Wooden Pallets Research Articles

PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS PADA PROSES PENERIMAAN BARANG UNTUK MENURUNKAN DEFECT PRODUCT DENGAN PENDEKATAN SIX SIGMA

The industrial revolution 4.0 has an impact on the progress of a global business, including in Indonesia. One of the companies affected is the Logistics Company. In this research, a logistics company is a company engaged in warehousing and logistics services or 3PL (third party logistics service providers). Based on the research results, it is known that there are five types of products with the highest number of defects in the last six months, namely ER180, IA195, IA120, SL235 and IA220 products. From the Pareto diagram, it is known that the ER180 product is the product that has the highest defect percentage among other products, namely as much as 52%. The processing results obtained an average DPMO value of 185.68538 failures per one million and a sigma level of about 5.06 with a COPQ level of 5-15%. Based on data analysis using Failure Mode and Effect Analysis, there are six types of product defects, namely dented packaging, damaged outer cartons, leaking products, rotten products, inappropriate product dimensions and plain packaging. The main causes of product defects are MHE operators who are not careful, the use of damaged wooden pallets and the lack of lighting in the work area. Based on the analysis using FTA and FMEA, the proposed quality improvement for the company, namely conducting training and training so that employee knowledge and skills increase, selection of pallets according to standards and adding lighting in the work area.

An investigation of wood pallets landfilled and recovered at US municipal solid waste facilities

The purpose of this research was to investigate the total number of pallets that end up in landfills in the United States as well as to gain a better understanding of the overall waste stream. This research was conducted by mailing all of the licensed Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) facilities in the continental United States a questionnaire that included the option to complete the survey online. The questionnaire that was sent to the landfills was built upon previous surveys conducted by researchers at Virginia Tech in both 1995 and 1998. The results indicated that an estimated 249 million tons of MSW was received at landfills nationwide. This was an increase from the 239 million tons of MSW in 1998. Only 13.1 million pallets were landfilled in 2016, which was over a 90% decrease from the 138 million pallets landfilled in 1998. At the same time, approximately 15.9 million pallets were recovered, repurposed, or reused at the surveyed MSW facilities, which was a decrease from the 22 million pallets recovered in 1998. The results of this research indicate that fewer pallets are making their way to landfills, and a greater proportion of pallets reaching MSW facilities are being recovered.

Feasibility Analysis of Compact-Mobile Biomass Pallet Technology as Renewable Fuel for Small and Medium Industries

Wood or biomass pallets as renewable energy are possible to use like B20 to meet small and medium industries (SMEs). This research aims to analyze the feasibility of the compact-mobile wooden pallet biomass production to meet the needs of a case study on Food SMEs. Specifically analyzed aspects of raw materials and supply chains, market and marketing, compact-mobile pallet technology, and financial feasibility. The data collected consists of primary and secondary data. Primary data is obtained through expert interviews related to recommendations, while secondary data is compiled from relevant company report results, production and consumption data, investment data, and operational costs. The compact-mobile wood pallet supply chain starts from raw materials, processing, transportation, and end-use. The compact-mobile wood pallet industry is designed to have 5 tons/hour with a defect rate of 5%. The capital cost requirement is projected to be IDR 30 billion. The BEP is at a minimum capacity of 2.82 tons of compact-mobile wood pellet per hour. Financially, the compact-mobile pallet industry deserves a WACC of 10.95%, NPV value of IDR 28.94 billion, IRR 21.82%, and 6-year PBP. The simulation results from the pallet's selling price at least IDR 1,038,145 per ton but the PBP increased to 11 years. The development of a wood pellet industry is related to the efforts of diversification and saving the use of fossil energy fuels; therefore, the form of infrastructure that must be prepared is not only physical needs.

Reducing waste to improve product quality in the wooden pallet production processby using lean six sigma approach in PT. XYZ

This company is a company engaged in wood processing. The product produced by this company is wooden pallets. The problems that are found by this company is waste in the production process that are the high defective producs and non value added activities The average disability percentage of wood pallets is 7.52% of the total production per month. The value exceeds the disability tolerance of the company that is 5%. This study proposes to reduce the number of defective products and eliminates non value added activities through design improvement. This problem can be solved by using Lean Six Sigma approach which is a combination of the Lean and the Six Sigma concept with the DMAIC method by providing improvements to increase the number of defective products and eliminate non value added activities. By using the Lean Six Sigma method can provide lean metrics and sigma level calculation values. Based on actual study, the result for the lead time is 212.58 minutes, the process cycle efficiency is 64.40%, the process velocityis 0.0041 processes / hour. Based repair 70.73%, process velocityis 0.0035 processes / hour.

