Wood Construction Research Articles

Arhaeological Research in Okhtyrka — the Arhaeology of War

The article is devoted to the result of archaeological research carried out on the territory of the Okhtyrka fortress of the second half of the 17th–18th centuries. Excavations were conducted in the basement of the Okhtyrka Municipal Local History Museum. The building was severely damaged because of the night bombing in spring 2022. During the reconstruction of the museum, the workers had discovered archaeological artefacts. In the result of archaeological research, there were discovered the remains of a building buried in virgin soil. The most informative were the remains of the cellar walls. In the filling of the building, there were distinguished two layers separated by a sterile one. In the lower layer, the vast majority of fragments of tiles and furnace slag were found, and in the upper layer — numerous fragments of pottery and individual finds. The analysis of the artefacts location and the general stratigraphy allows presuming preliminary conclusions. The dwelling had two levels — the ground living level with the furnace and the underground one, or a cellar. The level had a massive ceiling made of oak logs and a wooden construction made of logs with a diameter of 0.15–0.25 m. The space between the wooden construction and virgin soil was filled with yellow sand. Mostly, in the filling of the dwelling were found light clay pottery fragments and some items covered with green glaze. The tiles were decorated with stylised floral ornament. Among the imports, the most noticeable are a handle of a faience cup produced in the Ottoman Empire and fragments of clay bottles of Riga balsam. In addition, a faience ointment jar, produced in Germany or Austria in the 18th century. Based on the analysis of the finds, the time of construction of the building is dated to the 20s–30s, and the time of destruction — 70s–80s of the 18th century. The first date is indicated by a coin minted in 1731, found in a piece of preserved oak log, and the second one by the lower part of a clay bottle, found on the floor of the cellar. Some of the imported finds are related to medicine, so we can assume using the building as a pharmacy in the last years of its existing.

Regulation of wood porous structure and construction of reduced graphene oxide@wood derived carbon conducting collector

With the gradual increase in the consumption of non-renewable energy sources, the development of energy storage and conversion devices has become increasingly important. Sustainable self-supporting conductive collectors have become one of the effective ways to enhance the performance of energy storage devices. In this study, the pore modulation technique was implemented on Beijing poplar and camphor pine using delignification and water extraction, and six wood-derived carbon (WC) electrodes were prepared by heat treatment using untreated material as a control. By observing the microscopic morphology, it was found that all six carbon materials retained the graded porous structure characteristic of natural wood. The carbon material prepared from water extraction treated Beijing poplar (WPC) had the best capacitive properties. The conductive reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is composited with WPC, and the constructed RGO@WPC (RWPC) conductive collector has an average conductivity as high as 15.4 S m−1, which provides a strong guarantee for fast electron transport. The specific capacitance of RWPC is as high as 2100 mF cm−2 when the current density is 1 mA cm−2. The constructed RWPC//RWPC energy storage device has a maximum energy density of 3.76 Wh kg−1 and a maximum power density of 171.3 W kg−1. In this paper, a green and efficient self-supporting conductive collector with a graded porous structure is proposed. It also broadens the high value-added utilization of wood in energy storage.

Wood Construction Practices of the Dong Ethnic Group (Guangxi Province, China)

This exploratory multiple-case study aims to analyse the ecological design of wooden houses in Dong villages (Guangxi province, China). Residential and public Dong houses were investigated from ecological and cultural perspectives. The results show that topography (i.e., building near the river in a mountainous area) is the main factor influencing the Dong building construction process. It also affects the building layout decisions. The life cycle assessment was applied to collect general information about the exterior and interior design of the Dong settlements. For this, a range of pictures and historical facts (e.g., demand for fire ponds and balconies, ornament usage, etc.) was analysed. The study suggests fir timber as a basic ecological resource for wooden house buildings. Yet, it is highly flammable and increases the fire risk. A brief discussion on the cultural heritage of the Dong people and its influence on their building system was presented. The present findings can be used in future eco-design projects as a brief guideline for creating a traditional-style ethnic wooden house.

