Wood Raw Material Research Articles

Mapping the Supply of Colour Tones of Wood and Furniture Products in Slovakian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

The purpose of the surface treatment of wood products is not only to protect them, but also to make them attractive in relation to the visual aspect through their colour modification. It is therefore important that manufacturers of wood and furniture products pay particular attention to the supply of colour tones of wood. According to colours, wood is divided into groups: red woods (oak, cherry, pine, alder, etc.), brown woods (elm, ash, walnut, etc.), pale woods (hornbeam, spruce, fir, etc.) and green woods (acacia, etc.). The main objective of this paper is to identify the supply of colour tones of wood and furniture products of Slovak micro, small and medium-sized enterprises. An empirical survey was used to map the researched issue in the form of a questionnaire. The results show that Slovak micro, small and medium-sized woodworking and furniture enterprises prefer the quality of wood raw material to its price. At the same time, they mostly manufacture products made of solid wood. Where it is necessary to modify the colour of the wood, enterprises use a process of staining, which enhances the natural colour and grain of the wood. On the other hand, due to the lack of investment capital, they cannot use hydrothermal treatment of wood steaming, which is considered a modern way of modifying the colour tone of the wood. It is essential that Slovak micro, small and medium-sized woodworking and furniture enterprises constantly adapt their production supply in the changing market environment, where they must respond immediately to current trends. In this way, they can sustain and increase their turnover, which will help them overcome the current crisis.

Potentials for wood cascading: A model for the prediction of the recovery of timber in Germany

The transition of our economy towards a bioeconomy is likely to increase the demand for wood in the future. Because the roundwood supply is limited, wood cascading is a promising concept for meeting the growing demand. In this context, it is necessary to map the current timber market for analyzing potential options for the cascading of recovered timber, and for quantifying future amounts of recovered timber, differentiated by the type of semi-finished wood product and sectoral origin. Therefore, a material flow analysis (MFA) for Germany during 2019 is performed and a model for the prediction of the recovery of timber volumes (PRecTimber) is developed. This model is based on a distributed decay approach which considers sectoral lifetimes. Historical data for the domestic consumption of timber products are used to calculate the annual decay of various timber products entering consumption. The MFA results in about 62 Mm3 solid wood equivalents (SWE) of various wood raw material assortments being required in the domestic production of wood products. An increasing amount of recovered timber with a minimum of 26.6 Mm3 (13.1 Mt) for 2019 to 29.5 Mm3 (14.2 Mt) in 2050 can be expected. In 2050, the recovered timber is derived from the sectors construction with 52%, furniture with 30%, packaging with 15%, and others with 2% (mainly consisting of sawn wood and particleboard products). The results of the model can be used, to derive estimates of the dimension and quality of the future recovered timber accompanying the potentials for cascading.

Assistance for the Development of Furniture Products as Entrepreneurship Efforts in Pandanwangi Village Jombang

In recent years, both the government and the private sector have attempted to carry out several efforts and initiatives to promote various handicrafts and furniture in Indonesia, both through the media, cooperation programs and also exhibitions held in Indonesia. and abroad. But it is not effective enough to increase furniture production to a better level, especially among small industrial centers. Many small industrial centers, especially wood industrial centers scattered in several areas on the island of Java, have experienced suspended animation or have not increased both in terms of quality and quantity. Meanwhile, competition is getting tougher day by day, not only from within but also from abroad. Based on the results of research conducted in several wood centers on the island of Java, several factors were found as the cause, including: scarcity and quality of wood raw materials, limited mastery of wood technology, lack of innovation in design, promotion and marketing that was not integrated, and also lack of careful planning from the government in developing small industries. A good management strategy can develop businesses and provide solutions according to the conditions and needs of small industrial centers.

