Wood Deterioration Research Articles

ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI JAMUR KAYU DARI HUTAN PENDIDIKAN UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN DI BENGO-BENGO KECAMATAN CENRANA KABUPATEN MAROS

Wood deterioration were generally occured by the activities of biological agents. Fungal can attack wood and lignoselullosic substances and cause staining and decaying. Its damage levels were vary depending on the attacking fungal species. Eventhough it poses some disadvantages, actually fungy have potential benefits for human life such as nutrient, energy resources, medicine, etc. Fungy from the Hasanuddin University Experimental Forest were collected, isolated, and identified in this study. Identification was conducted throughout their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. The result showed that the amount of fungal species were fourteen species, i.e: Trichoderma sp., Phymatotrichum sp., Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Pleurotus sp., Verticillium sp., Schizophyllum sp., Clavariadelphus truncates, Beuveria sp, Dendryphion sp., Penicillium sp., Amanita junguilea (jamur kikik), Auricularia auricularis (jamur kuping pimir), Amanita fuliginea Hongo, and Fusarium sp. Key words: Wood fungy, deterioration, Hasanuddin University Experimental Forest

Foliar Symptom Expression of Wood Decay in Actinidia deliciosa in Relation to Environmental Factors.

Kiwifruit vines (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa) have recently been affected by a new form of decay caused by several fungi that produce different types of wood deterioration in the trunk and cordons. Surveys were conducted over a period of 5 years to investigate epidemiological aspects of the disease in a typical Italian growing area (Emilia-Romagna), where kiwifruit is widely cultivated and where the disease was noted for the first time. The disease was widespread over the kiwifruit growing area surveyed, and its incidence increased over the course of the survey. No relationship was found between vineyard soil characteristics or management methods and the annual incidence of symptomatic vines. Foliar symptoms did not consistently express every season even on obviously infected vines. The time of appearance and the development of the disease were correlated with plant phenology and temperature. In particular, from June to August, temperature seemed to affect the annual incidence of the disease in terms of both symptomatic shoots and symptomatic vines. The aspects in common between the decay of kiwifruit and esca of grapevine could be hypothesized and are discussed.

Modeling of Wood Aging Caused by Biological Deterioration

We propose visually simulating wood aging by microorganisms using an ant colony optimization algorithm to generate wood aging patterns. Ants deposit pheromone similar to termites and wood deterioration caused by termites is simulated using this algorithm. Patterns generated by this algorithm resemble many pattern in nature, meaning ant paths are representative of worm paths and ant pheromones are representative of microorganism growth. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique in experiments.

Anatomy, Cell Wall Structure and Topochemistry of Water-Logged Archaeological wood aged 5,200 and 4,500 years

Evaluating the state of deterioration of water-logged archaeological wood is necessary in order to select treatments for its conservation and storage, particularly in the case of valuable archaeological artefacts. For this purpose archaeological wood of ash (Fraxinus sp.) and oak (Quercus sp.) buried in water-logged conditions at prehistoric settlements on the Ljubljansko barje (Ljubljana moor), Slovenia, aged approx. 5,200 and 4,500 years, was investigated by means of light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cellular UV-microspectrophotometry (UMSP). LM and TEM revealed that the ash wood aged 5,200 years was the least preserved. The secondary walls of fibres, vessels and parenchyma cells were considerably thinner than in normal wood, indicating distinct degradation. TEM and UMSP additionally revealed strong delignification of the remaining parts of the secondary walls of all cell types. The compound middle lamellae appeared structurally intact, but had lower UV-absorbance than normal wood of the same species. The cell corners were topochemically unchanged, as shown by high analogue UV-absorbance. The UV-absorbance maxima at a wavelength of 278 nm corresponded to those of hardwood lignins. The oak heartwood was generally better preserved than the ash wood. Within each species, the 4,500- year-old samples generally appeared better preserved than those 5,200 years old.

Bark removal for medicinal use predisposes indigenous forest trees to wood degradation in Zambia

Bark harvesting for medicinal purposes has become widespread in Zambia, mainly due to the high levels of poverty among the population. The injury caused to trees leads to wood deterioration as a result of insect damage and fungal infection. This study aimed to ascertain the effects of different bark harvesting practices on the quality of wood of selected indigenous tree species often used as medicinal plants. The bark of these trees, which included Julbernardia paniculata, Isoberlinia angolensis, Brachystegia longifolia, Albizia adianthifolia and Parinari curatellifolia, was removed by (1) stripping bark on the side of the tree facing the sun, (2) on the shaded side of the tree, (3) covering the wound with mud immediately after harvesting, (4) stripping at night and (5) no wounding as control. Wood of J. paniculata and I. angolensis was severely deteriorated, displaying extensive tissue discolouration, increased insect infestation and profuse gum exudation, especially when the wound was not covered with mud. Covering the wound site with mud considerably protected the trees from wood deterioration and insect damage and this constitutes the best and most sustainable bark harvesting prescription for biodiversity conservation.