Disaster risk management of cultural heritage: A global scale analysis of characteristics, multiple hazards, lessons learned from historical disasters, and issues in current DRR measures in world heritage sites

This study focuses on disaster risk reduction (DRR) in World Heritage (WH) sites around the world. The contents of disaster risk management in management plans, maps, and photographs of target WH sites are examined to understand the characteristics and hazards of heritage sites, lessons learned from historical disasters, and the status and issues in current strategies and measures. Through analyzing these results, it is found that there are diversified hazards in groups of buildings and archaeological sites in Asia and Europe. It is also revealed that fires, earthquakes, strong winds, and floods frequently occurred and caused enormous damage to the heritage sites, as well as human-induced disasters such as terrorism and explosions. Moreover, it was identified that heritage sites with wooden construction or construction partially composed of wooden components were more often damaged by fire, heritage sites located on multiple kinds of terrain were affected by a variety of disasters, and especially coastal heritage sites were exposed to shore erosion and sea level rise related to climate change. Through analyzing the damage, the various fire causes and the need for DRR measures against fires, earthquakes, and floods, become clear, and the urgency to investigate and address human-induced disasters is understood. It is further revealed that few surveyed WH sites have adopted intervention measures for earthquakes, storms, and human-induced hazards.

Business model innovation for reducing uncertainty in sustainability transitions: A case study of the wood construction industry

Sustainability transitions are a significant challenge that requires established industries to adopt innovative ways of doing business. Research suggests that while this is possible through business model innovation (BMI), risk avoidance by regime actors and high levels of future uncertainty act as barriers to successful transitions. Specifically, we lack knowledge about how established companies innovate their business model (BM) to reduce uncertainty related to sustainability transitions. We explore the case of a large forest‐based manufacturing company in the construction industry, Stora Enso. We find that, by pursuing transformative BMI and combining multiple value creation logics, a company can reduce different types of uncertainty while shaping its business ecosystem towards more sustainable opportunities. We show that the BM can serve as an organizational tool for collectively exploring new knowledge, reducing uncertainty and driving change in a business ecosystem.

Analysis of the biocorrosion community from ancient wooden constructions at Tianluoshan (7000–6300 cal BP), Zhejiang Province, China

Ancient wooden constructions, also known as wooden cultural relics, refers to ancient wood that has been modified or crafted by human activities. To ensure its preservation, it is crucial to gain further understanding of the decomposition mechanisms affecting archaeological wood. In this study, we investigated the microbiome diversity and cellulose decomposition processes in a 6300-year-old ancient wooden construction at the Tianluoshan site (7000–6300 cal BP) in Zhejiang Province, China. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) was employed to analyze the metagenomic functions, specifically focusing on the microbial communities' cellulose-degrading pathways using bioinformatic approaches. The findings revealed that the excavation of archaeological wood significantly altered the environment, leading to an accelerated deterioration process. This degradation was primarily influenced by carbohydrate metabolism and xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism pathways within the complex ecosystem consisting of bacteria, archaea, fungi, microfauna, plants, and algae. Proteobacteria, actinobacteria, ascomycota, and basidiomycota were identified as the main sources of bacterial cellulose-degrading enzymes. The results obtained from this evaluation will provide valuable insights for the development of targeted conservation strategies and prioritization of preservation efforts for the ancient wooden constructions found in different regions of the Tianluoshan site.Graphical

Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy of copper alloy artefacts from unidentified shipwreck sites: Clues to the identity of shipwrecks on Kenn Reef, Coral Sea

This study investigates the use of Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopes (ESEM) as a tool for identification of historic shipwrecks. Copper alloy fasteners from unidentified shipwreck on Kenn Reef in the Coral Sea, were sampled and analysed to determine the chemical composition of each artefact. When combining this data with known evolution of copper alloying for wooden ship construction, historical and archaeological data, the results provided valuable insight into the possible date range for these wrecks. Specifically, comparison to known wrecks in the vicinity of Kenn Reef could be linked to these previously unidentified sites. Results are promising and ESEM analyses proved to provide valuable, reliable data, yet also highlighted limitations and areas for further investigation and research.

