ-radiation dose, pigment yield was increased to a 3-fold level higher than that recorded for the wild type. Based on the inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR), as a molecular marker tool, the wild-type T. atroroseus TRP-NRC strain and its mutants were discriminated. The UHPLC/HRESI-MS analytical tool characterized 60 metabolites, including many unknown molecules, at appropriate concentrations. It is worthy to note that four mitorubrin derivatives were identified for the first time in T. atroroseus, i.e., mitorubrinolamine acetate, dihydro-PP-O, mitorobrinal, and mitorubrinol. The range of irritation indexes (0−0.1) demonstrated an adequate skin safety after the direct local application of the pigment mixture. Finally, the pigment mixture exhibited a remarkably good dyeing ability in wool fabrics, with high-fastness properties. ConclusionsBecause of its sustainable and economic production, the target red pigment mixture may be applied in the future in textile, food, cosmetics, or different pharmaceutical industries after extensive conventional safety and toxicity studies, which are currently under consideration.

Eco-Friendly Dyeing of Wool Fabrics with Natural Dye Extracted from Citrus Sinensis L Peels

Eco-Friendly Dyeing of Wool Fabrics with Natural Dye Extracted from Citrus Sinensis L Peels

Extraction and characterization of natural colorant from Melia azedarach bark and its utilization in dyeing and finishing of wool

Melia azedarach has a long history of use in furniture production in China. However, its by-product Melia azedarach bark (MAB) and its application as a natural colorant for textiles have not been fully exploited. Increasing awareness of environmental protection and health has led to an increase in the utilization of natural dyes from agricultural and forestry bio-products. This paper focuses on the extraction and application of MAB as a novel natural functional colorant for wool fabrics. Three different solvents (ethanol/water, water with acid or alkali, and ethanol/water with alkali) were used. The chemical composition of the different MAB extracts, the color characteristics, colorfastness, and functional properties of MAB dyed wool fabrics by different dyeing methods were investigated in this work. The extraction solvent of 40% ethanol/water with alkali gave the maximum crude yield of 18.9%. Wool fabrics dyed directly or pre-mordanted with Al3+ and Fe2+ salts showed various hues with acceptable colorfastness to laundering, crocking, and light, as well as functional properties such as UV protection, fluorescence, and anti-moth. MAB extracts proved to be a desirable natural colorant and the dyed wool fabrics proved to be high value-added.

Sustainable dyeing and functionalization of wool fabrics with black rice extract

Traditional textile colorations and functionalization consume a lot of energy, take a long time, and use a lot of chemicals; hence, cost-effective and eco-friendly natural dyeing and finishing have become a prime concern. In this study, natural dyes of black rice extract was extracted and used for the coloration and functionalization of wool fabric without using any hazardous dyes. The dyeing conditions were monitored using a one-variable-at-a-time technique, and it was discovered that the optimal dyeing conditions were M: L = 1:100, pH = 3, time = 60 min, and temperature = 90 °C. The dyed wool fabric with Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 mordant shows higher fastness ratings of 4–5 for wash, 6 for light, 4–5 for dry rubbing & 4 for wet rubbing. SEM photographs confirmed the successful deposition of black rice extract on wool fabrics. In addition, mechanical properties, UV protection, and antimicrobial tests also revealed that the treated wool fabric has excellent UV protection capability and good antimicrobial properties along with adequate strengths. The ultraviolet protection factor was more than 35 in optimized conditions, and the strength increased more than 10% comparing untreated wool fabric. The antibacterial performances shown more than 80% reduction rate after 20 washing cycles. Therefore, the black rice extract are very promising and can be considered as the potential candidate for the sustainable dyeing and functionalization of wool fabric in the textile industry. • Black rice extract was used as sustainable dyeing and functionalize of wool fabrics. • A one-variable-at-a-time technique was employed to optimize the dyeing conditions. • The dyed fabric with mordanting showed higher fastness to wash, light and rubbing. • The treated wool fabric shown excellent UV resistant, antimicrobial, and strength.