Effects of the Use of Good Agricultural Practices on Aflatoxin Levels in Maize Grown in Nandi County, Kenya

Aflatoxin contaminated maize is of public health concern in Kenya. Training farmers on good agricultural practice (GAP) has been touted as a mitigative measure. Little is known of the effect of such training on aflatoxin levels in maize grown in Kenya. This study evaluated what effect training farmers on GAP has on aflatoxin levels in maize grown in Kaptumo, Kilibwoni, and Kipkaren divisions in Nandi County. Ninety farmers were recruited for the study and interviewed on GAP. Maize samples were additionally collected from the participating farmers and analyzed for aflatoxins using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). All farmers prepared the land before planting, applied correct spacing between the planted crops, carried out weeding, cleaned their stores before use, checked the condition of the maize after harvesting, sorted maize after shelling, and knew about aflatoxins. The majority of the farmers (90%) used fertilizers, dried maize after harvesting, knew that aflatoxins were harmful to humans, and used clean transport in transporting the harvested maize. About 98% of farmers did stooking after harvesting and 97% used wooden pallets in the maize stores. The percentage of farmers who practiced early planting, top dressing, crop rotation, raising stores above the ground, applying insecticide after shelling and feeding damaged/rotten seeds to their animals was 84–96%, 62–80%, 67–85%, 86–98%, 63–81%, and 7–21% respectively. About 18/90 (20%) of all farmers reported that they had a relative who had died from liver cancer, and the mean aflatoxin levels in season 1 were significantly different from those in season 2 (1.92 ± 1.07 ppb; 1.30 ± 1.50 ppb). Our findings suggest that although training farmers to adopt good agricultural practices was observed to be efficient in mitigating the problem of aflatoxins, the receptiveness of farmers to different aspects of the training may have differed. Therefore, in designing an optimized regional aflatoxin contamination strategy, local applicability should be considered.

Construcción con Pallets

<p>Se busca dar una solución a la necesidad acuciante de sectores que no podrían acceder a viviendas por otros medios a la vez que propicia un sistema de reciclado y refuncionalización de elementos residuales de la industria de la construcción.</p><p>Capacitando para la construcción de módulos habitables, a partir de paneles realizados con Pallets de madera recuperados como residuos de obras de construcción.</p><p>Este desarrollo propone la construcción con un costo TENDIENDO A CERO ($ 0)</p><p>En una primera etapa la realización de un techo autoportante.</p><p>Se capacita por cursos presenciales en la zona, San Vicente, A.Korn, Villa Castells en La Plata, y actualmente en el 2020 motivados por el COVID-19 de forma virtual con unos 100 vecinos de las localidades de Magdalena, Coronel Brandsen y Chascomús, distantes las primeras unos 40 km y la ultima unos 75 km de La Plata.</p>

SISTEMA DE TRAZABILIDAD EN LA CADENA DE SUMINISTRO DE MALANGA EN VERACRUZ, MÉXICO: PROSPECTIVA

<p><strong>Background.</strong> Taro (<em>Colocasia esculenta</em> L. Schott) is an economical import crop in Actopan, Veracruz, since it is exported to the United States of America (USA) and Canada. In Mexico, there is no regulation to implement traceability systems in agricultural products<strong>. Objective</strong>. To propose a traceability system in the supply chain of taro produced in Veracruz. <strong>Methodology</strong>. A questionnaire was designed to obtain information related to the production process; a second questionnaire asked about the packaging information; twenty-four producers and eight packinghouse managers were interviewed. <strong>Results and discussion.</strong> Producers have been growing taro for 10 years, they do not have any specific planting season and grow the variety Coco. No soil analysis is performed, irrigation is by flooding and the main pest is the mouse (<em>Apodemus sylvaticus</em>). Each producer makes an agreement with a packing house; the company performs the harvesting and then the packaging process. Wooden pallets are used for packaging; each pallet piles up 60 sacks of 18 kg of taro. <strong>Implications.</strong> The traceability model for the Mexican taro could be adapted to the traditional way of production in Mexico to increase competitiveness. <strong>Conclusions.</strong> The shipping label contains scarce information about the origin of the product. Links of the supply chain were identified and a traceability model for taro is proposed for first time.</p>

