Wooden Box Research Articles

Precision Drift

In 1956 Murakami Saburō (1925–1996) placed a wall clock in an 80 cm cubic wooden box. This simple gesture, like many of Murakami’s simple artistic gestures, provoked a complex rethinking of the position of the audience in contemporary art and sound’s particular role in that shift. The author takes the process of art handlers unpacking and setting up Work (Box) as a pathway to exploring the acoustic and material encounter with the piece, and the intricacies and implications of its relationship to duration and bodily presence.

Analisis Pengendalian Kualitas Menggunakan Statistical Process Control untuk Mengurangi Produk Cacat pada Mebel UD Sadewo Jagat di Ngawi

UD Sadewo Jagat is a company engaged in furniture production, this company provides sales of finished, semi-finished products and maintenance for various types of teak wood furniture. Finished products include tables, chairs, shelves and various other types of displays. However, in this study, we only analyzed defective products for wooden box table products because the production process of wooden box table products because the production process of wooden box tables experienced problems, namely the number of defects exceending 5% of the company’s standard provisions. The aim of this research is to analyze product quality control techniques using the Statistical Process Control method in reducing defective products, and to find out what factors cause defects in products produced by UD Sadewo Jagat. This research uses the Statistical Process Control (SPC) method, which is one of the analytical methods used to analyze the causes of defects that occur, both in terms of product quality and in terms of the quality of the production process. Quality control analysis is carried out using. The results of the check sheet analysis show an average of 9,6% product defects per month. From the results of the Pareto diagram, it can be seen that the highest level of defects is crack defects, with a total of 80 units or 44,94% of total product defects in 2023. Meanwhile, the results of the control chart that has been made can be seen that quality control is uncontrolled and not according to standards. From the results of the fishbone diagram, it is concluced that the factors causing product defects are human factors, materials, environment, and methods.

Effect of 1-MCP and KMnO4 treatments with different packaging on quality preservation of golden delicious apples

This study explored the impact of three packaging materials (wooden boxes, corrugated fiber boxes, shrink-wrapped boxes) combined with two ethylene scrubbers (1-MCP, KMnO4) on the shelf life of Golden Delicious apples. While previous research has extensively studied the effects of packaging and ethylene inhibitors independently, the novelty of this work lies in its combined evaluation of these factors under ambient storage conditions over an extended period of 160 days. The study specifically addresses a research gap by directly comparing the efficacy of 1-MCP and KMnO4 within different packaging environments, offering insights into their combined influence on key quality parameters such as firmness, juice yield, rot incidence, physiological loss in weight (PLW), acidity, and total soluble solids (TSS). Findings revealed that 1-MCP-treated apples, particularly when shrink-wrapped, experienced minimal reductions in firmness and juice yield, with significantly lower rot incidence and physiological loss in weight (PLW) compared to KMnO4-treated and control apples. Additionally, while acidity and juice content naturally declined over time, and TSS initially increased before decreasing, 1-MCP-treated apples exhibited more stable quality attributes. The study also noted a slower decline in organoleptic quality with 1-MCP and shrink-wrap packaging. The research concludes that the combination of 1-MCP treatment and shrink-wrap packaging most effectively extends the shelf life of Golden Delicious apples, highlighting the importance of integrated approaches to post-harvest management. This study provides a novel framework for improving storage techniques, particularly for ambient conditions where shelf life extension is most challenging.