A comparative assessment of the capabilities and success of the wood construction industry in Slovakia and Ukraine based on life cycle assessment certification standards

This study assessed the possibility of using wood as a building material for the construction of houses. A comprehensive method was used, which consisted of analysing environmental management regulations, applying the life cycle assessment method to minimise the carbon footprint; using software to calculate the carbon footprint of a wooden house at different stages of the life cycle. The object of study is the carbon footprint of a house built of wood. The Life Cycle Assessment method was used as a methodology for assessing the life cycle. Using the One Click Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost software, the carbon footprint of a log house was calculated for the product life cycle stage mentioned above (A1-A3). When calculating the carbon footprint of wood-based building materials, carbon emissions were taken into account not only from the finished products, but also from all other products obtained as a result of logging. When calculating the carbon footprint, greenhouse gas emissions from all activities are estimated. We have obtained data on the life cycle cost of a wooden house in terms of electricity use. Accordingly, we obtained a value of global warming potential (A1-A3) of 0.51 kg CO2 e/kWh. We also obtained data on the life cycle cost of a wooden house in terms of diesel consumption. According to the results of the LCA, the value of the global warming potential due to meeting the water supply/sewage needs is (A1-A3) 0.69 kg CO2 e/m3. The value of the global warming potential due to meeting the heat supply needs of production needs is (A1- A3) 0.13 kg CO2 e/kWh. Based on the information obtained, we can conclude that it is advisable to use a wooden log house as a building material, as the carbon footprint is smaller than that of a brick building. The final section presents the results of calculating the life cycle cost of a wooden house by discount factor and inflation, the results of the life cycle cost of a wooden house by percentage of energy costs, and the results of assessing the life cycle cost of a wooden house (displaying parameters according to the European energy certification scale). Based on the carbon footprint assessment (using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology), economic comparison (Life Cycle Cost and total construction costs), and expert assessment (based on technical and ergonomic parameters) of the two construction technologies, the feasibility and possibility of using wood as a building material was established. The study proves the feasibility of applying the LCA method in the construction industry.

Influence of friction between wood and support elements in the design of timber structures for roofing

Throughout history, wood has played a crucial role in all phases of building construction. Despite existing prejudices in Brazil regarding its use in structural systems, primarily due to the lack of dissemination of technical information, wood is gradually gaining more space in the market as a viable and environmentally sustainable alternative. With exceptional mechanical properties, wood is compatible with other widely used construction materials in the Brazilian structural market, such as concrete and steel. In this context, this research aims to analyze the influence of considering the friction coefficient caused by the sliding of the support with free horizontal displacements in isostatic trusses, investigating its impact on the design of the components that make up the truss. Such sliding generates a lateral friction force that promotes a restraining effect on the structure, potentially relieving stresses on the lower chord members. For this purpose, the Finite Element Method (FEM) is used as an analytical tool, supported by the iTruss verification software to validate the obtained results. By considering the frictional force generated on the support links of the analyzed trusses, the numerical results revealed changes in the design of structural profiles for all existing wood strength classes (D20, D30, D40, D50, and D60) in situations of friction between wood and wood, and between wood and concrete. A reduction in the volume of wooden pieces was observed, ranging from 5.88% to 8.54%, suggesting that the inclusion of the friction coefficient during structural calculations can result in savings, not only from a financial standpoint but also promoting environmental benefits by encouraging a more responsible use of wood in civil construction.

Empowering Adolescents through Hands-on Wooden boatbuilding Training: Adapting Javanese Wooden Boat Design and Construction for a Teenage-Friendly Training Experience

In the realm of educational and cultural enrichment, empowering adolescents through hands-on wooden boatbuilding training connects them with Javanese maritime heritage. This scholarly exposition outlines a modern path for youth to engage in traditional wooden shipbuilding, emphasizing tangible skill acquisition and intangible heritage appreciation. The curriculum navigates the confluence of woodworking, mentorship, and cultural identity, fostering youth empowerment. This innovative pedagogical approach views wood sculpting as a vehicle for empowerment, creating a framework for youth-friendly learning inspired by Javanese shipwrights. The proposed model not only crafts seaworthy vessels but also shapes resilient, confident, and empowered young minds, navigating the waves of growth and identity.

