Wood Carving Research Articles

Bangkitan Industri Yang Muncul Sebagai Dampak Pelaksanaan Yadnya Di Bali

Bali island is an island that is well known for its beautiful nature and wonderful culture. The combination of both culture and nature, makes Bali unavoidable place to visit. The Balinesse culture is greatly influence by Hindu, a religion for most of Balinesse people. The ceremony ang religious activities called as “yadnya” has generated many small industries to fulfill the need for yadnya instrument. The raise of this industries marked by balinesse traditional cake like uli, begina, sirat, matahari, etc. Another industries arising as the result of ceremony and religious activities are tumpeng banten, canang and sampian, plangkiran and wood carving, bokor and keben, and wastra. This industry are generated as impact of yadnya activity in Bali Island especially Hindu’s religion.

Carpentry in Ptolemaic Egypt

The art of wood carving and the crafts of the carpenter are of very ancient date in Egypt. Carpentry was an essential craft and played a vital role in the Ptolemaic Society through manufacturing furniture and different shapes of wood work. This paper aims to highlight the craft of carpentry in Ptolemaic Egypt. The aim of this study will be achieved by detecting Greek papyri which date to the Ptolemaic period and displaying the few representations of carpentry scenes depicted on the walls of the Tomb of Pet Osiris at Tuna El-Gable. This study will also specify types of wood used. It also shed light on the role of carpenters, their workshops, their tools, and their products. This study is depending on a historical and analytical methodology to achieve its aims.

Willingness to Pay of Urban Households for the Conservation of Natural Resources and Cultural Heritage in a Neighboring Rural Area: A CVM Study

Koronadal households benefit from Lake Sebu’s natural resources (lakes, waterfalls, rivers and springs, forest land, agricultural land) and cultural heritage (arts and handicrafts such as T’nalak weaving, brass casting, beadwork, and wood carving; music and dances; festivals; and beliefs and traditions of the T’boli indigenous tribe) in terms of recreation, good image and sense of pride, tourism income generation, the supply of high-quality tilapia, agricultural products supply, potential hydroelectric power source, biodiversity, and climate change mitigation. These benefits are integrated into a single estimate using the contingent valuation method. In the study, a sample of 524 Koronadal households was asked for their willingness to pay (WTP) or contribute to natural resources and cultural heritage conservation efforts in Lake Sebu in the form of a lumpsum monthly amount collected together with their electricity bill payment. The mean WTP per month is estimated to be Php 52.42 (USD 1.04) using the probit regression estimates (parametric mean) and Php 64.39 (USD 1.27) using the Turnbull formula (non-parametric mean), both less than 1% (0.26–0.33%) of average monthly household income. Multiplying the annualized WTP by the number of households in Koronadal, total potential annual contributions from Koronadal City would range from Php 29.2–35.7M, about 3% of the City Government’s 2019 total revenues of Php 932.6M (Koronadal City Government Budget Office). Even just a fraction of this potential collection can support essential conservation efforts in Lake Sebu, which – up to the present – have been inadequate due to financial constraints. Moreover, the results of the regression analysis reveal that households are more likely to support the conservation program if the amount of required contribution is smaller and household income is higher. Older and more educated respondents are, likewise, more likely to support the program.

Особенности декора в мусульманской архитектуре Ирана

Since the earliest times, the Iranian architecture had been notable for its gorgeous ornamentation carved in stone. However beginning from the VIII-IX centuries, there was a rise in popularity of wood carving, plaster carving, brick ornaments and glazed ceramic tiles. The aim of the study is to compare the motifs of the decor made in different techniques and materials in the Muslim architecture during the period of the VII-XVIII centuries; identify recurring motifs; analyse their symbolic meaning. Scientific novelty of the research lies in studying semantics of architectural monuments. The findings prove that the decor of Iran’s Muslim architecture performs not only a decorative function but also religious-symbolic and worldview ones.