Statics and kinetics of water vapor sorption of small loblolly pine samples

A better understanding of the sorption behavior of different wood structures could be useful in protecting wood against wood deterioration and fungal attack. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of differences among earlywood, latewood, and tree ring location within the stem cross-section of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) on the sorption kinetics and statics of water vapor under ambient conditions. The water vapor sorption of earlywood and latewood in different tree rings was recorded using a dynamic contact angle analyzer under relative humidity changes from 11 to 89%, as provided by saturated salt solutions. Earlywood had higher sorption rates and diffusion coefficients than latewood, while outer tree rings had higher sorption rates and diffusion coefficients than inner tree rings. The sorption isotherms of earlywood, latewood, and different tree ring locations within the stem cross-section were fitted very well by a Hailwood–Horrobin model.

ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI JAMUR KAYU DARI HUTAN PENDIDIKAN DAN LATIHAN TABO-TABO KECAMATAN BUNGORO KABUPATEN PANGKEP

Wood deterioration were generally occured by the activities of biological agents. Fungal can attack wood and lignoselulosic substances and cause staining and decaying. Its damage levels were vary depending on the attacking fungal species. Eventhough it poses some disadvantages, actually fungy have potential benefits for human life such as nutrient, energy resources, medicine, etc. Fungy from Tabo-tabo educational forest were collected, isolated,and identified in this study. Identification was conducted throughout their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. The result showed that the amount of fungal species were nineteen species, i.e: Aspergillus sp.,Poria subacida, Fomes sp., Lenzites sp., Hericium sp., Dacrymyces deliquescens, Ganoderma lucidum, Clitocybe sp., Trametes confragasa, Shizophyllum commune, Periconia sp., dan Helicosporium sp.,Clitocybe sp., Schizophyllum commune, dan Hygrophorus hypotejus,Ganoderma lucidum dan Coprinus atramentarius, Amanitopsis fulva dan Dacrymyces deliquescens, Collybia sp., Amanitopsis fulva, Hygrophorus hypotejus,Coprinus atramentarius, Monilia sitophilia, Gilmaniella sp. dan Conoplea sp. Key words: Wood fungy, deterioration, Tabo-tabo Educational Forest References

Wood Discoloration and Decay in Grapevines with Esca Proper and Their Relationship with Foliar Symptoms

From two Italian vineyards affected with esca proper, vineyard A (Borghi, FC, Emilia-Romagna) and vineyard B (Controguerra, TE, Abruzzo), located in different wine-growing areas and with different cultivars, 165 vines were collected that had shown the leaf symptoms of esca proper in the years before. Each vine was inspected and the cubic volume of the main symptoms in the trunk was measured: discoloration, including the various forms of dark necrosis, and decay. In each vine of both vineyards the extent of wood deterioration was compared with the severity of the leaf symptoms recorded in the years before the vines were cut down. The existence of a correlation between discoloration and decay in the wood colonisation process was explored. No correlation was found between the severity of the wood deterioration and the severity of the leaf symptoms. The typical leaf symptoms were found also on vines that had only wood discoloration without any decay. There was no correlation between wood discoloration and decay in vineyard A in which the vine wood was more degraded, with a greater incidence of decay. In vineyard B, however, in which the incidence of decay was less, a correlation between decay and discoloration was potentially found.

Wood Discoloration and Decay in Grapevines with Esca Proper and Their Relationship with Foliar Symptoms

From two Italian vineyards affected with esca proper, vineyard A (Borghi, FC, Emilia-Romagna) and vineyard B (Controguerra, TE, Abruzzo), located in different wine-growing areas and with different cultivars, 165 vines were collected that had shown the leaf symptoms of esca proper in the years before. Each vine was inspected and the cubic volume of the main symptoms in the trunk was measured: discoloration, including the various forms of dark necrosis, and decay. In each vine of both vineyards the extent of wood deterioration was compared with the severity of the leaf symptoms recorded in the years before the vines were cut down. The existence of a correlation between discoloration and decay in the wood colonisation process was explored. No correlation was found between the severity of the wood deterioration and the severity of the leaf symptoms. The typical leaf symptoms were found also on vines that had only wood discoloration without any decay. There was no correlation between wood discoloration and decay in vineyard A in which the vine wood was more degraded, with a greater incidence of decay. In vineyard B, however, in which the incidence of decay was less, a correlation between decay and discoloration was potentially found.