Unlocking success: key elements of sustainable business models in the wooden multistory building sector

Few studies have investigated the processes and strategic interactions among the Wooden Multistory Construction (WMC) industry actors, its customers, and local policymakers. Further insights into this field are needed for a sustainability transition in the construction sector. This study aims to explain WMC’s corporate sustainability strategies for co-creation with customers and municipalities. This was based on interviews with key informants in the sector and WMC actors using three case studies in Sweden. Our interviews focused on business processes, interactions with users and municipalities, sustainability, and innovation in the WMC market. The findings reflect the notion of a slow transition in the Swedish WMC market toward using more wood as a bearing structure, which is supported by the competitive advantages and climate performance of wood. The three case studies indicated that the corporate focus is currently placed on incremental improvements in operations, price competitiveness, and successful project management. However, in contexts where wood construction is seen as a unique advantage, collaborations between the construction industry and end users have developed and served as novel platforms for WMC market development. The study concludes that WMCl growth hinges on the industry’s housing offerings prioritizing quality, affordability, and swift construction.

Mechanical and acoustic performance of mortar with partial replacement by biochar from civil construction wood waste at advanced ages

Civil construction generates large amounts of solid waste, most of which are non-toxic, but extremely voluminous, resulting in a contemporary sanitary health problem. Furthermore, cement fabrication, a widely used binding material, is responsible for the emission of 8% of the world’s CO2 into the atmosphere, making it an industry with a great environmental impact. The consumption figures of cement show an significant increasing over the years. Therefore, much research has focused on the search for energy efficiency in the production processes of cement and materials with potential use as additions, allowing the reduction of clinker consumption, the main component of the cement. In this sense, this research made use of wood waste from civil construction, and through the pyrolysis process, partially replaced cement with biochar at high levels compared to existing research, seeking to find an efficient replacement limit and analyzing its sound absorption and mechanical properties at advanced ages. Mortars were produced with levels of 5%, 10%, and 15% (m/m), replacing cement with biochar. The results demonstrated better mechanical performance at advanced ages, up to 30% for compression and 15% for tensile strength with 10% biochar, and lower water absorption by capillarity. Its acoustic performance showed that the samples with biochar did not exhibit properties of a sound-absorbing material.

Long-read datasets of Kayu Bawang (Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs) from 3 different identified seed stands in Bengkulu (Sumatra), Indonesia and its phylogenetic relationships

Abstract* Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs, Kayu bawang (Meliaceae) is economically valuable and widely used by the local community in Bengkulu (Sumatra) as carpentry and construction wood because of its good durability class. However, it still has ambiguous scientific multiple names, such as Azadirachta excelsa, Protium javanicum, and Dysoxylum mollissimum. Additional tools such as molecular approaches can be used to verify whether it is true or not that Kayu bawang is scientifically named as Azadirachta excelsa based on previous morphological identification. This study aimed to construct draft chloroplast genome and verify the scientific name based on molecular identification using a single rbcL gene marker. Genomic DNA was extracted from bark cambium originated from three different provenances in Bengkulu, Indonesia, namely TBT-A, TBT-K, and TBT-S. MinION from Oxford Nanopore Technologies was used to sequence the samples following manufacture protocols SQK-LSK109 yielding 481.6 Mb for TBT-A, 597.4 Mb for TBT-K, and 853.1 Mb for TBT-S, respectively. Generated data were assembled and constructed, namely 58,780 bp (14 tRNAs and 47 encoding genes) for TBT-A, 142,139 bp (4 rRNAs, 24 tRNAs, and 78 encoding genes) for TBT-K, and 84,906 bp (24 tRNAs and 53 encoding genes) for TBT-S. Based on the phylogenetic tree, Azadirachta excelsa from three identified tree stands were placed in the same group with other Azadirachta excelsa accessions.