Лесоводственно-хозяйственная оценка объектов биологического разнообразия в таежной зоне

The need to preserve biodiversity has been recognized for decades, even centuries in North America, Europe and some other regions of the world. importance of preserving species and wildlife areas is emphasized in many cultures. Preservation of biodiversity in forest management, and especially in industrial logging, is one of the most important tasks of modern forestry. In many countries with the developed forest complex (Finland, Sweden, etc.), the task of preserving natural biodiversity has the same priority in the state forest policy as providing the forest industry with wood raw materials. The main requirements for the biodiversity preservation in Russia are enshrined in the National Standard (Forest Code of the Russian Federation, article 1) governing Voluntary Forest Certification. Organization of forest management in the Vologda region is carried out with consideration of significant aspects of biodiversity preservation. The research purpose is the forestry and economic assessment of biodiversity at the local level in the taiga zone (case study of the Vologda region). The assessment was carried out based on the inventory characteristic obtained in the field studies. The methodological provisions of E.A. Rai and S.I. Slastnikov were used to perform economic assessment of the preservation of key objects. A comparison of the costs of timber logging in biotopes and the income from its sale (in the case of logging stands in key biotopes with the subsequent sale of the resulting timber) showed significant differences between the objects under consideration. It is shown that according to the assortment structure, a significant part of the studied biotopes accrue to firewood. The cost of timber varies from 9.6 to 529.5 ths rubles. The amount of costs at different sites will vary significantly from 9.0 to 340.5 ths rubles due to the possible cutting of key biotopes. At the same time, a negative financial result is observed only at one site (a forest site with a habitat of Neckera pennata, which is included in the Red Data Book of the Vologda Region). The results demonstrate that the allocation of key sites and their further preservation is environmentally sound, but in some cases (when compared with the income from their cutting) is not commercially justified. For citation: Korchagov S.A., Khamitov R.S., Gribov S.E., Ivanova M.G., Belyakov D.V. Forest Management Assessment of Biodiversity in the Taiga Zone. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 110–120. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-110-120

Анализ мицеллообразования и адсорбционных слоев бинарных смесей компонентов сульфатного мыла

Currently, the main trend of the pulp and paper industry development is bio-refining. It is based on integrated and deep processing of wood raw materials to obtain products with higher value added and reduced amount of waste. One of the high priority tasks of bio-refining is improvement of technology of by-product (sulphate soap) extraction from spent liquor with an increase in the yield and quality of the resulting product and a decrease in the level of environmental pollution. The complexity and energy intensity of sulphate soap extraction from spent liquor depends on many factors, including the species used for wood cooking, composition of extractives, the method of wood preparation for delignification, etc. Sulphate soap is a multicomponent emulsion with a predominant content of resin and fatty acids, small amount of unsaponifiable substances and an admixture of lignin, which is mainly extracted from waste liquior by settling. The low degree of its extraction is associated with the absence of systematical data on the mutual influence of the sulphate soap components. In this work, the patterns of intermolecular interaction of the individual components of the by-product (sulphate soap) are found. For this purposes the critical concentration of micelle formation (CCM) and surface tension depression of surface-active sodium oleate and sodium abietate and their mixtures of varying compositions were determined by the methods of tensiometry and conductometry. A detailed analysis of its mixed micelles and adsorption layers was carried out using the Rubin–Rosen pseudophase model. The interaction mechanisms of components in mixtures are explained. The impact on the composition of micelles and adsorption layers of the more surface-active sodium oleate was detected in mixed solutions. A maximum synergistic effect of micelle formation was observed in mixtures with a predominant content of sodium abietate. Analysis of experimental data and the result of sulphate soap modeling allow substantiating the complexity of its extraction from waste liquor after wood cooking with the presence of hardwood over 30 %, which is explained by the reduced content of resin acids in black liquor. For citation: Yakubova O.S., Demiantseva E.Yu., Smit R.A., Dubovy V.K. Analysis of Micelle Formation and Adsorption Layers of Binary Mixtures of Sulphate Soap Components. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 196–205. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-196-205

Influence of Recreational, Landscape and Protective Functions on the Value of Forest, Wooded and Bushy Properties in Urbanized Areas on the Example of the Local Market of the City of Krakow

Abstract The paper presents a proposal for an approach to the valuation of forest, wooded and bushy real estate located in cities, which allows for the assessment of the impact of natural, protective and landscape factors on the value of this type of real estate. The main problem in the valuation of this type of real estate is the correct estimation of the impact on the value of the non-production factors described above. Considering the above, the main goal of the study was to identify the factors influencing the prices and value of forested, wooded and shrubby properties located in urbanized areas. The supplementary goal was to confirm the suitability of the methods and statistical models used in the study for similar measurements. By implementing the adopted goals, the article presents an analysis of the impact of these factors on the prices and value of real estate. The study covered the southwest part of the city of Kraków, located between the Vistula River and the Kraków-Rzeszów railway line in the north and east, and the southern and western border of the city. Urban forests perform mainly social functions, constituting only a marginal source of wood raw material. The results of the study showed that, in the case of similar properties, prices are significantly influenced by factors such as location, type and nature of the surroundings, form of access to the road, landscape and recreational values, manner of use and development status, as well as the permissible form of development, which is a measure of the profitability of timber production. The work ended with a discussion on the results and proposed directions for further research.