Realizing computer vision rehabilitation assessment tests & evaluation applications for mobile devices

Upper extremity impairments are a common consequence of stroke, necessitating thorough rehabilitation monitoring and kinematic assessments to facilitate motor recovery. The Box and Block Test (BBT) and Sollerman Hand Function Test (SHFT) are two widely utilized and recommended tools for objectively measuring upper limb dexterity and evaluating fine motor skill rehabilitation in patients. However, these tests rely on specific equipment and therapist attendance, making the process time-consuming and clinic-dependent. This paper introduces a computer vision-based hand rehabilitation assessment suite specifically designed for mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, which serves as a virtual alternative to traditional methods while also incorporating an interactive exergame. Our application faithfully integrates the original tests’ guidelines and procedures into an engaging computer vision experience, utilizing advanced technologies like MediaPipe Hands for precise hand and finger tracking. This innovative solution obviates the need for additional computer peripherals such as smart gloves or VR headsets, as well as physical equipment like wooden boxes and blocks, relying solely on the built-in camera of everyday mobile devices. In addition, we address several technical challenges encountered in our approach and outline future directions for score normalization and feature expansion, ensuring the continued improvement and efficacy of our hand rehabilitation assessment suite.

Performance enhancement of solar distillers integrated with new green composite thermal insulations: Experimental and economic approach

This work aims to improve water productivity in solar stills by reducing heat loss through green composite insulators to ensure storage of the absorbed thermal energy. Two green composite materials were proposed and presented. The first is made of date palm fiber and mortar (PFM), and the second is made of date palm fiber and gypsum (PFG). Three identical solar distillers were designed and tested under the same meteorological conditions of El Oued, Algeria. The first is the reference case (RSW distiller) where a 5 cm thick wooden box is used as insulation. The second (MSD-PFM distiller) is insulated with a 2.5 cm thick PFM composite material and then installed inside a 2.5 cm thick wooden box. The third (MSD-PFG distiller) is insulated with a 2.5 cm thick PFG composite material and then installed inside a 2.5 cm thick wooden box. The thermal conductivity of the proposed composite insulators was first determined experimentally and then used as insulators. Results showed that the accumulated water production from the MSD-PFG (4100 mlm-2day-1) is higher than that of the MSD-PFM (3400 mlm-2day-1) and RSW solar distillers (2800 mlm-2day-1) by 21.5 % and 46.43 %, respectively. The improvement in thermal efficiency of the proposed MSD-PFG and MSD-PFM were 45.77 % and 21.14 %, respectively. The economic analysis showed that the improvement in the production cost by MSD-PFG (0.011 $/liter) and MSD-PFM (0.0153 $/liter) were 31.68 % and 4.97 %, respectively. The sustainability, eco-friendliness, and cost-effectiveness of composite date palm make it an attractive option for insulation applications in solar distillers.

Can Preschoolers Learn Novel Causal Rules in Pretense?

ABSTRACT Pretend play is often hypothesized in a global sense to be an effective context for young children’s learning, but there is much still to learn about whether all types of information can be learned equally and whether all types of pretend play are equally beneficial. The present study tests whether preschoolers can learn a simple, novel causal rule from a pretend demonstration. American children watched either one (Experiment 1) or two (Experiment 2) experimenters pretend that a wooden box was a “blicket machine” and that certain blocks were “blickets.” In Experiment 1, performance was compared to a control group who saw an experimenter use the same materials in a realistic context. Results show that participants in the control condition outperformed children in the pretend condition in learning the novel causal rule. Data from both experiments combined revealed that, in pretense, participants learned the novel causal rule when the rule involved block color but not when it involved block shape. These results add to previous research on learning from pretense which indicates that learning novel information from pretense is selective and not always as effective as learning from real contexts.

Eco-Friendly Preservation of Pharaonic Wooden Artifacts using Natural Green Products