How do socio-economic characteristics of communities influence resource use and forest cover in the Cryptosepalum forest of North-western Zambia

Forests are important ecosystems offering extensive material and immaterial benefits to people and the environment. If not well monitored and sustainably managed, forest resource use can lead to degradation, which has global environmental and socio-economic implications. There is currently limited information on the factors that lead to forest use in the Cryptosepalum forests of Zambia, and how these factors potentially influence forest integrity. This study aimed at establishing the socio-economic aspects that determine resource utilisation and forest loss in the Cryptosepalum forest of Manyinga and Zambezi Districts of North-western Zambia. Using a semi-structured questionnaire 207 randomly selected households were interviewed in 7 villages surrounding the Cryptosepalum forest (4 in Manyinga and 3 in Zambezi district). Additionally, three focus Group Discussions were conducted to triangulate interview data. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's Chi-square test of independence and binary logistic regression were used to analyse the data. The study established 14 forest products used by local communities in the study sites. Socio-economic factors, namely; gender, level of education, household size, wealth, and residence status significantly influenced use of 9 of the 14 forest products. Further, significant relationships (p < 0.5) were established between: (1) gender and use of construction poles, wood fibre, fruits, and honey production (2) level of education and utilisation of timber, tubers, caterpillars, mushrooms, and thatching grass; (3) household size and use of construction poles, wild vegetables, tubers, caterpillars, fruits and thatching grass; (4) wealth status and use of timber, construction poles, wild vegetables, wood fibre, and fruits; and (5) residence status and use of construction poles, tubers and thatching grass. Timber harvesting, agricultural expansion, and population increase were established as key drivers of forest cover loss in the Cryptosepalum forest. The study recommends that policies and strategies aimed at conserving this forest focus on strict law enforcement (monitoring and control) of timber harvesting activities; and provision of agricultural inputs and/or community sensitisation on conservation agriculture interventions to curb shifting cultivation practices. The study adds to the body of knowledge on the importance of forests to rural livelihoods in Sub-saharan Africa, and the influence of socio-economic factors on forest cover and resource use.

Job Safety Analysis (JSA) of Work Accidents on Wood Work Machines in the Construction Workshop

This research was motivated by the occurrence of work accidents that occurred in wood construction workshops and also the magnitude of potential hazards that might cause work accidents. The purpose of this study is first; To reveal how many types of static machines there are in the wood construction workshop. Second; Reveal the forms of accidents that have the potential to occur in woodworking machines. Third; Conduct JSA on the form of potential hazards of work accidents that may occur in the use of wood work machines. This type of research is quantitative descriptive with a survey method using the Guttman scale which produces percentages. This research was conducted on lecturers of wood work practice courses along with technicians of the Wood Construction Workshop of the Department of Civil Engineering FT UNP. The findings of this study are that first; The number of types of static wood work machines used routinely by students / lecturers in wood construction workshops is 6 (six), namely armed-arm circular saws, flattening crabs, thickening crabs, tabled circular saws, chisels, and combination crabs. Second;Forms of work accidents that may occur include the use of machines exceeding normal limits, machine layout, machine maintenance processes, experience of machine use processes, maintenance on machines, the occurrence of short circuit sources on machines, cleanliness of the work environment, and implementation of machine usage procedures. Third; JSA in this study is to control aspects of machine operation including by requiring all students to use complete personal protective equipment, giving obligations to lecturers of courses and practices along with technicians or instructors to strictly supervise the use of machines that have the potential to cause accidents.

Spray Coating of Wood with Nanoparticles from Lignin and Polylactic Glycolic Acid Loaded with Thyme Essential Oils.