The progress in the research of AE detection method of old house borer larvae (Hylotrupes bajulus L.) in wooden structures

The paper presents the automated analysis of the presence of the old house borer larvae (Hylotrupes bajulus L.) in the wooden constructions. The insect activity was observed in a temperature of 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 and 40 °C in a Scotch pine wood j (Pinus sylvestris L.). That activity has been evaluated by 3 criteria: the number of 5-minute periods with the presence of larvae boring wood sounds confirmed, the number of wood bites and the average sound energy during the larva's wood carving. The comparable results showing larvae change in activity have been achieved using these 3 methods. This approach has proved high efficiency of old house borer larvae detection in the temperatures up to 34 °C, nevertheless for temperatures exceeding 40 °C it is not applicable. The exposure to 40 °C for a week did not cause the death of large larvae. It's highly possible that they can return to a wood carving after the detracting factor has ceased. The sound energy produced during the old house borer larvae's wood-drilling is expected to make the AE method useful for detection of old house borer larvae's in large-size constructions.

HERITAGE IDENTITY CONSERVATION OF THE WOODCARVING PLACEMENT AND DESIGN COMPOSITION TYPOLOGIES ON JOHOR MALAY HOUSES

Woodcarving is a distinct heritage that can promote the identity of a region. However, current practices of using the design composition and woodcarving placement which do not belong to the local region pose a threat to the identity and authenticity of the original heritage. If such practices continue and the identity of the local heritage is not preserved and recorded, the traditional designs and local identity will eventually be lost. The objective of this paper is to identify the placements of woodcarving and the typology of design compositions of woodcarving which form the identity of the Johor Malay houses. Site visits were conducted to Limas Johor in which the wood carvings of 50 houses were examined, photographed and documented. Interviews were also conducted with the house owners or occupants, and the wood carvers. The samples were analyzed and the results were verified by experts. A total of 10 woodcarving placements and 23 typologies were discovered, drawn and coded. The findings of this research suggest that the typology combination of JT2-P5+KT7 of woodcarving represents the identity of Limas Johor houses. It is hoped that this study can bring recognition to Johor woodcarvings, contribute valuable guides for woodcarvers to apply these typologies into their future works to sustain and cherish the Johor local identity.

The Status of Prunus padus L. (Bird Cherry) in Forest Communities throughout Europe and Asia

Prunus padus L. (bird cherry) belongs to the Racemosa group in subgenus Padus in the genus Prunus L. It is a hardy invasive species, which makes it valuable for securing slopes, and for eco-design. It is a good solitary park tree with early flowering of white flowers in racemes, which have a pleasant smell. However, it may be attacked by cherry-oat aphid, and the small ermine moth, which may weave giant webs over the whole tree, which demonstrates the important role of P. padus in the food web of forest ecosystems. The species is in balance with these pests, other herbivores and diseases throughout Europe and Asia. Another threat is the competition against the invasive P. serotina, but it seems that P. padus is not strongly threatened, though they compete for the same habitats. Moreover, human interference of forest community ecology is probably the greatest threat. The tree is not only winter hardy; it can also survive hot summers and tolerate a wide variety of soil types. It may form dense thickets due to the regeneration of branches bent to the ground and basal shoots, and may be invasive. These characteristics are important in determining the ecological niche of P. padus, which involves the position of the species within an ecosystem, comprising both its habitat requirements and the functional role. It is also important that P. padus has effective dispersal of pollen and seeds. This, together with the previously noted characteristics and the fact that the tree can cope well with climate change, define it as a not threatened species. However, the ssp. borealis is threatened and national level monitoring is required. Prunus padus has been exploited by farmers and rural population, but is less used today. However, it is still used for making syrup, jam and liquor. Moreover, the wood is valuable for wood carving and making cabinets. All tissues are valuable as sources of powerful natural antioxidants. However, the interest in the P. padus fruit and other tissues is overshadowed by the interest in other wild species of edible and human health-related berries. Moreover, the tree is used in horticulture as an ornamental in gardens and parks, values that deserve a new focus.

