Woodfordia Fruticosa Research Articles

Antibacterial Activity, Toxicity and Drug-Likeness Profiles of Woodfordia fruticosa-Derived Metabolites Using Computational-Aided Drug Design Platform

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the phytoconstituents reported from Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz leaf and flower extracts using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, along with some existing phytochemicals, to explore their potential antibacterial properties through molecular docking studies. Followed by bio-assay-guided leave and flower extraction with two solvent systems, i.e., methanol (polar) and petroleum ether (non-polar), was used and further subjected to GC-MS to identify and quantify various secondary metabolites. Based on spectral intensity and volume area, a total of 28 compounds (P1 to P28) have been selected from GC-MS analyses, and an additional 14 compounds (P29 to P42) from previous reports were selected for molecular docking studies against DNA gyrase subunit B (GryB) of Escherichia coli (PDB ID: 7P2M) and Staphylococcus aureus (PDB ID: 5D7R) with novobiocin as the standard. Further, docking score or binding affinity (kcal/mol.) of each ligand were investigated, where the 4,5-dihydro-4,4-undeca methylene-2-phenyl-1,3-oxazin-6-one (P20) with a docking score of -8.4 kcal/mol., from the GC-MS-derived group and the chrysophanol-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (P37) with a docking score of -9.7 kcal/mol., from existing phytochemical groups were reported as potential antibacterial. The predicted toxicity and drug-ability profiles also suggested that GC-MS-derived candidates displayed comparatively higher non-toxic profiles but lower drug-likeness profiles than existing groups. This integrative approach explores the phytochemical profiles of W. fruticosa responsible for antibacterial activity of the crude extracts and providing insights into in selection of lead antibacterial agent through cost-effective computer-aided drug design platform to accelerate antibacterial drug discovery with higher chance of experimental success.

Dry Deciduous Forests of the Poona District, Deccan, India

The deciduous vegetation grows in various ghats and hills in the Poona district. The present note describes the type from the Katraj ghats, on the south of Poona at a distance of 6 miles.The area consists of flat plateau at the top, eastern and western slopes and narrow valleys through which small rivulets flow during monsoons. The mountains are formed of trap rock, the strata of which dip towards east. Thus the eastern slopes are gentle with better developed soil but the western escarpments are steep comparatively dry with shallow soil. Seepage water is seen on eastern slope during monsoon. Alluvial soil deposits in the valley. The average rainfall is about 27".The following vegetation types are described:(I) Top of the plateau: They are mainly covered with Boswellia serrata which is regenerating profusely where biotic interference is excluded and the soil is dry shallow and gravelly.(II) The western slopes: These slopes bear a low type of forest. The following trees are common-Boswellia serrata, Lannea coromandelica, Diospyros montana and Largerstroemia parviflora. Shrubs-Acacia sp., Lantana camara, Zizyphus xylopyrus, Rhus mysorensis, Flacourtia, Cipadessa baccifera, Gymnosporia spinosa and Securinega sp.Herbs-Tridax procumbens, Leucas sp., Cocculus sp., Polyzygus tuberosus, Sida sp., Arisaema sp., Desmodium sp., Acanthospermum hispidum, Celosia sp. etc.This vegetation is also affected adversely by the biotic interference since lopping, coppicing and grazing are prevalent.(III) Eastern slope (top portion) ; It bears a community of Boswellia serrata-Diospyros montana-Lannea coromandelica on dry shallow and rocky soil. The commonest shrubs are Acacia sp., Zizyphus xylopyrus, Lantana camara, Cryptolepis buchanani, Woodfordia fruticosa, Cissuspallida and Securinega sp.The common herbaceous vegetation consists ot Locculus sp., Leucas sp., Tridax procumbens, Curculigo sp., Polyzygus tuberosus, etc.(IV) Eastern slope (lower portion): It bears a community of Tectona grandis-Lannea coromandelica-Diospyros-Boswellia serrata.Teak and Lannea coromandelica are predominant on the alluvial deposits towards the valley and higher up. Diospyros sp. and Boswellia become prominent in dry trap soil. Diospyros on alluvial soils is heavily infected by Viscum. But incidence of the parasite decreases in trees which are growing on dry trap rocks elsewhere in the area. Commonest shrubs in the community are Acacia sp., Clerodendron serratum, Zizyphus xylopyrus, Cissus pallida and Lantana camara. Commonest herbs are Leucas sp., Tridax procumbens, Hemidesmus indicus, Curcuma montana, Cocculus sp., Polyzygus tuberosus, Trichodesma sp., Crotalaria sp., Indigofera sp., Celosia sp., Aerva javanica, etc.Various stages of succession are seen in the area and regeneration of teak, Boswellta, Lagerstroemia. Lannea is common on different types of soils.