Eco-dyeing and functional finishing of wool fabric based on Portulaca oleracea L. as colorant and Musa basjoo as natural mordant

Biomass energy is the most acknowledged renewable resource due to its universality, richness, and renewability. This study utilized a Portulaca oleracea L. plant as a natural colorant for wool fabric dyeing with a high color yield at optimum extraction and dyeing conditions. To evaluate the dyeing mechanism and feasibility of the extracted dyes, we analyzed and characterized the molecular structure and nano-level particle size. The dyeing kinetics and the morphology of dyed fabrics were integratedly explored; the adsorption process of wool fabric on natural colorant molecules was increasingly in line with the pseudo-second-order kinetic adsorption model. Further, the dyeing effects of wool fabrics were compared to that of Musa basjoo mordant and synthetic dyes to confirm the superior color depth (K/S value 23.53), biological function as anti-ultraviolet (UPF value 253.47), and anti-bacterial activity (antibacterial rate of Staphylococcus aureus/Escherichia coli was 71.3%/37%). Our findings provide a feasible scheme for providing deep color and biological activity to wool fabrics. This has broad application prospects in the field of eco-friendly textile materials.

Closing the Loop: Dyeing and Adsorption Potential of Mulberry Wood Waste

ABSTRACT This study reports the successful transformation of mulberry wood waste into natural textile dye and adsorbent for Pb2+ ions from an aqueous solution. Fabrics of different chemical compositions were dyed using mulberry wood extract, whereas wool possessed the best appearance and color fastness to washing. Among differently dyed wool fabrics, those dyed with 15% extract for 5 h has the highest color strength (K/S = 11.24) and antioxidant activity (83.5%), and the best color and antioxidant activity fastness to washing, making it appropriate for protecting the skin from diverse damages by decelerating the effect of free radical. Moreover, it could be suggested that the binding mechanism proceeds via strong hydrogen bonds between wool surface carboxylate groups and characteristic phenolics found in the extract (dominantly taxifolin, oxyresveratrol, ellagic acid, and tannins). The mulberry wood solid parts separated after the extraction were further evaluated as adsorbents for Pb2+ ions. The highest lead removal was achieved at a solution pH of 5.5, while the equilibrium removal was reached after 4 h of contact time. At 20 mg/l initial lead concentration, the mulberry wood waste removal efficiency was 98.8%. The results of this study represent a step forward to a healthier, cleaner, and more sustainable society.

Evaluation of Color Properties of Wool Fabrics Dyed with Calligonum comosum at Different Dye Conditions

In this search, the wool fabric was dyed with a natural dye Calligonum comosum (Callig. Co. dye); the dyeing process was applied under different conditions by changing dye bath temperature, time of dyeing, and pH of dye bath also using different mordants. Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) was determined for each dyed wool sample. The role of these dying conditions on the via color strength analysis their effects on the reflectance spectra were investigated using the spectro-photometer tool, CIE tristimulus values, and the color parameters. The dye-ability strength and fastness to washing and perspiration properties of these wool samples dyed with (Callig. Co. dye) were carried out spectrophotometrically and evaluated the antimicrobial activity for blank and dyed wool fabrics via gram-positive and gram-negative was followed. The results showed that dyeing wool fabrics with (Callig. Co. dye) increased their protective abilities markedly, and they have effective protection against UV rays, also improving their antimicrobial activity. Moreover, Different conditions of the dye bath changed the optical properties noticeably. The present study will be useful for dermatologists advising patients regarding the UPF properties of clothes made from natural fabrics (wool) and dyed with natural colorants (Callig. Co. dye).

Bio colourants from the waste leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. tree: Wool dyeing and antimicrobial functionalization against some antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains

This research focuses on flavonoid-based natural dyes for the coloration and antibacterial finishing of wool fabrics. In the present study, we accessed the suitability of biocolorants from Gingko biloba L. waste/fallen leaves extract to develop colored antibacterial wool fabrics to reduce the environmental pollution and dependency of the textile industry on the synthetic antibacterial agents. Specifically, we present a novel method to counteract the growing antibiotic resistance using G. biloba L. leaves extract as a potent antibacterial agent in conjunction with ampicillin. Natural colorants were extracted in 50% aqueous ethanol at 70 °C for 60 min under acid conditions of pH 3. Before dyeing procedures, the extracted dye powder was assessed for thermal stability by TGA analysis. Structural characterization of the extracted dye was done by UV–visible and FT-IR spectral analysis. Optimal dyeing results were achieved at 90 °C for 70 min with a dye concentration of 50% (o.w.f.). Additionally, dye adsorption (Isotherm constants) and dye performances were effectively reported during this study. Pseudo-second order and sips isotherm model provided the best fitting of experimental data with high regression coefficient (R2 = 0.99). Valuated indicators (color strength (K/S), color characteristics, and fastness properties) of dyed wool fabric were effectively reported in response to washing pretreated with different metallic and natural mordants. The antibacterial potential of extracted natural dye was enhanced in combination with ampicillin (synergism) which can be correlated with the significant reduction in the corresponding MIC values. Fe2+ and Sn2+ salts demonstrated negative effects on the antibacterial performance of the dyed wool fabric, whereas most of the biomordants showed enhanced antibacterial performances. The effective use of the extracted yellow dye from G. biloba L. fallen/waste leaves in textile dyeing and finishing will enhance the industrial applications of the green waste over its normal applications.