The biodeterioration of wooden cultural heritage is a severe problem worldwide and fungi are the main deteriorating agents. The identification of effective natural products, safer for humans and the environment, is a current challenge. Ten deteriorated archaeological objects (a wooden statue of a seated man, an anthropoid wooden coffin with a cartonnage mummy of Nespathettawi, and a wooden box of Padimen’s son), stored at the Egyptian museum in Cairo, were considered here. The wood species of the three most deteriorated objects were previously identified as Acacia nilotica, Ficus sycomorus, and Tamarix gennessarensis. Twenty-six fungal species were isolated and identified from the wooden objects and the four most frequent species belonged to the genus Aspergillus. Fourteen fungal species among those isolated showed the greatest biodeterioration activity on the experimental wood blocks of the archaeological objects. The antifungal activities of several eco-friendly plant essential oils (from cinnamon, eucalyptus, frankincense, geranium, lavender, lemongrass, menthe, rosemary, tea tree, and thyme) and plant extracts (from basil, eucalyptus, henna, melia, and teak) were tested against the fungal species with the greatest biodeterioration activity. The essential oils (Eos) were more effective than the plant extracts. Thyme EO, followed by geranium and cinnamon ones, was the most active (minimum inhibitory concentrations: 0.25–1 µL/mL). These EO; also showed inhibitory effects on the enzymatic activities (cellulase, amylase, and protease) of the four most dominant fungal species. Thymol and p-cymene were the two main components of thyme oil, while geraniol and beta-citronellol were those of geranium oil; eugenol and caryophyllene were those of the cinnamon EO. Thyme oil applied to the most deteriorated experimental aged A. nilotica wooden cubes inoculated with the four highly frequent fungal species was effective in wood preservation. Moreover, no significant interference was observed in the wood before and after thyme treatment. Thyme oil seems to be a promising eco-friendly antifungal agent for the preservation of archaeological wooden artefacts.

Influence of fermentation on the quality of Fijian Theobroma cacao beans over two harvest seasons

ABSTRACT Theobroma cacao beans are cultivated in Fiji by smallholder farms in low volumes, mainly for export. Cocoa beans are often processed under ambient conditions by farmers and cocoa processors. Postharvest processing includes natural fermentation from six to ten days in wooden boxes, followed by sun – drying in the open for up to 14 days. The impact of fermentation conditions on key quality parameters of Fijian cocoa beans, such as temperature profile, pH, and total extractable polyphenol content (TPC) are presented in this study. The quality of fermentation was assessed using a standard method, such as a cut test followed by fermentation index (FI) measurement. A temperature increase to 40°C and variations in the pH of the bean mass were evident during natural fermentation. TPC in the cocoa beans was sensitive to temperature and pH. Fermentation was variable due to weather conditions between harvest seasons. The dry season had the best conditions for fermentation as the peak temperature of the bean mass was 40°C and the FI was high (1.39 ± 0.04) There is a need to improve fermentation during the rainy season. This can be achieved by providing training to Fijian cocoa farmers on using better fermentation techniques.

Effect of spontaneous micro-fermentation on the physicochemical characteristics of Theobroma cacao L. beans

Objective: To evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of cacao beans during the spontaneous fermentation process in tepemixtle wooden boxes of three different sizes. Design/Methodology/Approach: Trinitarian-type cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) fruits were collected in a commercial orchard. The beans were fermented in boxes with the following operating conditions: volume of cacao with pulp, box size, a six-day period, and uncontrolled temperature and pH. The experiments were carried out in triplicate and an analysis of variance and a multiple comparison of means were performed with the Tukey test (p<0.05) using the R program. Results: The parameters evaluated had the same behavior in the 4 kg box than in the 25 kg box and the 60 kg box, which indicates that the physicochemical and quality characteristics of cacao beans are not impacted by the decrease in the box size. Therefore, smaller boxes are viable for small-scale fermentations. Study Limitations/Implications: Only cacao beans from the Trinitarian genetic group were evaluated. Findings/Conclusions: Small-scale fermentations can be an option for the evaluation of varieties when the beans must be fermented for the sensory analysis of their qualitative attributes. This micro-fermentation methodology can also be incorporated into genetic improvement programs or the evaluation of the processes aimed at their optimization.

Propagation Analysis of an RFID System in the UHF Band in the Honeycomb Frame of a Beehive.