Woodfordia fruticosa fermented with lactic acid bacteria impact on foodborne pathogens adhesion and cytokine production in HT-29 cells

Woodfordia fruticosa fermented with lactic acid bacteria impact on foodborne pathogens adhesion and cytokine production in HT-29 cells

The pH estimation of decoction of hingu (Ferula foetida Regel,), chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica Linn), dhataki (Woodfordia fruticosa kurz), shatavari (Asperagus racemosus willd), shunthi (Zingiber officinale Rosc), maricha (Piper nigrum Linn), gokshura (Tri

The pH is measured on a scale of 0-14 with lower values indicating high H+ which is more acidic and higher values indicating H+ ion activity which is less acidic. The pH of 7 is considered as neutral. The acids are the substances that produce free hydrogen ions(H+) when dissolved in water. Bases are substances that produce hydroxyl ions(OH-) when dissolved in water. Acidic solutions are rich in hydrogen ions and basic solutions are poor in hydrogen ions. Some acids dissociate only partly, releasing large amounts of H+ ions, and are called as strong acids. In same way, bases that dissociate partly are called weak bases and those that dissociate completely are called as bases. The acidic or basic property of substances is measured in terms of pH. It is a measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration. pH is defined as the negative logarithm(Base 10) of hydrogen ion concentration. pH= - log[H+] If the hydrogen ion concentration id very high, the pH value is very low. This is determined using a scale ranging from 0-14 called the pH scale. It was introduced by a Danish chemist Soren Peder Lauritz Sorensen. Substances with pH lower than 7 are acidic, those with pH equal to 7 are neutral and those with pH greater than 7 are basic in nature. The pH of water is 7. In the present work the decoction of Hingu(Ferula foetida Regel,), Chitraka(Plumbago zeylanica Linn), Dhataki(Woodfordia fruticosa kurz), Shatavari(Asperagus racemosus willd), Shunthi(Zingiber officinale Rosc), Maricha(Piper nigrum Linn), Gokshura(Tribulus terrestris Linn) and Chandana(Santalum album Linn) were subjected for experimentation. The observed values were tabulated. The pH estimation helps to determine the acidic and basic strength of acids and bases.

A comparative study on the antagonistic effect of an ayurvedic preparation- Kutajarishta and its components on E.coli.

In our study, we examined the effect of kutajarishta and its constituents on five strains of E.coli, one of the causative organisms of colitis. Colitis is an inflammation of colon caused due to micro-organisms like E.coli, Shigella Campylobacter, Salmonella and Yersinia sp. Our study deals with the self-generated herbal fermentation of traditional ayurvedic formulations for colitis the Arishtas and Asavas. They are alcoholic medications prepared by allowing herbal juices or their decoctions to undergo fermentation along with dhataki flowers (Woodfordia fruticosa) and sugars. Dhataki flowers are fermentation initiators. Kutajarishtas also an ayurvedic formulation of Holarrhena sp (kudasaal), Gmelina arborea (Shivan), Woodfordia fruticosa (dhataki flowers), water, raisins and jaggery and can be used to treat colitis. To test the antimicrobial activity of kutajarishta, five strains of E.coli were isolated and confirmed by Indole, Methyl red, Voges-Proskauer and Citrate utilization (IMViC) tests. Alcoholic and aqueous extract of kudasaal and shivan were prepared and the effect of alcoholic and aqueous extract of kutajarishta, kudasaal and shivan were seen against five strains of E.coli by using agar well diffusion method. Further, compound purification from aqueous and alcoholic extract was done by TLC. Kutajarishta is most effective against all the five strains of E. coli as compared to kudasaal and shivan plant extracts. From the study, it can be concluded that the Kudasaal plant extract is more effective than shivan plant extract. Aqueous extracts of kudasaal and shivan are more effective than alcoholic kudasaal and shivan extracts. From the initial screening of all the three extracts we concluded that kutajarishta has maximum antibacterial activity due to the interaction of toxins with the phyto-constituents of the plant.