Rate of deterioration, degrade, and fall of trees killed by mountain pine beetle

The information presented in this paper results from a review of published articles on deterioration of dead wood, and interviews of people with forestry and (or) mill experience from the 1980s Cariboo Plateau mountain pine beetle outbreak. The literature review focussed on mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.), but also included papers on other conifer species. Most of the existing research has focussed on utilization of trees that have been dead for less than 5 years. The general conclusion was that reduced moisture content, checking (related to moisture content), and bluestain were the most important factors involved in loss of product opportunities and quality. Decay of standing pine was slow (at least in the regions studied), and trees were more likely to fall over before significant losses of wood volume due to decay fungi. Once trees were on the ground, decay rates accelerated substantially.

SEM–FTIR spectroscopic evaluation of deterioration in an historic coffered ceiling

Microorganisms generally degrade wood when moisture, oxygen and other environmental factors provide favorable growing conditions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to study the development and transformation of the products formed during the biomineralization process that follows the deterioration of wood from an historical coffered ceiling (Cloister of St Francesc (XIV century), Palma de Mallorca, Spain). After fungi colonization, cellulose and lignin disappear and inorganic salts are formed. Thus, the secretion of numerous acids (initially oxalic acid) by fungal hyphae also leads to the precipitation of authigenic salts. Damaged cells or tissues enhance the formation and growth of crystals, which is strongly favored by fungi that function as calcification nuclei. Finally, the presence of dihydrated calcium sulfate reveals the contribution of environmental factors to the weathering of wood.

Wood deterioration in Chacoan great houses of the southwestern United States

‘Great houses’ built by the Ancestral Puebloans (Anasazi) (900–1200AD) still contain thousands of pieces of wood used as beams, secondary roof supports and lintels. The wood is an integral part of the surviving Chacoan architecture and has served as a valuable resource for determining the exact age of the structures and for obtaining information about raw material production, procurement and harvesting methods. An assessment of wood deterioration at the great houses in Aztec Ruins National Monument and Pueblo Bonito, Pueblo del Arroyo and Chetro Ked located in Chaco Culture National Historic Park in New Mexico have revealed that both microbial and non-biological deterioration was taking place. The major type of decay found throughout the structures was caused by soft-rot fungi. Cavity formation in secondary walls of conifer woods and an erosion of cell walls in aspen woods was prevalent. A brown-rot type of wood degradation was also found, primarily associated with areas of subterranean termite damage. Another form of deterioration present in some of the woods was a chemical de fibration of wood. This corrosive attack, caused by high concentrations of salts, destroyed the middle lamella between cells, resulting in a stringy mass of loosely attached fibres. Reburial of great house structures as an effective conservation strategy will require an environment that is not conducive to decay, since active wood-destroying fungi are present in the prehistoric woods. If moisture and other conditions suitable for decay exist, the wood will be destroyed and this important historical resource lost.

Pathogenicity of fungi associated with a decay of kiwifruit

A decay of kiwifruit was noted for the first time in 9 to 10-year-old Italian vineyards. Trunk and cordons of symptomatic vines showed decayed areas surrounded and preceded by wood discolouration. Fomitiporia mediterranea (syn. F punctata) was recovered from decayed tissue, whereas Phaeoacrernonium parasiticum, Cadophora malorum and strains of Phaeoacrernonium aleophilum were found in the discoloured wood. Two-year-old potted kiwifruit vines of the cultivar Hayward were inoculated with a strain of each species in order to assess their ability to cause wood discolouration and decay. Six months after inoculation, discolouration was clearly evident in all plants inoculated with Phaeoacrernonium species and C. malorum. Decayed areas caused by F mediterranea were observed only in some potted plants either 15 or 18 months after inoculation. Some of the vines inoculated with P. aleophilum, C. malorum and F mediterranea shrivelled up completely. Inoculated fungi were always recovered from the discoloured and decayed tissue. Both types of wood deterioration observed in the field on diseased plants were reproduced in the pathogenicity tests.

Wood-based building components: what have we learned?

Wood has long played a part in sheltering humans from the elements, but many of its properties remain poorly understood. This paper reviews deterioration of wood in buildings and discusses methods for preventing, detecting, and arresting decay. Research needs for reducing losses to fungal and insect attack are also addressed.

Deterioration of larch wood derived from artificial injury

Deterioration of larch wood derived from artificial injury

Wood products and wood protection in China

m3 in 2010 (Guan 1997). The forestry coverage in China is limited, and wood deterioration, caused by animals, insects, microorganisms, climate and other environmental circumstances decrease the durability of wood. The study of wood protection in China is called for to find ways and means to increase the service life of wood in use and therefore decrease the pressure on the wood fiber demand.