Preliminary Study on Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorder and Ergonomic Implementation Program among Wood Carvers in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand

Purpose: To survey the work-related risk from wood carving and preliminarily assess the effectiveness of an ergonomic implementation program among wood carvers. Methods: A survey on musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) was conducted by using unstructured conversation, observation, and a focus group. The nature and opinion of the workers, using tools, work station, postures, environment and opinion on adapting to ergonomic factors were investigated and developed for an ergonomic implementation program. Work-related MSD was assessed by the Rapid Upper Limbs Assessment (RULA) at before and after implementation for three weeks. Moreover, the knowledge and, satisfaction on implementation program, and pain sensation were evaluated. Results from the survey result from 25 male wood carvers aged 45.76±8.3 years old showed that. The size, dimension and design of the devices affected to MSD. Most of the wood carvers had low back pain. After ergonomic program was implemented by educated and trained in 14 wood carvers, the knowledge score improved significantly, except total RULA and total pain scores of all regions. But the RULA and pain scores at low back region showed significant improvement. Conclusion: Low back pain was predominantly in wood carvers and a specific ergonomic implementation program can improve posture and reduce pain. Keywords: Ergonomic; Wood carving; Work-related musculoskeletal disorder

Chinese-Malay wood carving: the Kapitan house at Bagansiapiapi

Malay House can be identified from the shape, stage, saddle roof, and finials. Malay House roof typologies called Limas, Lontiok, Bagonjong, Kajang, Layar, and Crossbreed. The house also is enriched by ornaments and carved panel with a certain philosophy and meaning. One of unique Malay house is known as Kapitan house at Bagansiapiapi. This house also shows how Chinese house transforms into a unique Malay house. It can be seen from stage, roof, material, and wood ornament used. According to this phenomena, this paper investigates the Kapitan house to understand the meaning of the ornament and preserving Chinese-Malayness at the same time. The qualitative research approach was used to obtain data and information about this house. It is also added with the interview to descendants of the Kapitan. Field data is analyzed by comparison techniques to find variation and meaning of wood carving on the Kapitan house. The finding shows about layout and typologies of wood carving of the house. Usual Malay house ornament such as engraving panel on windows or another carving motif also can be figured on the house. These ornaments are combined with fauna figure usual used in Chinese house but are prohibited in Malay house.

Souvenirs in Ghana: Tourists' Choices and Concerns

Souvenirs represent a vast collection of items that are geographically embedded with variations across the regions of the world. The purpose of this study is to assess the choice of souvenirs by international tourists in Accra, Ghana. The research adopted the descriptive design and the data were sourced from 196 inbound international tourists who were systematically sampled in Accra between March and April 2016 using self-administered questionnaires. The result shows that souvenirs purchased by tourists were jewelry, cloth, clothing, wood carvings, and pictorial images. However, tourists were concerned about the aggressiveness of vendors, discriminatory pricing system, authenticity of souvenirs, and similarity in souvenirs with little differentiation.

From the Collection

George Andrews (ca. 1765–1816) was one of the earliest US manufacturers of composition ornament. His widely disseminated molded product, which substituted for wood carving in bas relief, helped spr...

Variety of Coastal Ornaments in Aceh: Aesthetic Phenomena in the Continuation of History and Culture

Focusing on the study of historical artifacts of art found in the Aceh Coastal region, this study seeks to analyze ornamental diversity as an aesthetic phenomenon that has a meaningful relationship with 1. Continuation of history, 2. Links in the search for cultural identity, and 3 Balancing cultural values in Acehnese society . Throughout history, the art of embroidering gold threads, woven silk fabrics, stabbing weapons, jewelry art, and wood carvings have been the hallmark of Aceh beach crafts that in their development consistently used their identity motifs. The intended identity motif is a motif that shows the cosmopolitanism of Aceh regarding pre-Islamic cultural influences and influences originating from friendly countries. The diplomatic relations which brought the influence of Persia and the Moghul dynasty from India occurred at the golden peak of Aceh's art history, especially during the times of Iskandar Muda and Iskandar Thani, although in the end, the clearest artistic trend emerged, namely all Islam. Aceh's design patterns in a stylish form become geometric shapes. The characteristic of decoration in the coastal communities of Aceh is influenced by Arabic concepts, is the development of a sense of beauty that is free from natural myths and is done by developing abstract patterns taken from floral motifs, foliage shaped and polygon shapes as a process of balancing cultural values.