Estimating Pyrolysis Kinetics Parameters of Wooden Pallets Commonly Used in Goods Transport Vehicles

The pyrolysis modeling for fire simulations in FDS (Fire Dynamic Simulator) requires kinetic properties of a fuel material to predict the burning behavior of a fuel arrangement. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at three different heating rates (5, 20, and 60 K/min) carried out to study the decomposition behavior of the wood sample. The sample obtained from wooden pallets commonly used in goods transport vehicles. The DTG result shows that wood material undergoes three decomposition reactions. A combination of model-free method (Kissinger analysis), simple hand calculations, and a Model-based method (Coats-Redfern Method) is used to obtain kinetic properties (Pre-exponential factor, Activation Energy and reaction order) of all three reactions.

The Ethics, Politics, and Aesthetics of Migration in Contemporary Art from Angola and Its Diaspora

The Ethics, Politics, and Aesthetics of Migration in Contemporary Art from Angola and Its Diaspora

Transportation of Wood Boring Beetles in Wooden Transport Boxes, Wooden Pallets, and Newly Bought Wood in Museums

ABSTRACT In the past, woodborers like A. punctatum and X. rufovillosum were widespread in historic furniture, households, and building structures, but as they need a high wood moisture content and central heating and climate control have become common today their occurrence is rare and often limited to open-air museums, rural museums, and historic buildings. In this paper, we report on the spread and transportation of different wood-boring beetles with wooden pallets, wooden transport boxes used for art transportation, and also the rising problem of different Lyctus species (powder post beetles) in new wood used in museums. Not only the native Lyctus linearis but also the introduced L. brunneus, L. cavicollis, and L. africanus can be found in transport boxes (nine cases in Germany between 2003 and 2015), infestations of new picture frames (three cases in Austria between 2010 and 2015), and new wood sold to carpenters in museum and conservation studios (used for new stretcher and picture frames, two cases in Austria). In some cases (two in Germany) a newly-laid parquet floor was infested by powder post beetles. The house longhorn beetle (H. bajulus), the furniture beetle (A. punctatum), and the Anobiid Oligomerus ptilinoides were all found infesting wooden pallets inside museum stores (five cases in Austria). New wooden pallets and transport boxes are treated once with heat after production, but our examples show that infestation and transportation of wood pests are still possible and are a new challenge for integrated pest management (IPM) in the future. We examine and discuss the materials used to transport art and possible measures to combat and prevent pests (plastic pallets or the use of other wood types). In addition, the biology and life-history of powderpost beetles is described.

The Ceiling Height Limits for Water Mist Protection of Two Solid Combustible Fire Hazards in Open Environment

CEN and NFPA have expanded the application of water mist in open environments from light solid combustible fire hazards to several in the higher hazard categories. A previous analysis and test evaluation showed that such application expansion is feasible, provided that the water mist spray meets droplet size and application density requirements for the intended fire challenge. However, this evaluation was performed exclusively for water mist sprays discharging at 1.65 m above the burning combustibles. This led to the question of whether the water mist protection could still be effective for larger clearances of nozzle discharge above the combustibles. Therefore, a series of fire tests was conducted subsequently to determine the ceiling height limits for both deluge and automatic nozzle protections. As for the previous evaluation, the two tested fire challenges were a 2-tier (2.74 m) high rack-storage of corrugated cardboard cartons on wood pallets, and a palletized storage of cartoned expanded polystyrene up to 1.68 m high. Both fire challenges were in the CEN OH-3 category, and respectively represented fire hazards in the FM Global HC-2 and HC-3 categories, which in turn corresponded to the NFPA OH-1 and OH-2 fire hazards. Each water mist spray discharged 76 l/min at 16.5 bar, with a volume median droplet diameter of around 220 µm. The nozzles were spaced 3.05 × 3.05 m to provide a designated application density of 8.1 mm/min. Quick-response thermal sensors, with an activation temperature of 74°C and a response index of 27.6 (m s)1/2, were employed to initiate the nozzle discharge. The tests showed that the deluge protection is applicable to both fire challenges for ceiling heights up to 9.1 m. However, for the automatic nozzle protection, the ceiling height limit is reduced to 6.1 m, with a water supply requirement of providing 17 nozzle operations for a safety factor of about 50% over the maximum number of nozzle operations observed in the tests.