The determinants of forest land prices

The authors discuss the peculiarities of price formation for forest land as a renewable plant natural resource. Forest plots are regarded as a forest resource that can be used in two ways: as a natural object and as a source of wood raw materials. The absolute forest rent for forest areas with standing trees, adjusted for economic, environmental, and social factors, serves as the pricing basis. The authors propose creating differentiated regional price lists for forest plots and methodological approaches to pricing forest plots with different types of forest use to substantiate the forest tax and tax base.

Особенности развития лесопромышленного комплекса в регионах Российской Федерации

The study found that the existing potential of the timber industry complex is not used effectively enough, as evidenced by the low level of wood processing, the development of only 50 % of the declared annual allowable cutting rate, insufficient use of modern technologies for processing wood raw materials, as well as reforestation. The consequence of this is the low share of the timber industry complex in the total volume of production in the regions. Based on the cluster method, the regions of the Russian Federation were grouped in 2010–2019 according to indicators reflecting the availability of resources (forest cover of the territory and the total stock of wood) and the level of their use (the share of the type of economic activity in the total volume of production in the region). The analysis carried out and the results obtained on this basis made it possible to identify the most successful practices for realizing the potential of the timber industry complex, as well as possible directions for the development of the forest industry in the regions of the Russian Federation.

Regional Clusters, Similarities, and Changes in Turkey’s Wood Production

This study aimed to separate the wood production in regions and provinces of Turkey into homogeneous groups based on similarities by using the country’s wood production figures for 2013 and 2018. Within this context, the hierarchical Ward’s and non-hierarchical K-means clustering methods were used comparatively. Clustering analyses of 2 to 6 in number were performed via both methods, and the same regions mostly fell into the same cluster groups, although in different cluster combinations. The results showed that some provinces with rich forest areas did not produce enough wood. It was observed that these provinces were in the same clusters with provinces having a low amount of forest areas and low wood production. Over the five-year period, very few provinces and regions differed in line with the previous development plans. The creation of a spatial database for wood raw material production using the findings obtained in this study will contribute to the development of operational inventory methods that can be included in long- and medium-term forestry plans.

Penerapan inovasi dan teknologi pengolahan batang sawit untuk varian produk mebel dan interior bangunan di Desa Pancuran Gading, Kecamatan Tapung, Kampar

Solid waste from oil palm trunks after replanting activities in oil palm plantations has the potential to be utilized. However, the community's perspective considers that oil palm trunks cannot be utilized because they are easy to mold and have low strength. The application of innovation and technology will be able to provide solutions to community empowerment and utilization of the potential of oil palm trunks. The purpose of the service activity is to provide assistance to innovation and technology on how to use palm oil trunk waste as raw material for furniture and building interior products in Pancurangading Village, Tapung District, Kampar Regency. The results of service activities can be declared successful in providing community understanding, attitudes, and skills. The success rate of the program based on pre-test and post-test data was 37.5% (do not understand) and increased to 84.7% (understand). People's perceptions of oil palm trunks have been able to change so that they are able to understand, utilize and produce palm wood raw materials into various variants of furniture and building interiors. Utilization of oil palm trunks can provide business opportunities for the community in the future.

ANALISIS KEKUATAN PATAH DAN DAYA SERAP AIR PAPAN KOMBINASI SERAT DENGAN LAMINASI BAMBU BETUNG (Dendrocalamus asper)