Hermann Von Schrenk and the Rise of Forest Pathology in the United States.

Hermann Von Schrenk and the Rise of Forest Pathology in the United States.

Pattern of Deterioration and Recovery of Wood from Dead Yellow-Cedar in Southeast Alaska

Abstract Live yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) trees and five classes of snags dead up to 81 yr were contrasted based on the following: the retention of bark and sapwood; the penetration of stain, decay, and weather checks; and the volume and grade of lumber recovered. Of 138 sample trees, most bark was retained on the boles of trees dead <14 yr but thereafter sloughed away and was generally missing by 51 yr after death. Stain, decay, and weather checks were limited to the narrow sapwood on snags 26 yr after tree death (n = 280 log end surfaces). Weather checking, the most serious deterioration defect in snags, did not encroach on heartwood until the sapwood was missing some 51 yr after death. Checking penetration averaged 1.3 in. for the last two snag classes. Cubic volume recovery from 305 mill-length logs did not differ significantly by classes of live trees or snags dead up to 26 yr, and the significant reduction in recovery from snags dead 51 and 81 yr was less than 15%. Grades of lumber were generally similar among the classes of trees, but no clear lumber was recovered from the oldest snag class. These results indicate little to no measurable difference of recovered wood from live trees and the first three snag classes, dead up to 26 yr, and a modest reduction in volume and grade in snags dead up to 81 yr. West. J. Appl. For. 15(2):49-58.

Investigation into the Presence of Fungi Associated with Esca of Young Vines.

Thirty one 5 to 6-year-old grapevines with esca foliar symptoms, aspecific foliar symptoms, apoplexy and no symptoms at all were uprooted and examined in the laboratory for type of wood deterioration and presence of fungi. Various types of deterioration were recorded in the wood, three of which were found in all vines: necrosis originating in the cane stumps, sparse blackish streaks or blackish halos around the rootstock pith. Spongy decay was observed on six of the eight grapevines with the foliar symptoms of esca. Blackening of some roots was found on apoplectic vines. Among the fungi involved in esca, Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum was isolated especially from the blackish halos around the rootstock pith, while Eutypa lata only from cane stump necrosis; but both were present on grapevines with and without foliar symptoms. Fomitiporia sp. was present only in spongy decay on vines with foliar esca symptoms. This fungus seems able to produce spongy decay only in necrotic tissues, but the necrosis itself could also be caused by non-parasitic factors. It was difficult to relate foliar symptoms to pathogen presence; it is necessary to examine a far larger number of samples to gather more accurate information.

Infection of grapevines by some fungi associated with esca. II. Interaction among Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum, P. aleophilum and Fomitiporia punctata

Cross-inoculation experiments were designed to study the interaction among the three fungi, Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum (Pch), P. aleophilum (Pal) and Fomitiporia punctata (Fop) most commonly associated with esca of grapevine. The experiments were carried out in southern Italy on grapevines cv. Italia and Matilde, and the inoculations were performed in January 1999 by infecting trunks (cv. Italia) and branches (cv. Matilde) through wounds. Fop, Pch and Pal were inoculated singly or in groups of two or three in all possible combinations. Pch, Pal or both were inoculated above or below the inoculation site of Fop. From the results obtained in the first eight months of experiments planned for three years, the following conclusions can be drawn. All fungi inoculated singly spread along the woody tissue and caused brown streaking downward and upward along the trunk and branches of inoculated vines. On the basis of internal symptoms, vines cv. Italia were more susceptible than those cv. Matilde; in particular, the brown wood-streaking induced by P. aleophilum was much more severe on cv. Italia. Co-infection with the two tracheiphilous species of Phaeoacremonium caused wood gummosis and discoloration, whereas the lignicolous basidiomycete F. punctata alone caused wood deterioration and decay (white rot). Severity of internal symptoms, assessed as extent and colour of the discoloured wood, varied with the growth and interaction of the inoculated fungi. The wood discoloration caused by F. punctata was not hampered by P. chlamydosporum, but it was always limited by P. aleophilum. A similar interaction was observed in vitro with cultures of the three fungi together, which showed a marked antagonistic effect of P. aleophilum against F. punctata. Although not consistent, foliar symptoms (interveinal and marginal chlorotic areas) developed within six months on ‘Matilde’ vines co-inoculated with either species of Phaeoacremonium, or within three months after a syringe containing a liquid culture of P. chlamydosporum was inserted into current-season ‘Italia’ shoots.