Influence of Education on Practice of Contemporary Wood Carving in Awka Town, Anambra State

Informal and formal education systems have played very important role in the Educational development of Africa. Even formal educational system which characterized the present system of education, did not only develop from non – formal education but has consistently shown influence of non – formal education. It is regrettable that most scholars show little interest on the relevance of non-formal education in formal educational system, hence there is a dearth of scholarly Literature on the subject. In view of this problem this study examined the influence of the education system on the Awka wood carving industry. The study employed a survey design, while a descriptive method was used in data analysis. Sources of data include both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources are mainly Oral, while secondary sources are written materials, both published and unpublished. The result of the study showed that Western education has influence on wood carving training in Awka. It therefore recommends that traditional wood carving methods should be introduced to the curriculum for teaching academic art in Nigeria to acquaint students with knowledge of their indigenous arts and culture and to draw inspirations from them for modern art productions.

An Assessment of Handicraft Sector of J&K with Reference to Central Kashmir

Kashmir popularly known as the paradise on earth has been very famous in handicrafts sector since ages. Central Kashmir (Heart of Kashmir) including Srinagar, Gandebal and Budgam is the hub for this sector. But unfortunately Jammu and Kashmir has not been able to attract investment from the private sector, and has remained an industrially backward state due to its unique economic obstacles arising out of remoteness and poor connectivity, hilly and often inhospitable terrain, poor infrastructure, sparse population density, shallow markets, and most importantly a law and order situation threatened by militancy. Besides such obstacles Kashmir is very famous in handicrafts because of its unique design, cost and quality of products. Handicrafts have remained a key economic activity in the state of Kashmir valley. Kashmir has also a great contribution towards exports from the handicraft sector. It is mainly labour intensive and hence causes no harm to economy. Besides, providing employment to literate as well as illiterate persons in both rural and urban areas, it acts as a subsidiary source for the farmers who remain un-employed during the off season. Government also plays a great role for the up liftment of this sector by providing various schemes. Carpet and Shawls occupy the most prominent place on the production front in Kashmir. Both males and females are dependent on this sector in Kashmir valley. Carpet, Shawls, Silver ware, paper Machie, Gabba making, Wood carving, Namdha so-on and so-forth are the major crafts used in the valley of Kashmir and thus contributes heavily towards the export of the state. Being eco-friendly, this sector suits to the state as it is more labour intensive and less capital intensive in nature, therefore, having scope for employment generation at a large scale. From societal point of view it is mostly preferred sector after agriculture because of suitable conditions in terms of topography of state. In economic terms it helps in generation of aggregate employment and raising per capita income of state and hence contributes to State Gross Domestic Product (SGDP) in particular and National Income (NI) in general. The present study entails the growth, strategies and various problems faced by the handicraft industry of Kashmir. The role of the government in promoting the craft will also be discussed before concluding the paper.