Ensuring the longevity of wooden constructions depends heavily on the preservation process. However, several traditional preservation methods involving fossil-based compounds have become outdated because they pose a significant risk to the environment and to human health. Therefore, the use of bio-based and bioactive solutions, such as essential oils, has emerged as a more sustainable alternative in protecting wood from biotic attacks. The entrapment of essential oils in polymeric carrier matrices provides protection against oxidation and subsequent degradation or rapid evaporation, which implies the loss of their biocidal effect. In this work, lignin as well as PLGA nanoparticles containing the essential oils from two different thyme species (Thymus capitatus and T. vulgaris) were applied on beech wood samples using spray coating. The prepared coatings were investigated using FTIR imaging, SEM, as well as LSM analysis. Release experiments were conducted to investigate the release behavior of the essential oils from their respective lignin and PLGA carrier materials. The study found that lignin nanoparticles were more effective at trapping and retaining essential oils than PLGA nanoparticles, despite having larger average particle diameters and a more uneven particle size distribution. An analysis of the lignin coatings showed that they formed a uniform layer that covered most of the surface pores. PLGA nanoparticles formed a film-like layer on the cell walls, and after leaching, larger areas of native wood were evident on the wood samples treated with PLGA NPs compared to the ones coated with lignin NPs. The loading capacity and efficiency varied with the type of essential oil, while the release behaviors were similar between the two essential oil types applied in this study.

Studying the sales market for products of the timber industry complex of the region under external sanctions pressure

Subject. The article addresses conditions and factors of the domestic sales market development of the timber industry in the region. Objectives. The aim is to assess the capacity of the domestic market for timber industry products in the target segment of wooden housing construction. Methods. The study employs statistical data on results of the forestry complex development of the Khabarovsk Krai, interviews with specialists from the Ministry of Forestry and Timber Processing, the Ministry of Construction of the Khabarovsk Krai, heads of forestry enterprises. Results. We revealed trends in the structure of production and exports of enterprises operating in the Khabarovsk Krai timber industry, the dynamics of production and consumption of forest products in the domestic market of the region. As a result of unfavorable conditions in the main (foreign) sales market, the activities of the timber industry complex enterprises became unprofitable. Implementation of government programs and flagship projects opens up opportunities to develop domestic demand. The capacity of the region’s wooden housing construction market is calculated based on three scenarios. Conclusions. Sustainable development of the timber industry complex of the region is possible, if government programs and flagship projects are implemented, aimed at the growth of the domestic market of wooden house construction.

A wonder adhesive for replacing the scarce metal

Introduction. Based on archival materials, the article follows a little-known fact of the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945, namely, the scientific discovery by the specialists of the Central Research Institute (TsNIPS), related to the creation of the formulation for the TsNIPS-2 construction adhesive. With its help, in a difficult period for the country, the industrial production of new construction materials was established and Red Army gunsmiths, located on the front line, quickly restored small arms that went out of action in battles with the enemy.Aim. To introduce into a scientific discourse the materials of archival sources on the history of creating a TsNIPS-2 new construction material, as well as on the individual research results of its inventor – a senior researcher, Cand. Sci. (Engineering) Maria N. Plungyanskaya, who worked for a long period in the TsNIPS Laboratory of Timber Structures.Materials and methods. Archival materials on the current topic were used in the preparation of the publication. Due to them, as well as with the help of retrospective, historical-typological and comparative research methods, the author traced certain aspects of the complex path of creating a new adhesive by clarifying its composition, order of preparation and industrial application.Results. The article studies and shows the individual stages of creating the TsNIPS adhesive formula, which ensured (due to cold-dry setting) the large-volume industrial production of high quality construction plywood of various thicknesses for the construction industry, as well as other timber structures that replaced the scarce metal. The procedure and rules for the practical use of the TsNIPS-2 adhesive by gunsmiths beyond the limits of stationary conditions (“in a trench”) for the successful restoration of wooden parts in rifles and assault rifles (butt, forearm, etc.), as well as the prompt return of thousands of weapons to the units are described.Conclusions. The content of the article will serve as a vivid illustration in the scientific and educational context about the traditions and activities of scientific schools, presented by the institutes of JSC Research Center of Construction, their contribution to the research field on the creation of new construction materials for increasing the power of the country. The research work of the Institute’s scientists was of a great practical importance, offering the construction industry new types of light industrial collapsible structures with a high transportability, their numerous achievements were effectively used at the front to achieve the Great Victory. In the period of 1930–1940, the construction, widely developed in the country, required, on the one hand, high-quality design solutions and, on the other hand, the simplicity and economy of their implementation. In these conditions, adhesive and laminated plywood structures were of a particular importance, ensuring the industrialization of the wooden construction part production and the cost-effectiveness of using timber in construction. The important properties of the TsNIPs-2 adhesive, obtained by the researcher M.N. Plungyanskaya, including water resistance and durability, as well as simplicity and ease of its handling, made it possible to use the material in industry for assembling the hulls of wooden ships, producing laminated structures, parts of cars, and oil pipelines, made of veneer or thin plywood, as well as in combat conditions for the manufacture and repair of small arms, etc., thereby bringing a significant economic effect and expanding the possibilities of its use in the domestic industry.