Exploring the Potency of Medicinal Plants in Central Nepal's Highlands: A Comprehensive Analysis of Antioxidant, Antibacterial Properties, and Toxicity

The current research study aimed to assess the antibacterial, antioxidant, and toxicity effectiveness of eight locally accessible medicinal plants found in the Kavre District of Nepal: Schima wallichii, Woodfordia fruticosa, Cuscuta reflexa, Bombax ceiba, Drymaria diandra, Psidium guajava, Myrica esculenta, and Urtica dioica. Plant extracts were prepared in absolute methanol. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of basic classes of secondary plant metabolites; saponin, sterol, , tannin, quinone, alkaloids, terpenoids, reducing sugar, protein, cardiac glycoside and carbohydrate was carried out. Further, antimicrobial activities, free radical scavenging potential, and toxicity bioassays of the crude extracts were performed. The basic secondary metabolites were detected in all plant extracts. Among the studied plants, W. fructicosa, S. wallichi, M. esculenta, and P. guajava showed noteworthy antimicrobial activities against inspected pathogens. A significant 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was found in P. guajava, M. esculenta, B. ceiba, W. fructicosa, and U. dioca. Likewise, the highest toxicity potential was observed in C. reflexa followed by U. dioca, B. ceiba, and S. wallichi against Artemia salina. These signifies the potential of plant extracts in herbal medicine. Further work on screening of other biochemical properties will enhance the potential of these plant extracts in modern phytotherapy.

Formulation, development and evaluation of Woodfordia fruticosa and β-sitosterol mediated silver nanoparticles gel for synergistic effect

BackgroundSilver nanoparticles (AgNP) are frequently utilized metallic nanoparticles in healthcare systems. In this investigation, AgNP was produced employing β-sitosterol and Woodfordia fruticosa gel for the purpose of ameliorating wound healing. MethodsThe characterization of AgNP was conducted via SEM and spectrophotometry analysis. Simultaneously, a solution with a concentration of 1 ​mM of silver nitrate was prepared by dissolving 16.99 ​mg of silver nitrate in 100 ​ml of distilled water. Subsequently, the API and the silver nitrate solution were utilized in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The physicochemical properties, stability, and morphology of the synthesized silver nanoparticles were evaluated through various techniques, such as zeta potential analysis and electron microscopy. These techniques were employed for the purpose of assessing the aforementioned properties. Following the gel preparation, an assessment of the gel was performed. ResultThe investigation successfully produced silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using β-sitosterol and Woodfordia fruticosa gel. To characterize the synthesized AgNP, various techniques were employed, including SEM and spectrophotometry analysis. A 1 ​mM solution of silver nitrate was prepared and used in the synthesis process, and the physicochemical properties, stability, and morphology of the AgNP were assessed through zeta potential analysis and electron microscopy. ConclusionThe results of this study indicate the successful synthesis of silver nanoparticles using β-sitosterol and Woodfordia fruticosa gel. The characterization techniques, including SEM and spectrophotometry, confirmed the formation of AgNP. The analysis of physicochemical properties and stability, particularly through zeta potential analysis, provided valuable insights into the stability of the synthesized nanoparticles. These findings have significant implications in the context of wound healing. Silver nanoparticles have been widely studied for their potential wound healing properties due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory characteristics. The utilization of natural compounds like β-sitosterol and botanical sources like Woodfordia fruticosa gel for the synthesis of AgNP is particularly promising as it may reduce potential toxicity and enhance the biocompatibility of these nanoparticles.

