Subordination Of Women Research Articles

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) in South Africa: An Interdisciplinary Discourse Analysis of One Selected isiZulu and One Selected isiXhosa Literary Text

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) in South Africa is a post-colonial social ill. Women and young girls suffer double oppression in the country. First, they are oppressed for being women and young girls; and second, they are oppressed for being women and young girls of the lower class. This article aims to utilise one selected isiZulu and isiXhosa drama, respectively, to effectuate a meticulous examination of how and why GBV is a recurring pattern. The ultimate aim is to underline the unprejudiced reality that South African literature (isiZulu and isiXhosa, for example) engages contemporary social ills such as GBV, subordination of women and young girls, gender discrepancies, and neolithic stereotypes. African feminist technique is utilised as a conceptual framework to advance the said aims of the article. In the process, the qualitative research methodology is employed to describe and explain the nature of the data source. The discussions and findings demonstrate that although women and gender discourses research has been undertaken extensively, the fact that women and young girls continue to be tormented is enough to prove that there is a conundrum in South Africa and possibly, elsewhere.

The Sokol Movement, the Sokol Culture, and Gender Relations in Bohemia and Moravia from the 1860s to the early 1870s

Socially constructed gender relations are explored by the example of the Sokol (Czech for “falcon”) movement and the Sokol culture in Bohemia and Moravia in the 1860s and at the beginning of the 1870s. The Sokol clubs combined Czech nationalism with gymnastics. The study is based on the analysis of newspapers and other primary sources. The majority of Czech nationalists followed the pre-modern gender discourse, which implied the subordination of women. This discourse included the idea of male virtues that influenced the image of Sokol as the embodiment of Czech national masculinity. The Czech nationalist image of Germans, as well as the German nationalist image of Czechs, was associated with the others’ lack of masculinity. Another important component of the Sokol identity was the sense of beauty. Although nineteenth-century society had acknowledged the existence of only two genders and had denied the possibility of gender transition, there were some cases of crossing traditional gender boundaries. The role of women in Sokol events reflected gender inequality and gender stereotypes. As a political religion, nationalism assigned political meaning to the romantic relationships between men and women. The positive approach of Czech nationalists to the women’s movement was to a great extent caused by the mother’s role in the formation of the child’s identity. Sokols cooperated with the Prague American Ladies’ Club and supported the Gymnastic Club of the Ladies and Girls of Prague (1869). This club sought to avoid public attention, didn’t use the masculine elements of Sokol culture and promoted gymnastics as a part of female education. In the late 1860s the club was the only one of its kind in Central Europe. Limited dissemination of the modern gender discourse and its interrelation with the premodern one corresponded with the intermediate phase of modernization processes and their non-linear nature.

Polygyny and spousal violence in India: Findings from the 2019 – 2021 national family health survey

Polygyny results in a variety of physical, sexual, and psychological consequences for women which has an impact on gender relations such as the subordination of women, unequal treatment of spouses, neglect of children, rivaling step-children, and inheritance issues among children/spouses. This study aims to explore the association between polygyny and spousal violence in India using the data from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey-5 of India in 2019 – 2021, which provides information on both polygyny and spousal violence. To understand the effect of polygyny on spousal violence, multivariate logistic regressions were used to obtain unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios by controlling a number of explanatory factors. The results reveal that women in polygynous unions experience more spousal violence compared with those in monogamous unions. The results indicate that, since the law does not permit men to be married to more than one wife simultaneously, this form of marriage should be discouraged by strictly enforcing it to protect women from marital violence in polygynous unions. The analysis contributes to the body of the literature on the association between polygynous marriage and spousal violence in the Indian context.