Canadian Wood Pallets: Is it a Good Deal, Eh? An Undergraduate Case in Cost Accounting

Canadian Wood Pallets: Is it a Good Deal, Eh? An Undergraduate Case in Cost Accounting

Canadian Wood Pallets: Is it a Good Deal, Eh? An Undergraduate Case in Cost Accounting Web Appendix

Canadian Wood Pallets: Is it a Good Deal, Eh? An Undergraduate Case in Cost Accounting Web Appendix

Effects of the Use of Good Agricultural Practices on Aflatoxin Levels in Maize Grown in Nandi County, Kenya

Aflatoxin contaminated maize is of public health concern in Kenya. Training farmers on good agricultural practice (GAP) has been touted as a mitigative measure. Little is known of the effect of such training on aflatoxin levels in maize grown in Kenya. This study evaluated what effect training farmers on GAP has on aflatoxin levels in maize grown in in maize grown in Kaptumo, Kilibwoni, and Kipkaren divisions in Nandi County. Ninety farmers were recruited for the study and interviewed on GAP. Maize samples were additionally collected from the participating farmers and analyzed for aflatoxins using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). All farmers prepared the land before planting, did correct spacing between the planted crops, carried out weeding, cleaned their stores before use, checked the condition of the maize after harvesting, sorted maize after shelling, and knew aflatoxins. A majority of the farmers (90%) used fertilizers, dried maize after harvesting, knew that aflatoxins were harmful to humans, and used clean transport in transporting the harvested maize. About 98% of farmers did stooking after harvesting and 97% used wooden pallets in the maize stores. The percentage of farmers who practiced early planting, top dressing, crop rotation, raising stores above the ground, applying insecticide after shelling and feeding damaged/rotten seeds to their animals was 84–96%, 62–80%, 67–85%, 86–98%, 63–81%, and 7–21% respectively. About 18/90 (20%) of all farmers reported that they had a relative who had died from liver cancer and the mean aflatoxin levels in season 1 were significantly different from season 2 (1.92 ± 1.07 ppb; 1.30 ± 1.50 ppb). Our findings suggest that although training farmers to adopt good agricultural practices was observed to be efficient in mitigating the problem of aflatoxins, the receptiveness of farmers to different aspects of the training may have differed. Therefore, in designing an optimized regional aflatoxin contamination strategy, local applicability should be considered.

Simulation decomposition for environmental sustainability: Enhanced decision-making in carbon footprint analysis

Environmental sustainability problems frequently require the need for decision-making in situations containing considerable uncertainty. Monte Carlo simulation methods have been used in a wide array of environmental planning settings to incorporate these uncertain features. Simulation-generated outputs are commonly displayed as probability distributions. Recently simulation decomposition (SD) has enhanced the visualization of the cause-effect relationships of multi-variable combinations of inputs on the corresponding simulated outputs. SD partitions sub-distributions of the Monte Carlo outputs by pre-classifying selected input variables into states, grouping combinations of these states into scenarios, and then collecting simulated outputs attributable to each multi-variable input scenario. Since it is a straightforward task to visually project the contribution of the subdivided scenarios onto the overall output, SD can illuminate previously unidentified connections between the multi-variable combinations of inputs on the outputs. SD is generalizable to any Monte Carlo method with negligible additional computational overhead and, therefore, can be readily extended into most environmental analyses that use simulation models. This study demonstrates the efficacy of SD for environmental sustainability decision-making on a carbon footprint analysis case for wooden pallets.

Investigation of new and recovered wood shipping platforms in the United States

This study was performed to acquire key market and raw material usage information for the wood pallet and container industry in 2016. Historical trends in the wood pallet market were also analyzed between 1991 and 2016 using the results of previous Virginia Tech pallet surveys sponsored by NWPCA and U.S. Forest Service. The wooden pallet and container industry produced an estimated 513 million new wood pallets in 2016, which is a 23% increase since 2011. Approximately 35% of this was 48” x 40” pallets, which continues to be the dominant standardized pallet size. Approximately 39% of new wood pallets were custom sizes, which is a significant decrease from the 60% share found in 2011. Stringer class pallets remained the dominant pallet class with 76% share, while block pallets and skids only accounted for 21% and 3% of the market, respectively. Softwoods accounted for 55% of the pallet market, while hardwood accounted for 45%. An estimated 326 million pallets were recovered and sold as recycled/ repaired or remanufactured pallets in 2016. The most common size of the recycled or remanufactured pallets was 48” x 40”, accounting for 69% of the recycled market.