Woodfordia fruticosa (L. Kurz): An Evidence-based Study of Its Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activity

Abstract: Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz, a member of the 'Lythraceae' family, has been used in traditional medicine to cure common diseases since ancient times. It is traditionally used to treat a variety of maladies such as the common cold, toothache, blood infection, leprosy, dysentery, wounds, rheumatic pain, fever, urinary issues, inflammation, antifertility, and menstrual problems. The huge potential and impacts of this plant have been thoroughly confirmed in in vitro and in vivo studies. The most current research on the plant Woodfordia fruticosa is critical for identifying the bioactive components responsible for its medicinal efficacy. Phytochemical studies reveal the existence of several chemicals extracted from various components of the plant, including glycosides, terpenes, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, phenolics, and essential oils. According to pharmacological studies, the plant has many medicinal properties, such as hypoglycemic, antioxidant, analgesic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, gastric protective, and wound healing. Most of the pharmacological effects of raw extracts of this plant have been described. Only a few researchers have reported the activity of chemicals isolated from this plant. Therefore, this research will help to discover the many different medicinal properties of the plant as well as its pharmacological effects on various diseases and will show that further research is needed to explore its practical applications.

Synergistic effects of Woodfordia fruticosa silver nanoparticles accelerating wound healing in Swiss mice in vivo

BackgroundSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their unique physicochemical properties and potential applications in various fields, including medicine, catalysis, and environmental remediation. These nanoparticles possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties, making them particularly promising for biomedical applications. The drug Woodfordia fruticosa (Wf) has been traditionally used in folk medicine for its therapeutic properties, such as wound healing, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to develop and optimise the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using flower extracts of Woodfordia fruticosa through the distillation extraction method. By employing this technique, the research aimed to successfully create silver nanoparticles from Woodfordia fruticosa gel for the treatment of wounds. MethodsWF flower extracts were prepared by drying the flowers for 14 days and crushing them into a fine powder. The powdered flowers were then sieved through 80-inch sievesThe extracted material was stored at 4 ​°C for further processing. In parallel, a 1 ​mM silver nitrate solution was prepared by dissolving 16.99 ​mg of silver nitrate in 100 ​ml of distilled water. The flower extract and silver nitrate solution were then utilised for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The characterization of the synthesised silver nanoparticles was conducted using various techniques, including zeta potential analysis and electron microscopy. These techniques were employed to assess the physicochemical properties, stability, and morphology of the silver nanoparticles. After gel preparation, in vivo wound healing activity was performed. ResultThe synthesis of AgNPs using WF flower extracts and silver nitrate solution resulted in the successful formation of nanoparticles. The characterization of the synthesised AgNPs was carried out using various techniques. The zeta potential was found to be −0.283 ​mV, which indicated their stability, and the PDI value was found to be 0.533. These values indicated a stable dispersion of the synthesised AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that nanoparticles have a spherical shape in the range of 5 ​nm. ConclusionIn conclusion, this study successfully developed silver nanoparticles using flower extracts. The developed gel shows that it has wound-healing properties.

Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz: in vitro biotechnological interventions and perspectives.

Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz is a woody medicinal shrub (Lythraceae) commonly known as the "fire flame bush." W. fruticosa plant parts either alone or whole plant have a long history of recommended use in the Indian medicine systems of Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha (AUS). This plant is prominently known for its pharmacological properties, viz., antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-peptic ulcer, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antitumor, cardioprotective, analgesic, and wound healing activities. Its important phyto-constituents, woodfordin C, woodfordin I, oenothein B, and isoschimacoalin-A, exhibit in vitro or in vivo physiological activities beneficial to human health. As the plant is a rich storehouse of phyto-constituents, it is indiscriminately used in its wild habitats. Moreover, due to very poor seed viability and difficult-to-root qualities, it is placed under IUCN list of endangered plant species. For W. fruticosa, biomass production or to its conservation by in vitro regeneration is the best feasible alternative. Till date, only few important in vitro regeneration methods are reported in W. fruticosa. ISSR molecular markers based clonal fidelity and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation has been demonstrated, indicating that W. fruticosa is amenable to genetic manipulation and genome editing studies. This review presents concise summary of updated reports on W. fruticosa phyto-constituents and their biological activities, while a critical appraisal of biotechnological interventions, shortcomings, and factors influencing such potential areas success was presented. The unexplored gaps addressed here are relevant for W. fruticosa scientific innovations yet to come. In this paper, for the first time, we have presented a simple and reproducible protocol for synthetic seed production in W. fruticosa. KEY POINTS: • Critical and updated records on W. fruticosa phytochemistry and its activities • In vitro propagation and elicitation of secondary metabolites in W. fruticosa • Key bottlenecks, in vitro flowering, value addition, and outlook in W. fruticosa.