The Design of Earthquake Evacuation Spaces Based on Local Wisdom: A Case Study of Traditional Houses in South Sulawesi

Indonesia is situated on the Ring of Fire, which causes a lot of earthquakes. On the 28 September 2018, there was an earthquake in Palu, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, which was one of the strongest shakings since 1980. Surprisingly, most traditional houses in Sulawesi survived. There has been some research on adapting traditional house structures to modern residential buildings. The limited availability of wood and complicated construction make adapting wood structures to current conditions challenging. The purpose of this study is to analyze space organization in ten traditional South Sulawesi house designs. A possible evacuation route can be found through the analysis as the first space for expeditiously escaping from an earthquake. In addition, modernizing the layout of a traditional South Sulawesi house and introducing it to local people was easy since they were familiar with the design. A deep analysis of spatial organization and its interrelations can help develop realistic designs, plans, and knowledge, thus improving the quality of residential projects. A descriptive qualitative method was used as a research method. Data were collected from field observations, brief interviews, and literature reviews. In order to analyz thee data, ORA-LITE was used to redraw the data and create the charts. It was found that different cultures have different evacuation spaces, in this case the Bugis tribe and the Toraja tribe. A corridor and kitchen were the most strategically located areas that could possibly be used for evacuation. Considering the differences in culture among tribes, designing evacuation spaces based on local culture was important. A recommendation based on this finding can also be made to the government of South Sulawesi in the design of residential houses.

INNOVATION IN FIBERGLASS SHIP ASSEMBLY: SOCIAL-ECONOMIC AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP STUDY OF COASTAL COMMUNITIES

The problem of low performance of fishing communities in producing capture fisheries is generally related to the low quality of the capital ships used. This research aims to reveal the factors that caused the emergence of innovation in the business of assembling fiberglass fishing ships, the level of business development, and its impact on improving the socio-economic performance of fishing communities in rural areas. The research sample included small fishing communities and a group of fishermen who had built a business assembling fiberglass fishing ships in Bengkulu Selatan Regency. Because the data collected is mostly in the form of qualitative data, the analysis method used is a descriptive-qualitative method supported by statistical analysis methods. The results indicate that the emergence of innovation in assembling fiberglass fishing ships is driven by evidence highlighting the superior quality of fiberglass over wood in ship construction. The growth of the fiberglass ship assembly business is evident through its expanding market reach and increased sales turnover. Qualitatively, the study demonstrates that the innovation in assembling fiberglass ships has a positive impact on the socio-economic performance of fishermen, manifested through improved workability, heightened work motivation, and increased capture fisheries production. Three key recommendations emerge from the findings: (1) Stakeholders should consistently support the sustainability of fiberglass ship assembly businesses; (2) Relevant agencies are encouraged to actively contribute to the substantial development of the fiberglass ship assembly sector; and (3) Fishing communities greatly benefit from socialization, empowerment, literacy, and education programs.