In recent years, communication systems, including RFID, have been used in intelligent beehives for beekeeping. RFID systems in the UHF frequency band offer reading distances of tens of centimetres, allowing the localisation and identification of the queen bee inside the hive. With this purpose, this work proposes an analysis of an environment of propagation that consists of a honeycomb frame, where the reader is placed within the frame, and the tag is placed in different positions over it. A honeycomb frame consists of a wooden box containing a honey wax panel, supported by metallic wires. The environment is modelled theoretically using its S-parameters and simulated in CST Studio. An analysis of these results and empirical measurements is performed. The results show that a periodicity in the received power of the tag is found with respect to the distance to the reader when the tag is located in a direction parallel to the wire, where local maximum and minimum values are found. Additionally, when the tag is placed over a wire of the frame, a higher received power is obtained compared to the case where the tag is placed between two wires. Furthermore, it has been observed that the reading range has increased with respect to free space, covering the full frame.

Validity and reliability of My Jump 2® app to measure the vertical jump on elite women beach volleyball players.

The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the My Jump 2® app in measuring jump height, flight time, and peak power among elite women beach volleyball players on sand surfaces. Eleven elite female beach volleyball players (aged 23.6 ± 6.2 years; weight 66.3 ± 5.8 kg; height 174.4 ± 5.8 cm; with 8.4 ± 4.8 years of professional experience) participated in this study. Each player performed six countermovement jumps in a wooden box filled with sand on a force platform while simultaneously recording a video for subsequent analysis using the My Jump 2® app. We found excellent agreement for flight time, jump height and peak power between observers (ICC = 0.92, 0.91 and 0.97, respectively). No significant differences between force platform and My Jump 2® app were detected in the values obtained for the three variables (P > 0.05). For the force platform and the My Jump 2® app, we found a good agreement measuring jump height and flight time (ICC = 0.85 and 0.85, respectively). However, we only found a moderate agreement for peak power (ICC = 0.64). The difference in jump height showed a limit of agreement between -4.10 and 4.74 cm in Bland-Altman, indicating a high level of agreement between the two measurement tools. Based on our findings, the My Jump 2® app reveals a valid tool for measuring jump height and flight time of CMJ on sand surfaces. However, more caution is needed when measuring peak power.

Elusive mustelids-18 months in the search of near-threatened stoat (Mustela erminea) and weasel (M. nivalis) reveals low captures.

Stoat (Mustela erminea) and weasel (M. nivalis) are hard to monitor as they are elusive of nature and leave few identifying marks in their surroundings. Stoat and weasel are both fully protected in Denmark and are thought to be widely distributed throughout the country. Despite this stoat and weasel were listed on the Danish Red List as Near Threatened in 2019, as their densities and population trends are unknown. Using a modified novel camera trapping device, the Double-Mostela, a wooden box comprising a tracking tunnel and two camera traps, we attempted to obtain density estimates based on identification of individual stoats and weasels. We deployed camera traps both inside Double-Mostela traps and externally in three different study areas in northern Zealand, Denmark, and tested commercial, American scent-based lures to attract stoat and weasel. We obtained very low seasonal trapping rates of weasel in two study areas, but in one study area, we obtained a seasonal trapping rate of stoat larger compared to another study using the Mostela. In one study area, both species were absent. We observed no effect of scent-based lures in attracting small mustelids compared to non-bait traps. Potential reasons behind low capture rates of weasel and stoat are suboptimal habitat placement and timing of deployment of the Double-Mostelas, land-use changes over the last 200 years, predation from larger predators, as well as unintended secondary poisoning with rodenticides. Due to the scarcity of weasel and stoat captures, we were unable to make density estimates based on identification of individuals; however, we identified potential features that could be used for identification and density estimates with more captures.