Empowerment the antibacterial activity of Silver Oxide nanoparticles using Woodfordia Fruticosa flower extract

The undeniable importance of human well-being microorganisms to strengthen the antimicrobial resistance behavior of inorganic metals has created an avenue towards the development of green nanotechnology. However, numerous physiological issues and challanges need to be addressed from the aspects of microbiological and nanotechnological. In this present work, an endeavour has been made to synthesis silver oxide nanoparticles using Woodfordia Fruticosa flower extracts as reducing agent and also examined their antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. Coli. The utmost antibacterial activity was obtained for the Ag2O nanoparticles prepared with extract against S. Aureus than E. Coli.

Phytochemical and in-vitro Biological Investigation of Indian Traditional Medicinal Plants for their Cytotoxicity and Hepatoprotective Potential.

This study aimed to select 16 medicinal plants based on their folklore remedy for treating various diseases like inflammation, cancer, etc., and scientifically validate their potency. Five among them, namely Centella asiatica (CA), Myristica fragrans (MF), Trichosanthes palmata (TP), Woodfordia fruticosa (WF), and Curculigo orchioides (CO), were scientifically confirmed through the extraction and in-vitro cytotoxic and hepatoprotective evaluation. Based on the cytotoxic and hepatoprotective results, the various fractions of CO were chosen for an in-depth phytochemical study to isolate and characterize active compounds by GC-MS. The results showed promising cytotoxic activity (i.e., IC50=<100 μg/ml) against HeLa cell lines and significant hepatoprotective activity in a dose-dependent manner on CCl4 intoxicated isolated hepatocyte cells. The present study confirmed the scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of selected medicinal plants in HeLa and hepatocyte cells. Furthermore, a detailed study on their mechanism of action and clinical application is suggested.

Active Anti-Inflammatory Potency of γ-Sitosterol from Woodfordia floribunda Salisb

The Woodfordia floribunda Salisb has a very important role in the branch of medicinal chemistry as mentioned in literature. The plant contains a variety of bioactive constituents such as alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds, out of these sterols and glycosides show antiinflammatory activity. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to ease pain and inflammation. The aim of our present study focuses on the isolation of Gama sitosterol and finding out the anti-inflammatory activity of the same. The compound was isolated by using a Soxhlet apparatus and Column chromatography. Then the crude extract of the plant by performing preliminary phytochemical analysis. From this data, we confirmed that the given plant extract has some phenolic, terpenoids, and steroids. After that, the crude extract was sent for GCMS study, and characterization is done by using Mass, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR techniques. The anti-inflammatory potency of an isolated γ-sitosterol compound is measured by Carrageenan induced paw edema model by applying different dose sizes dependent on the weight of the animal, it is compared with standard diclofenac then some statistics and graphical data are made and it is confirmed that the phytol shows anti-inflammatory activity.

Development and Determination of Alcohol Content of Nutritional Noni Wine using Woodfordia fruticosa Flowers as a Traditional Fermentation Catalyst

Background: Morinda citrifolia L. is a well-known fruit commonly known as noni, a perennial plant widespread in Southeast Asia. Due to its versatility of adaptation and manifold uses, noni has attracted the attention of the food and pharmaceutical industries. The nutritional and therapeutic value of noni fruit has revealed the presence of more than 100 phytochemicals. Noni has many therapeutic applications and is used in diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, muscle pain, cardiac diseases, and also in cancer prevention. Moreover, it possesses free radical scavenging properties. Noni fruits are not edible due to their unpleasant odour and taste; however, they are used commercially in the preparation of many herbal formulations and beverages. Objective: The aim of the present work is to develop a fruit wine using a traditional fermentation catalyst and its evaluation. Methods: Fresh ripe fruits, jaggery, and Woodfordia fruticosa flowers were used in the formulation. Phytochemical screening was performed to determine the chemical composition. Furthermore, the wine was evaluated for total alcohol content, alcohol-soluble extractive value, and the presence of methanol. Results: The developed noni wine has shown an alcohol content of 7.23%. Alcohol soluble extractive value was found to be 310.6 g/L with a pH of 3.9±0.5. Phytochemical screening of the wine revealed mainly the presence of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and polyphenolics as secondary metabolites with carbohydrates and proteins. However, it showed the absence of methanol content. Conclusion: The developed method can be employed in small and large-scale production of noni wine.

Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Woodfordia fruticosa (L) Kurz: A Comprehensive Review

Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) kurz belongs to the family 'Lythraceae' has been utilized in traditional medicine for treating common ailments since ancient periods. It is conventionally employed against numerous diseases, including cold, toothache, blood infection, leprosy, dysentery, wounds, rheumatic pain, fever, urinary disorders, inflammation, antifertility and menstrual problem. The enormous potential and effects are extensively validated through in vitro and in vivo models. The recent updates on the plant Woodfordia fruticosa are absolutely essential to identify the bioactive components responsible for its therapeutic effect. Phytochemical investigations prove the presence of 61 compounds belonging to the class of glycosides, terpenes, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, phenolics and essential oils isolated from the different parts of the plant. Pharmacological studies of the plant showed that it poses a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, gastroprotective and wound healing properties. The pharmacological activities of crude extracts from this plant mostly have been reported. A very limited number of studies have reported the activities of isolated compounds of this plant. Hence, this review will help to explore many distinguished pharmacognostic characteristics of the plant as well as the therapeutic efficacy of the plant against several diseases and will recommend further requirements of additional investigations to explore its possible practical applications.

The Drugs of Mutravaha Strotas (Renal System) - A Review

The importance of Mutravaha Strotas (urinary / Renal system) not only responsible for homeostasis of fluids in the body but also in detoxifies the body by eliminating waste products through Mutra(Urine). The renal disorders are Mutra Vriddhi (increased), Mutra Kshaya (decreased urine), Mutra Krichra (Painful micturition), Mutra Ashmari(Formation of stones), Mutra Krichra(Obstructed during micturition). The drugs are; Jambu(Syzygium cumini Linn), Amra(Mangifera indica Linn), Plaksha(Ficus lacor Buch-Ham), Vata(Ficus bengalensis Linn), Kapeetana(Albizzia lebbeck), Udumbara(Ficus glomerata Roxb), Ashwattha(Ficus religiosa Linn), Bhallataka(Semicarpus anacardium Linn), Ashmantaka (Ficus rumphii Blume), Somavalka(Myrica esculenta Buch-Ham). The Mutravirajaniya Dravyas which give normal colour to the urine are; Padma(Nelumbo nucifera), Utpala(Nymphaea stellate Willd), Nalina(Variety of Kamala), Kumuda (Nymphaea nouchaki Burm.f), Saugandhika(Variety of Utpala), Pundarika(Nelumbo nucifera A white variety of Lotus), Shatapatra(Variety of Lotus), Yasthimadhu(Glycyrhhiza glabra Linn), Priyangu (Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl), Dhatakipushpa(Woodfordia fruticosa Kurtz). The Mutraverechaniya are the drugs which remove excess urine from the body called as Mutra Virechaniya Dravyas. The drugs belonging to this group are also acts as diuretic.This paper gives an attempt to summarize the drugs works in mutraveh strotas.

Assessment of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Four Ethnomedicinal Plants Used by Magars in Nawalpur District, Nepal

Ethnobotanical survey in the Magar villages in Nawalpur district, Gandaki province, Nepal revealed that root of Phanera vahlii (Wight &amp; Arn.) Benth, bark of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. and flower of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz, have been in use for diarrhea and dysentery. Root of Thalictrum foliolosum DC. has been used for the treatment of rheumatic pain. The study aimed to evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant effects as well as total phenol content in Phanera vahlii, Rhododendron arboreum, Woodfordia fruticosa and Thalictrum foliolosum. Total phenol content (TPC) was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu method. 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. Antibacterial effect was established by the Agar well diffusion assay. The minimum TPC value of 65.78±3.44 mg GAE/g dry extract was estimated in 70% methanolic extract of Thalictrum foliolosum and maximum TPC value of 258.40±6.26 mg GAE/g dry extract was estimated in 70% methanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa. IC50 value range 21.59±0.26 µg/ml in Rhododendron arboreum to 1124.79±3.69 µg/ml in Thalictrum foliolosum was calculated in DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Scavenging of DPPH free radical range from 12.40% to 94% at 100 µg/mL concentration of 70% methanolic extracts were estimated and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide range from 36% to 73%. The maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) against Escherichia coli at loading dose of 5 mg of the extract observed was 18±0.73 mm by 70% methanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa and its minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was &lt;1.56 µg /ml.The extracts efficiently inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli verifying the rural knowledge. At the same time, the extracts displayed efficient antioxidant activity.