Double jeopardy: the paradox and promise of coaching women leaders from a critical feminist perspective

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to interrogate the “double-jeopardy” in widely adopted women’s leadership development interventions aimed at “fixing” women, explore critical feminist coaching (CFC) perspectives and practices and offer more equitable and just alternatives for developing women leaders.Design/methodology/approachThis paper includes a literature review of post-feminist and critical feminist perspectives and a critical examination of coaching for women leaders from each perspective.FindingsPostfeminist approaches in organizations are little scrutinized because of the dominant postfeminist discourse that women's subordination and oppression have been “resolved” through neoliberal, individualistic interventions, such as postfeminist coaching programs. Infusing the message of “fixing women” through emphasizing “4 C’s” – confidence, control, courage and competition – postfeminist coaching programs have been submitting women leaders to “double jeopardy.” The authors critique this postfeminist coaching paradox from a critical feminist perspective foregrounding “4 R’s” – reflecting, reforming, raising and rebuilding – promising more equitable, just development.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt to describe CFC and presentation of a conceptual and practical model of the process. The authors define postfeminist coaching as the disavowal of feminist values and failure to challenge gender hegemony in the coaching process. The authors propose a model of CFC defined as the explicit embrace of feminist values and challenge of gender hegemony in the coaching process. The authors offer alternatives for developing women leaders amid paradoxical, complex, capitalist systems, with a critical lens challenging postfeminism.

DECONSTRUCTION OF PATRIARCHIC CULTURAL DISCUSSION IN TRADITIONAL VILLAGE LEADERSHIP

This research starts from the existence of a gap between reality (dassein) and idealism (dassolen) that so far the position of the traditional village chief has always been occupied by men, not a single woman has held this position, even though ideally women can also become traditional village chiefs because there is no prohibition for women to do so. The theories used in the theoretical basis for this research are deconstruction theory, intersectionality theory, and subaltern theory. The research method used is a qualitative research method, with observation and interview techniques used in data collection. Data analysis was carried out deconstructively. The results of the study indicate that the strong dominance of the masculine in the leadership of the Buduk Traditional Village is based on or motivated by three main things: (1) various political ideologies that support patriarchal culture, (2) the interest to maintain the power of men, (3) the practice of giving meaning to women. Women and men in the context of traditional villages which show various meanings. These various meanings essentially indicate efforts to legitimize men's power and women's subordination, accompanied by co-optation and manipulation efforts to realize the legitimacy of men's power and women's subordination in traditional village life.
 Keywords: traditional village, leadership, patriarchal culture, discourse, deconstruction

Challenging the Patriarchal Norms: Examining Hegemonic Masculinity in Dickinson TV Series

In the 19th century, hegemonic masculinity and patriarchal system were part of the society and even became the norms that people believed and obeyed. Emily Dickinson, a female character in Dickinson series, had to deal with gender discrimination practiced by the patriarchal society, specifically hegemonic masculine figure. This research aims to investigate the hegemonic masculinity experienced by the main female character in Dickinson season 1, and how she challenged the notion of hegemonic masculinity. The writer uses descriptive qualitative method as well as the theory of hegemonic masculinity by Raewyn Connell. This study found that there were various traits of hegemonic masculinity that Emily had to face from the hegemonic masculine figure, namely authority, aggression, technical competence, and subordination of women. It also showed that the character in the series tried to challenge the hegemonic masculinity performed by her hegemonic father. The acts proved that the female character put effort in fighting againts the injustice and discrimination toward her as a woman.

Ask a Political Scientist: A Conversation with Catharine A. MacKinnon about Power, Politics, and Political Science

Ask a Political Scientist: A Conversation with Catharine A. MacKinnon about Power, Politics, and Political Science

Analysing Ecofeminist Perspectives in Anuradha Roy’s The Folded Earth

Ecofeminism is a movement that sees an innate connection between the exploitation and degradation of the natural world and the subordination and oppression of women in contemporary society. It challenges the existing patriarchal paradigms and holds that there is an inseparable connection between women and nature. This paper attempts to explore the intimate link between the oppression of women and the degradation of nature by closely analysing Anuradha Roy’s celebrated novel The Folded Earth. It presents before the readers an array of strong willed and independent female characters who share an intimate bond with their immediate environment. It succeeds in beautifully portraying a spectrum of women in Indian society belonging to different generations, with different education, values, beliefs as well as social and economic conditions.