The problem faced by the wood processing industry in Indonesia today is the shortage of wood raw materials. This occurs because the speed at which timber is used is not balance with the speed at which new stands are build. Meanwhile, the need for wood for furniture, building materials and other needs continues to increase in line with population growth. Therefore, it is necessary to find alternative raw materials for the wood processing industry. Bamboo is one material that can be use for this purpose. Bamboo is a long fiber and has advantages in terms of the harvest period, namely within 3-4 years it can be harvested, shorter than 8-20 years for fast-growing timber species. In this research, a combination of fiber and laminate boards with epoxy adhesive. The material used is the type of betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) and then tested on the combination of fiber and laminated bamboo boards there are 3 tests, namely fracture strength, absorption capacity and density. The results of this research indicate that from the treatment of 255g adhesive and 127.5g of fiber has a higher average compared to 127.5g of adhesive and 255g of fiber. From the test results, the combination of fiberboards and laminate boards as HDF (Hard Dencity Fiberboard) classified which can be used for materials for making adhesive walls, ceilings, pinyi and containers. However, in contrast to the 127.5g adhesive and 255g fiber treatment included in the MDF (Medium Dencity fiberboard) classification, furniture such as household appliances, molding, window frames, door skins and car dashboards are used.

The management pattern and potential wood of community forest in Parakan Muncang Village, Naggung District, Bogor Regency

Community Forest is an alternative to meet the needs of industrial wood raw materials and plays a role in increasing income and welfare of farmer households. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential for stands of community forests and the community forest management patterns applied by forest farmers. The research location is in Parakan Muncang Village, Nanggung District, Bogor Regency. Sampling of respondents using the census method. The data collection method used was a field survey approach and interviews using a questionnaire. The potential for community forest stands in Parakan Muncang Village is 543.75 m3, while the potential per hectare is 32.478 m3. The highest potential is Sengon wood by 51.95%, Teak by 16,16% and Puspa by 9.89%. The pattern of community forest management that is applied is 12.5% of the respondents use the pure community forest pattern (monoculture) and 87.5% use the agroforestry pattern. The cropping pattern in agroforestry forests uses a border tree planting, where wood plants are planted around agricultural crops using a random/irregular cropping pattern.

Improving germination with pre-sowing technique on Caliandra calothyrsus Meissn

Red Calliandra (Caliandra colothyrus) is a high-quality energy wood raw material that can be produced rapidly. It’s ideal for making wood pellets. The need for wood pellets is on the increase globally. For the production of wood pellets continuity, sufficient materials were required, requiring the development of red calliandra cultivation. The long duration of the seed germination process due to the hard seed coat is an obstacle in the generative propagation of red calliandra. This study aimed to determine the best treatment for red calliandra dormancy breaking and simultaneous germination. A factorial fully randomized design (F-CRD) with two treatment factors was used in this study. The first factor is type of solution (P) with three levels consisting of: P1: soaking in water; P2 : immersion with MSG solution (12 grams/liter); P3 : immersion in young coconut water (100%). The second factor is the length of immersion time (T) with three levels consisting of: T1: soaking time for 8 hours; T2 : immersion time for 12 hours; T3 : immersion time for 16 hours. Each treatment consisted of 20 seeds, which were replicated three times for a total of 540 seeds. The initial day of germination, length of germination, percentage of germination, and germination rate index were all measured. The results showed that that the most optimal germination for red Calliandra found in the P1T1 treatment (soaking in water for 8 hours). It can be shown from all observed parameters

Physicochemical Surface Treatment of Wood Raw Materials

Wood is a vital and widespread natural material [...]

Потенциальные возможности 3D-печати для получения композиционных материалов на основе синтетических и природных биополимеров (обзор)

A review is presented on the modern method of 3D printing of various composites based on synthetic and natural biopolymers with the inclusion of wood raw materials. Some features of scientific and technological approaches to the formation of a specific product using abstract computer modeling are described. A classification and review of the most common and promising 3D printing technologies using degraded raw materials with the inclusion of wood processing products is given. It is shown that using 3D printing, it is very promising to obtain «artificial wood», which is a mixture of a wood base with an inert polymer binder, which can be either based on synthetic polymers or based on natural biomatrix obtained from ecologically safe constituents of herbal raw materials. It is indicated that an important aspect of the problem of obtaining modern biocomposites is the dispersion of the materials used, which affects the entire complex of physical and mechanical properties of the product. The areas of application of the materials used are given. Trends in the development of 3D printing technology with the use of polymer binders based on natural and synthetic polymers are analyzed and the prospects of using natural biopolymers based on plant raw materials for the production of goods and materials necessary for humans as environmentally friendly products are shown. It is concluded that an impending explosive growth in the production and use of 3D composite materials based on natural and synthetic polymers with the inclusion of cheap wood components in the context of a significant reduction in production costs and the rapid production of the required products with low cost of products in the implementation of a highly efficient method 3D printing.