Impregnation of lumber due to the pressure of the impregnating liquid

Storage of the container is one of the most serious problems faced by the manufacturer. At temperatures above 5 °C, the fungus and blue stain affect the container board. Because of this, enterprises suffer losses, which most often occur due to the fact that customers reject wooden containers, since it is important to use wooden pallets without mold and mildew in food and packaging industries. The article describes the methodology and results of experimental studies on the impregnation of wood due to the hydrostatic pressure of the impregnating liquid. Graphic dependencies are made to determine the main technological parameters of the impregnation process - its duration. We studied wood samples of spruce, birch, alder and aspen, the main species from which container sets and pallets are made. A description is given of the use of a densitometer of a fundamentally new design, which makes it possible to determine the density of samples with positive buoyancy.

Life cycle assessment comparison of wooden and plastic pallets in the grocery industry

AbstractWooden and plastic pallets are used extensively in global trade to transport finished goods and products. This article compares the life cycle performance of treated wooden and plastic pallets through a detailed cradle‐to‐grave life cycle assessment (LCA), and conducts an analysis of the various phytosanitary treatments. The LCA investigates and evaluates the environmental impacts due to the resources consumed and emissions of the product throughout its life cycle. The environmental impacts of the pallets are compared on a one‐trip basis and a 100,000‐trips basis. Impact categories are chosen with respect to environmental concerns. The results show that on a one‐trip basis, wooden pallets with conventional and radio frequency (RF) heat treatment incur an overall carbon footprint of 71.8% and 80.3% lower, respectively, than plastic pallets during their life cycle; and in comparison with wooden pallets treated with methyl bromide fumigation, they incur 20% and 30% less overall carbon footprint. Theoretical calculations of the resource consumption and emissions of RF treatment of pallets suggest that dielectric technology may provide a lower‐carbon alternative to both current ISPM 15‐approved treatments and to plastic pallets. Methyl bromide fumigation (15.95 kg CO2 equivalent [eq.]) has a larger carbon footprint than conventional heat treatment (12.69 kg CO2 eq.) of pallets. For the 100,000‐trips basis, the differences are even more significant. The results recommend that wooden pallets are more environmentally friendly than plastic pallets, and conventional and RF heat treatment for wooden pallets is more sustainable than methyl bromide fumigation treatment.

Carbon footprint of an EUR-sized wooden and a plastic pallet

Pallets are an essential element of existing logistics worldwide. Pallets are simple in structure, yet they can be made of different materials, in varying dimensions, and be marketed via alternative management systems. This paper examines a carbon footprint, an indicator of impact on climate change, of a widely used EUR-size (1200 mm × 800 mm) pallet made of wood or plastic using the data from previously published literature. The study is geographically representative of Finland, while time and technological representativeness depend on the studies reviewed. On average, the production of a wooden pallet, i.e. cradle-to-gate, has a partial carbon footprint of 5.0 kg CO2-eq. and of -34 kg CO2-eq. if accounting for carbon sequestration in wood. Manufacturing of a virgin plastic pallet releases 62 kg CO2-eq. Given the functional unit of 1000 customer trips and service life of 20 times for a wooden pallet and 66 times for a plastic pallet, the cradle-to-grave impacts of the wooden and the plastic pallets are 17 kg CO2-eq. and 1790 kg CO2-eq., respectively when the pallets are incinerated at the end-of-life, or 0.34 kg CO2-eq. per one wooden pallet and 120 kg CO2-eq. per one plastic pallet.

Performance analysis of automatic sprinkler systems in warehouses using fire dynamic simulation

This research is based on studying the capability of automatic sprinkler systems by applying fire dynamics simulation. The selection of scenarios based on NFPA 101. A warehouse containing diving instrument in carton placed on wood pallets, which can cause class A fires. To prevent potential damage to the goods, the conflagration in this specific scenarios is simulated to study the effects of temperature on the roof deterioration, the proficiency of the automatic sprinkler systems to extinguish the fire. Researchers found that the sprinklers located on the ceiling of the warehouse are not able to put out the fire but are able to control further spreading of the fire. Researchers, then, install more fire sprinklers in the racks, following the standard from NFPA 13. Results have shown that the second set of sprinklers is not capable of extinguishing the fire but controlling the spread and significantly reducing the temperature. Furthermore, installing both sets of fire sprinklers can prevent the collapse of the roof.