Study on the Development of Wood Carving Industry in the Process of Urbanization Under the Background of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Reform

Urbanization is a process in which the population is concentrated in cities and towns and thus promotes the development of cities and towns. The process of urbanization has brought about changes in rural social and economic structure, culture and values in China. These changes have a profound impact on the management status, development path, and inheritance form of wood carving. Traditional wood carving is mainly plane relief, which can be divided into thin relief, shallow relief, deep relief, high relief, multi-layer overlapping, double-sided hollow carving, sawn hollow carving, full ground carving, color wood inlaid carving, round wood relief, etc. From the farming era to the modern society, the business model of wood carving has changed from household system, factory system, and studio system. From the perspective of inheritance mechanism, the key elements of wood carving inheritance are cultural factors, industry background and family environment; the impact of urbanization on traditional wood carving is mainly reflected in the inheritance object, production mode, sales market, product attributes, and so on. Under the background of new urbanization, and innovation and entrepreneurship, this paper discusses the protection and inheritance of traditional wood carving technology, and at the same time, it should use its core value as local resources to shape and promote the sustainable development of rural society. This study also will provide important information for the innovation and entrepreneurship reform of related forestry majors.

Bukhara wood carving

This article presents the historical methods of carving carved gates and doors in the art of wood carving in Bukhara, the pattern compositions used in it and their names. In collaboration with their students, these masters made four carved gates of Bukhara. Poles were made for the ancient arc castle and the Central dehkan market. The new columns of the mosque, built in the architectural monument of hasti Imam, are also polished in the hands of these masters. Master craftsmen used wood as a building and finishing material, and also made columns, bolors, trim, gates and doors from it. Using wet and geometric patterns, these items were elaborately carved into wood. In Bukhara, Gijduvan and Vobkent, many men and women were also engaged in wood carving.

ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ДЕРЕВ’ЯНИХ ПРИКРАС ФАСАДІВ СТАРОВИННИХ БУДИНКІВЧЕРНІГОВА

Urgency of the research. Increasing the productivity and level of automation of the process of manufacturing and restoration of elements of wooden architecture with the help of modern advanced equipment is one of the effective ways to revive the historic objects of wooden architecture in modern conditions.Target setting. The need to physically restore a large number of wooden carvings on the facades of historic buildings requires resources, both material and human. Therefore, the development of high-tech methods of restoring wood carvings on the historic facades of buildings, which save these resources is an urgent task in terms of ensuring high efficiency of machining of wood products and materials based on it.Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Wooden carvings on the facades of houses used to be made by hand bya craftsman. Most of the existing literature and the recommendations given in it concern manual methods of manufacturing of a decor of facades, but considering a large number of repeating elements, they are not productive.Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Currently, there are a significant number of examples and proposals for the restoration of brick facades of historic buildings. Working with wooden facades decorated with carvings has its own features, which are not fully covered and require practical recommendations, taking into account the technical capabilities of modern equipment.The research objective ofthis article is to analyse the features of the use of modern technological equipment for manufacturing. and restoration of elements of wooden architecture.The statement of basic materials. The technology of production of wooden elements of decor of facades of houses by means of modern systems of the automated designing and CNC machines is considered. The influence on the nature of processing of processed materials, type of tool and processing modes is analysed.Conclusions. As part of the participation in the non-profit project "Wooden Lace of Chernihiv" for the first time used CNC machines and modern computer-aided design systems to restore the wooden architecture of Chernihiv region. The influence on the nature of processing of processed materials, type of tool and processing modes is analysed.