Promising directions for the development of the forest sector in a sparsely wooded region

Most researchers of the problems and prospects of the forest sector focus their attention on issues related to the concept of sustainable development. Sparsely wooded regions of Russia face a lot of obstacles, which makes the search for promising directions for the development of the forest sector in these regions with an active role of state support urgent. The work investigates the forest sector of Kursk region: the main problems and trends observed in its forest sector are noted, the key features of its forest resources are discussed. The directions for the development of the forest sector in the region and the related tasks of state support are formulated. All proposals are based on an orientation towards stimulating the use of local wood raw materials in those types of regional industries that are least demanding on the quality of raw materials. The following is proposed: (a) development of elements of “forest-oriented” environmental legislation; (b) regulatory support of demand for local renewable energy sources through diversification of heat supply to social infrastructure facilities; (c) setting quotas for the share of local wood raw materials consumed by enterprises.

Management of post-production wood waste in the aspect of circular economy

Management of post-production wood waste in the aspect of circular economy. Sustainable resource management involves turning waste into resources. The estimation of various waste streams and their potential use as secondary raw materials underlies the circular economy. The management of wood waste in terms of the Circular Economy should assume material use of this waste before energy use. One of the possibilities of material management of this waste is the use of biological treatment through composting. Input materials for the composting process should have technological and physical-chemical characteristics, respectively. The aim of this study was to characterize the wood raw material (wood waste as a by-product) and qualify it for the composting process on the basis of its composition. Based on the literature research, it was found that there is possibility of using these wastes for management through biological disposal. The obtained composts from wood waste can be used as a raw material to supply the soil with humic substances and mineral compounds.

Management of post-production wood waste in the aspect of circular economy

Management of post-production wood waste in the aspect of circular economy. Sustainable resource management involves turning waste into resources. The estimation of various waste streams and their potential use as secondary raw materials underlies the circular economy. The management of wood waste in terms of the Circular Economy should assume material use of this waste before energy use. One of the possibilities of material management of this waste is the use of biological treatment through composting. Input materials for the composting process should have technological and physical-chemical characteristics, respectively. The aim of this study was to characterize the wood raw material (wood waste as a by-product) and qualify it for the composting process on the basis of its composition. Based on the literature research, it was found that there is possibility of using these wastes for management through biological disposal. The obtained composts from wood waste can be used as a raw material to supply the soil with humic substances and mineral compounds.

Policy Analysis of Sustainable Private Forest Partnership

Private forest partnership has been considered as a new strategy in dealing with conventional socio-economic model problem of the industrial wood raw material sustainability supply. As a new strategy to address the issue of sustainability of industrial wood supply, synergy is needed between forest farmer groups and timber-based industry through private forest partnership schemes. This research aims to analyze private forest partnership policy and its implementation in terms of cooperation aspects in order to formulate a sustainable private forest partnership policy. Content analysis was used to identify all policies related to private forestry partnerships, while policy implementation was analyzed by using formal evaluation method. The descriptive method was implemented to analyze standing stock managemet, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a method to formulate the concept of sustainable private forest partnership policy. The results showed that private forest partnership policy now is more focused on production facilities and infrastructure aspect. The level of policy implementation in research location is at a low grade, only reached 16.28%, while 43.75% of the private forest partnerships in the research area are not sustainable due to low potential of standing stock. This research proved that fostering the farmers is a key factor to develop sustainable private forest partnership policy.

INTEGRASI ANALITICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS-FUZZY DALAM PEMILIHAN SUPPLIER

This study discusses the selection of wood raw material suppliers using the AHP-F method. Problems by UD. Bless Furniture is the difficulty of determining which supplier has good performance in terms of price, quality, service, delivery, quantity determination, location as well as guarantees and claims. With many competitors and different raw material prices from each supplier. Many raw materials such as wood cracks are hollow and broken at the ends of the wood, the color of the wood, and the shape of the wood. Delivery plans that are often complained by companies where delivery is not according to the schedule in the agreement. The results of data processing carried out by the AHP fuzzy method show that the criteria that become a priority in supplier selection are the price criteria which have a weight of 0.47. By taking into account the seven criteria above, it is obtained that the supplier recommended being prioritized as the best supplier based on the highest priority weight, namely supplier C with a weight of 0,39 then supplier A with a weight of 0,37 and the third is supplier B with a weight of 0,24.