Thermal Performance Analysis of an Indirect Solar Cooker Using a Graphene Oxide Nanofluid

Solar energy has become an energy source for a wide range of uses, including in solar cookers, due to its availability, cleanliness, environmental friendliness, and sustainability. In this study, an indirect solar cooker was investigated by measuring its thermal performance using a Graphene Oxide (GO) nanofluid. Water, GO (250 ppm)-water, and GO (500 ppm)-water were used as heat transfer fluids. The experimental set-up consisted of the cooking part and a solar collector, which are the two essential elements in indirect solar cookers. The cooking part was a wooden box solar cooker, and the parabolic trough solar collector was a polished stainless steel structure. The solar cooker was assessed using the stagnation test and load test as well as energy and exergy measurements. According to the test results, the averaged F1 was 0.1 for the base fluid water, 0.11 for GO (250 ppm)-water, and 0.13 for GO (500 ppm)-water. In addition, using a GO nanofluid instead of water in the solar cooker, the system’s thermal performance, energy, and exergy efficiency were improved. The use of the GO (250 ppm)-water and GO (500 ppm)-water nanofluids instead of water in the system improved the overall energy efficiency of the system by 3.3 and 4.2%. Moreover, using GO (500 ppm)-water allowed for achieving superior performance.

Nostalgia in Life Writing: Tracing the Uses of Nostalgia in Select Holocaust Trauma Memoirs

The article seeks to develop a theoretical analysis and interpretation of the role of nostalgia in German Holocaust memoirs. The intervention of advertising by appropriating nostalgia into marketing has led to an effacement of ‘algia’ or the pain that nostalgia implicates. The modern perception of nostalgia as a positive emotion has affected the idea of yoking nostalgia to traumatic experiences. The current paper analyses whether nostalgia plays a conspicuous role in the trauma narratives of Holocaust survivors. The paper is divided into three sections: first, an overview of the term ‘nostalgia’ through the ages is attempted to comprehend the problem of attaching nostalgia to trauma narratives. Second, textual analysis of The Boy on the Wooden Box (2013) by Leon Leyson and I will Plant you a Lilac Tree (2005) by Laura Hillman is undertaken to establish the presence of nostalgia in the narratives. Third, the major uses of nostalgia in the select texts are condensed into five categories: nostalgia functions as a tool of Ideological State Apparatus (ISA), relieves survival anxiety, improves resolute decisions, aids in preserving nostalgic objects and operates as an intermediary between individual and collective memories in the primary texts. Svetlana Boym’s binary classification of nostalgia is applied to the texts to provide an insight into the nature of nostalgia invoked. The study concludes that restorative nostalgia disrupts progress but augments the nostalgic individual’s determination to survive and recreate the perfect past. Reflective nostalgia provides the awareness that the past is irrevocable, and that change is inevitable.

Preliminary Investigation on the Effect of Termites on Wood Decay in Selected Sri Lankan Timber Species


 
 
 Wood in suitable environmental conditions can be attacked by bacteria, fungi, insects, marine borers and some other biological organisms. Wood is the main biodegradation material which is naturally occurred in surrounding environment. As heartwood of wood consist most of the nonliving cells it shows more resistance to decay than sapwood. But insects can cause degrade in both heartwood and sapwood which are not preserved well. Termites belong to Class: Insecta, Order: Isoptera which are one of the most important as ecological contributors by breaking down the organic material of the wood structures directly. This study was done to analyze the effect of termites of selected 27 species with having different densities varying from 400 kg/m3 to 1100 kg/m3 at 12% moisture content. Ten pieces of each and every species of Wewarana, Jack, Badidel, Halmilla, Dawata, Walukeena, Hulanhik, Kaluwara, Hora, Pihimbiya, Damaniya, Godakirilla, Pelan, Hik, Etamba, Lunumidella, Diya Na, Palu, Mora, Kirihembiliya, Nedun, Kon, Kumbuk, Dummala, Milla, Kirikon and Burutha were stored in a separate same type wooden boxes and kept in same environmental conditions where termites can be seen in high densities for one year of time period in Head Office premises of State Timber Corporation at Battaramulla. According to the naked eye observations taken after one year time period Hora, Dummala, Godakirilla species were severely attack by termites while Halmilla, Walukeena, Pihimbiya, Damaniya, Pelan, Etamba, Lunumidella, Diya Na, Kirikon also attack at considerable level by termites. Other species were not attack by termites. Therefore altogether out of 27 species 12 were degraded by termites for the allocated one year time period. The other species of Wewarana, Jack, Bedidel, Dawata, Hulanhik, Kaluwara, Hik, Palu, Mora, Kirihembiliya, Nedun, Kon, Kumbuk, Milla, Burutha species were resistant to the termite attack during one year time period. However further studies are underway to develop the relationships of degradation due to termite attack with climatic conditions, geographical conditions, timber properties such as strength properties as well as the densities, mechanical properties with considerable time period which allocated to degrade.
 Keywords: Ttermites, Decay, Density, Time period
 