Geometric structure in Escher’s artwork through inspiration and creativity

Maurits Cornelis Escher (1898-1972) is a Dutch artist known for his mathematically inspired paintings, making him a pioneer in trying to represent mathematical operations through art. His paintings show many impossible compositions and attempts to explore infinity, architecture and mathematical repetitions. Escher shifted from his study of architecture and decoration to graphic and photography, focusing on wood painting, lithography, and mezzotint techniques (copper or steel etching). Without a doubt, his education had an impact on the creation of his own style. Almost every work of Escher refers to fundamental artistic elements such as point, line, surface, shape, space and structure which appears as educational, realistic and unusual examples. The understanding of Escher's genius is accompanied by an understanding of mathematical structure in his works, which makes him seem as if his unconscious has entered into other stages of perception. The works look like letters and puzzles that take viewers decades to solve them, despite their simplicity in drawing, and the transfer of images of the elements without stripping or through the limited colors sometimes represented in only two colors or black and white. Escher studied graphic arts and was the creator of charming landscapes, spatial fantasies, and impossible buildings in wood carving and lithography. It is perhaps best known to combine mathematics with art in its magnificent forms and patterns. Escher considered the world to be a highly organized and complex place, contrary to what was popular in his time, that the world resulted from creative chaos or by accident. He believed that things differed according to our perception. In his paintings, Escher displayed a large number of mathematical concepts, including symmetry, reflection, and infinity. Therefore, in this paper, we will analyze some of his works based on the regular division of the plane and access to the structural geometric relations of his artworks to be the inspiration in design process. Statement of the problem: This paper deals with an analytical experiment that aims to find the geometrical and structural relationships that can be used in the uniqueness of design, by studying the works of Escher and determine its systems and the geometrical compositions that he uses to build its tessellations. Objectives: Clarify the structural relations of Escher’s artworks in his various fields, Examine Escher’s geometric rules to create different new design visions. And acknowledge the philosophy behind the artworks an emphasizing its importance in composition. Methodology: The research follows the descriptive and analytical approach of some of Escher’s technical printings. Findings: Developing design thinking through attention to the base of geometric structures for composition and design. Analyze the artistic works and reveal their structural dimensions other than the aesthetic and functional dimension. Creating a permanent interaction between the viewer and the artist makes the viewer always searching for the key to solving the puzzle and enjoy the thought and genius of the artist in how to arrange and formulate elements of his artwork.

Mana Tupuna: Honoring the Ancestors Abroad

The Mana Tupuna Project reimagines the connection between contemporary Rapanui people and the carvings of their ancestors. The inaugural iteration of this multifaceted project focuses on the Mulloy collection in the University Wyoming Museum of Art. By digitally bridging between museum art abroad and people on Rapa Nui, this project reinforces Polynesian language, culture, and values in both local and global settings. Beginning in March 2020, international travel and tourism to Rapa Nui (Easter Island) stopped due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the island was in a state of relative isolation for nearly two and a half years. Resilient and indomitable as ever, the people of Rapa Nui took this time to refocus on traditional farming, fishing, Rapanui language, and cultural revitalization projects. The Mana Tupuna project, which is a collaboration between the Rapa Nui Tour Guides Association, Rapa Nui wood carvers, and the author, explores and assesses colonial discourses, their effects on the art and culture of Rapa Nui, and the possibilities for more sustainable forms of tourism that do not rely solely on people physically visiting the island. The applications that support Mana Tupuna function as language and culture revitalization tools. Educational institutions on Rapa Nui have already begun to use them. These applications re-anchor Rapa Nui wood carvings from the 1950s and 1960s, now residing in the University of Wyoming Art Museum, to the people and places of Rapa Nui via 3D modeling, 360° photography, virtual reality, and the internet. Crucially, the global tourist audience can also access versions of these applications. Wood carvings (moai toromiro), among the first trade goods exchanged between Europeans and the Rapanui, have been a key element of social interactions between the islanders and their visitors since the first Europeans visited the island 300 years ago. This article, which privileges traditional Polynesian cultural values, explores the history of Rapa Nui wood carving and Western views of this tradition.

Application of Landscape Sculpture in Interior Design—Taking Wood Carving as an Example

With the sublimation of art, people have a recognition of “beauty” and worship of “nature”, so they spread natural elements in all details and some decorations in interior design, and endowed with commemorative, thematic, decorative, functional and furnishing features shown in landscape sculpture. The furnishing, also known as the shelf sculpture, takes the landscape sculpture as the main body to fully expand the scope and possibility of landscape sculpture, and show the artist’s ideas, styles, feelings, personality, and even more in a larger space. Therefore, the author puts forward the following two stages, fit and breakthrough. The wood carving technology is applied to all aspects of interior design, so as to show the unique and lasting inheritance and development significance of the technics full of traditional culture in the interior design.