Effect of Seed Priming on Germination and Nursery Establishment of (L.) Kurz ( ) Woodfordia fruticosa Dha

Effect of Seed Priming on Germination and Nursery Establishment of (L.) Kurz ( ) Woodfordia fruticosa Dha

Moderate photoinhibition of PSII and oxidation of P700 contribute to chilling tolerance of tropical tree species in subtropics of China

In the subtropics, a few tropical tree species are distributed and planted for ornamental and horticultural purposes; however, the photosynthesis of these species can be impaired by chilling. This study aimed to understand how these species respond to chilling. Light-dependent and CO₂ assimilation reactions of six tropical tree species from geographically diverse areas, but grown at a lower subtropical site in China, were monitored during a chilling (≤ 10°C). Chilling induced stomatal and nonstomatal effects and moderate photoinhibition of PSII, with severe effect in <i>Ixora chinensis</i>. <i>Woodfordia fruticosa</i> was little affected by chilling, with negligible reduction of photosynthesis and PSII activity, higher cyclic electron flow (CEF), and oxidation state of P700 (P700⁺). Photoinhibition of PSII thus reduced electron flow to P700, while active CEF reduced oxidative damage of PSI and maintained photosynthesis during chilling. Studied parameters revealed that coupling between light-dependent and CO₂ assimilation reactions was enhanced under chilling.

Plant community patterns and edge effect study in the ecotone region of River Pabber and Tons in Western Himalaya

The present study was carried out in riverine ecotone of Tons and Pabber rivers which are tributary of river Yamuna in Garhwal Himalaya to understand the edge effect on distribution and structure of plant community patterns. The study was done at an altitude of 900 m to 1300 m to identify the plant diversity and community structure of riverine ecotone areas within a stretch of 64 km. In total Seventeen (N=17) tree species twenty one (N=21) shrub species, thirty-eight (N=38) species of herbs and three (N=3) species grasses were identified. Mallotus philippensis, Alnus nepelensis, and Pinus roxburghii were found to be dominant threes having 35.7%, 14.9% and 13.6% representation in total tree population. Out of nine (N=9), sample sites Mallotus philippensis and Pinus roxburghii were having the highest densities and relative densities in five (N=5) sites. Rubus elipticus was dominating shrub species with 16% representation followed by Zanthoxylum armatum 12.2%, Adhatoda vasica 10.3% and Agave cantula 9.3%. Rubus elipticus and Zanthoxylum armatum.were having the highest numbers in sites where the slope was gentle and soil conditions were not sandy. Whereas Adhatoda vasica was more uniformly distributed and was found growing uniformly in riverine sandy soil areas Agave cantula preferred the southern and western aspects with rocky slopes and poor soil conditions. In grasses, Carex infuscata was having highest dominance (43.64), in herbs Trifolium repens was having the highest dominance (21) followed by Cannabis sativa (20.92), Cynodon dactylon (17.8) and Verbascum thapsus (10.71). Species diversity indices used in the study was the Shannon Index, the value of diversity indicated by H' was 2.44 which indicates that the herb diversity in the ecosystem is uniformly distributed, no single herb species is dominant, whereas the dominance value which is 0.11 corroborate the diversity of the ecosystem. The value of Shannon wiener (H') index for shrub species was 1.58 which indicates that the majority of shrub (66.6%) species are distributed uniformly except Berberis lycium, Clerodendrum phlomidis, Euphorbia royleana, Indigofera heterantha, Lantana camara, Woodfordia fruticosa and Viburnum cotinifolium.