 

Thinking inside the box: Restoring the propolis envelope facilitates honey bee social immunity.

When wild honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) nest in hollow tree cavities, they coat the rough cavity walls with a continuous layer of propolis, a substance comprised primarily of plant resins. Studies have shown that the resulting "propolis envelope" leads to both individual- and colony-level health benefits. Unfortunately, the smooth wooden boxes most commonly used in beekeeping do little to stimulate propolis collection. As a result, most managed bees live in hives that are propolis-poor. In this study, we assessed different surface texture treatments (rough wood boxes, boxes outfitted with propolis traps, and standard, smooth wood boxes) in terms of their ability to stimulate propolis collection, and we examined the effect of propolis on colony health, pathogen loads, immune gene expression, bacterial gene expression, survivorship, and honey production in both stationary and migratory beekeeping contexts. We found that rough wood boxes are the most effective box type for stimulating propolis deposition. Although the use of rough wood boxes did not improve colony survivorship overall, Melissococcus plutonius detections via gene expression were significantly lower in rough wood boxes, and viral loads for multiple viruses tended to decrease as propolis deposition increased. By the end of year one, honey bee populations in migratory rough box colonies were also significantly larger than those in migratory control colonies. The use of rough wood boxes did correspond with decreased honey production in year one migratory colonies but had no effect during year two. Finally, in both stationary and migratory operations, propolis deposition was correlated with a seasonal decrease and/or stabilization in the expression of multiple immune and bacterial genes, suggesting that propolis-rich environments contribute to hive homeostasis. These findings provide support for the practical implementation of rough box hives as a means to enhance propolis collection and colony health in multiple beekeeping contexts.

Shelf-life and post-harvest quality of tomato (Lycopesicon esculentum Mill.) varieties to different packaging materials at Mersa, North Wollo, Ethiopia

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) has a short shelf life at ambient conditions and is a highly perishable crop. Extreme post-harvest losses occur as a result of the wrong packaging materials. However, by employing the right packing materials, tomato varietals can have longer shelf lives. Globally rising fresh tomato demand has forced the development of essential mechanisms, including packaging materials, to improve shelf life. The current study was initiated to evaluate the quality and shelf-life of tomato varieties in response to packaging materials at Mersa, North Wollo, Ethiopia, during 2021 cropping season. Three replications of a completely randomized design were used to test three tomato varieties (Roma VF, Oval red and Woyno) and seven packing materials [closed carton (CC), open carton (OC), closed wooden box (CWB), open wooden box (OWB), perforated polyethylene bag (PPB), non-perforated polyethylene bag (NPPB) and control (C)] at room temperature (20-22°C). According to the findings, there is a significant (P<0.05) interaction effect between packaging materials and varieties on a number of parameters, including physiological weight loss, decay percentage, disease incidence, total soluble solids (TSS), tomato fruit PH, juice color score, overall acceptability, marketability percentage, and shelf life. Non-perforated polyethylene plastic experienced the highest physiological weight losses of 79.88% and 79.63% after 18 days of storage. Roma VF variety showed the greatest weight loss. In addition, PPB showed the lowest decay percentage (20%) and maximum marketability (20%) during the 18th day of storage. At the end of storage, NPPB with Roma VF and Woyno varieties had a substantially (100%) larger decay loss of tomato fruits. NPPB has been linked to the highest disease incidence (20%). Roma VF and Oval red recorded the highest pH tomato fruit’s color and overall acceptability score on PPB. It can, thus, be concluded that packaging of tomato fruits in PPB can extend shelf-life with better-quality of the produce. However, to develop plausible recommendation, the study should be repeated in multi-location with more packaging methods and varieties over seasons.