Investigation of Color, Fastness, and Antimicrobial Properties of Wool Fabrics Dyed with Rosa Canina Leaf Extract

ABSTRACT Natural dyestuffs are innovative natural resources alternative to chemicals in the textile industry due to their antibacterial properties. The objective of this study was to reveal the color, fastness, and antibacterial efficiency of Rosa canina leaf extract in wool fabric dyeing. Aluminum potassium sulfate (KAl (SO4)2.12H2O), copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O), and iron sulfate (FeSO4.7H2O) metal salts were preferred in the pre-mordanting process. Two different natural dye concentrations (25% and 50%) were tested in mordant and non-mordant wool fabrics. The fastness values were ranked between medium and good grades with 2–6. One of the remarkable results was that the fastness values of the un-mordanted dyed samples were acceptable with 5. In disc diffusion analysis, ultrasonic water bath CH3OH extracts were found to be more effective against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 with 16.4 mm and 7.51 mm, respectively. Also, the dyed wool fabrics showed remarkable antimicrobial activity (reduction rates: w46e100) against two different bacteria according to AATCC 100 method.

A study on multifunctional protein fibre with UV protection, moth repellency and antibacterial properties using ESIPT core containing benzimidazole and benzothiazole based functional acid azo dyes

Water soluble fluorescent acid azo dyes with benzimidazole and benzothiazole component having excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) core were synthesised by diazo coupling. The structure of the dyes were analysed and confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared – spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis, 1H NMR and 13C NMR analysis. Absorption and emission characteristics of the dyes were studied in different polarity solvents shown bathochromic (red) shift as solvent polarity increases. Wool and silk fabric dyed with synthesised dyes displayed high exhaustion, uniform dyeing and good wet fastness properties. The dyed substrate showed green and purple fluorescence under UV light (366 ​nm) along with UV protection. Dyed wool fabric was also assessed for antibacterial activity by calculation of bacterial reduction Staphylococcus Auerus (Gram positive), Klebsiella Pneumonia (Gram negative) bacteria. The dyed wool were also examined for the resistivity against insect pests Anthrenus Flavipies (Le Conte) by calculation of the fabric weight loss, Mortality of moth and visible assessment of fabric attacked by moth after 14 days in given conditions. Consequently, it was demonstrated that wool fabric dyed with Benzimidazole and benzothiazole based acid dyes had various functionalities, such as UV protection, antibacterial activity and mild moth repellency.

Microwave Assisted Green Isolation of Laccaic Acid from Lac Insect (Kerria lacca) for Wool Dyeing

The utilization of sustainable products in the applied field is the recent demand of the global community. In this work the colouring behavior of laccaic acid as a source of natural red dye obtained from lac insect has been studied for the dyeing of wool fabric under microwave treatment. The extract was prepared in acidic medium and stimulated through MW treatment up to 7 min and used to dye fabrics. For developing new shades, eco-friendly green mordants such as extracts of acacia and turmeric were employed along with chemical mordants for comparative studies. The obtained results reveal that extract made in acidic medium after exposure for 5 minutes. has given high colour strength onto un-irradiated fabric when employed for 65 minutes at 75 °C. The rating of fastness properties shows that bio-anchors have given good ratings under optimal conditions. It is inferred that this eco-friendly tool has not only increased the coloring yield of natural anthraquinone dye from lac but also the inclusion of bio-mordants has made the natural coloration process more sustainable.