Influence of temperature regimes on drought stress tolerance of cowpea genotypes in Northern Guinea savannah, Nigeria

Drought is a major constraint that affects cowpea production in Zaria, Nigeria. It is unpredictable, and occurs at any growth stage of cowpea. Changes in global climatic trendsare consistently narrowing the cowpea growing season in Northern Nigeria by graduallypushing its cultivation towards drought-prone, colder temperatures. The study aimed to elucidate foresight data on the tolerance of cowpea landraces to drought at cold and hottemperatures in a bid to harness available germplasm towards mitigating climatic changes.Seedling drought tolerance of four hundred and twenty-two (422) cowpea genotypes obtainedfrom farmers’ collection (308) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) (114) was evaluated by adopting the wooden box method. The parameters evaluated were number of plants, plant height, number of trifoliate, leaf senescence, stem greenness, and recovery. The mean square values for all evaluated traits were significant (p ≤ 0.05). Leaf senescence progressed rapidly in cooler temperatures (6 oC - 18 oC). Interestingly, the recovery rate upon reintroduction of water after drought stress was higher in cold temperatures. The percentage recovery and stem greenness of drought-tolerant plants were positively associated with hot temperatures (22 oC - 36 oC). As cowpea production is pushed into colder planting season, the resilience shown by cowpea landraces in northern Nigeria are positive.

Mechanical energy flow analysis in athletes with and without anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction during single-leg drop landing

Techniques that reduce mechanical energy have been linked to lower chances of experiencing an Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury. Although there is evidence that movement patterns are altered in athletes who have undergone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR), energy transfer mechanisms have not been examined. This study aimed to compare energy flow mechanisms during single-leg drop landing between athletes with and without history of ACLR. A total of 20 female athletes were included in this study. Ten participants underwent ACLR 12 months ago (mean age, 21.57 ± 0.41 years) and 10 were healthy controls (mean age, 20.89 ± 0.21 years). Participants executed the single-leg drop landing (SLL) maneuver by descending from a 30 cm wooden box and landing on the tested leg on an embedded force plate. Information collected during the SLL trials was refined using rigid-body analysis and inverse dynamics within Nexus software, ultimately allowing construction of skeletal models of the athletes. Ankle and knee mechanical energy expenditure (MEE) was higher in the control participants during landing. However, the result for the hip MEE demonstrated that MEE of the control group was significantly lower compared with the ACLR group, but MEE of the control subjects was higher as compared to ACLR group (p ˂ 0.05). Results suggest the avoidant use of the quadriceps muscle post ACLR leads to knee-avoidant mechanics and loss of knee joint power generation during a SLL task.

Analysis of Physcho-Chemical Changes and Mechanical Damage of Tomato (Licopersicum Esculentum L.) During the Transportation

Quality analysis on tomatoes must always be done to maintain the shelf life and physical, chemical and mechanical damage of a product. However, generally the initial damage to tomatoes occurs in the post-harvest handling process during the transportation of tomatoes for distribution to marketing areas. Damage often occurs due to the distribution process with improper selection of packaging containers. This study aims to analyze the physical, chemical and mechanical changes due to the transportation process of various types of packaging during the distribution of tomato fruit so that it can be known which type of packaging container is able to maintain the quality of tomato fruit during the distribution process. This research method uses three treatments, namely tomatoes packed in plastic bags, wooden boxes and styrofoam during the transportation process. Data analysis was carried out by measuring parameters, namely weight loss, color, percentage of defects and total soluble solids. Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the type of wooden box packaging has the most changes in weight shrinkage, mechanical damage, and Total Soluble Solid (TSS) and styrofoam packaging can minimize the occurrence of weight shrinkage, mechanical damage and Total Soluble Solid (TSS).