An intersectional approach to understanding the inequality and subordination of Sri Lankan women apparel workers

Contrary to the feminist research based on exclusively gendered processes of inequality in organisations, intersectionality theorists propose an intersectional approach to understanding the inequalities and subordination experienced by Global South women factory workers representing different social hierarchies and experiencing diverse social realities. This paper contributes to the literature by bringing empirical evidence from the Sri Lankan apparel industry to inform the inequality and subordination of women in Global South factory floors from an intersectional perspective. A qualitative methodology using data generated through interviews with women shop floor-level apparel workers who work in export processing zones (EPZs) and village areas was adopted to explore the interplay between multiple social categories (gender, poverty, and rurality) influenced by broader power structures (patriarchy and capitalism) as well as political inequalities in determining the inequalities and subordination of women workers in globalised apparel factories. Further, we consider how gendered and class-based factory processes produce and reproduce the inequalities and subordination of these women at work. The analysis identifies that workers' rural origins, poverty, and traditionally defined gendered roles have worked interactively in favour of capitalist industrialists by pushing these women workers to lower-paid manual jobs in the apparel industry. The factories utilise cheap, material-based incentives and recruitment systems for rewarding and recruiting shop floor workers, capitalising on their poverty, rurality and gender-based requirements as a source of exploitation. In addition, factory managers' behaviours create certain beliefs in these women workers, favouring the factories, resulting in the further subordination of these women through perceived cohesiveness or compliance. Finally, this paper concludes that capitalism, together with patriarchy, creates unequal and subordinated positions for poor, rural women through their collective agendas of wealth maximisation.
 Keywords: Inequality, Intersectionality, Sri Lankan apparel industry, Subordination, Women workers

The way of a patriarchal bargain: how the bargain under the structure and agency perspective

This paper aims to present a different perspective on presenting patriarchal bargains from the existing ones. The patriarchal system is generally understood as a system that places men as superior to women. In the western view, the patriarchal system has become a 'way of life which is considered ahistorical, eternal and the subordination of women is a universal act, so this hierarchy has always existed and will continue, and like other natural rules, this rule is also unchangeable and unnecessary. questioned again. Radical feminists embrace and apply classical patriarchal theory to explain almost all forms of male domination over the exploitation of women. However, women's responses to male domination vary widely, according to the objective opportunities available under each patriarchal variant, thus through patriarchal bargaining, Kandiyoti opens up opportunities for women to see patriarchy as an entity that is not eternal. Patriarchal bargain studies have also emerged with the dominance of a strong agency character. The agency character is indeed considered to have the power to target other forces outside the structure, but this becomes problematic because patriarchal bargain studies seem to ignore the existence of (partial) structure. While according to Giddens, agency plays in the realm of structure, just as the structure is an unavoidable epistemic aspect in social science, the structure is not conceptualized as only placing constraints on human agency, but is also seen as possible. Social change cannot be seen partially, both structure and agency are present simultaneously and interactively.

A qualitative study on gender inequality and gender-based violence in Nepal

BackgroundGender inequality and violence are not mutually exclusive phenomena but complex loops affecting each other. Women in Nepal face several inequalities and violence. The causes are diverse, but most of these results are due to socially assigned lower positioning of women. The hierarchies based on power make women face subordination and violence in Nepal. The study aims to explore participants' understanding and experience to identify the status of inequality for women and how violence emerges as one of its consequences. Furthermore, it explores the causes of sex trafficking as an example of an outcome of inequality and violence.MethodThe study formulated separate male and female groups using a purposive sampling method. The study used a multistage focus group discussion, where the same groups met at different intervals. Six focus group discussions, three times each with male and female groups, were conducted in a year. Thirty-six individuals, including sixteen males and twenty females, were involved in the discussions. The study used constructivist grounded theory for the data analysis.ResultsThe study participants identify that a power play between men and women reinforce inequality and increases the likelihood of violence for women. The findings suggest that the subjugation of women occurs due to practices based on gender differences, constricted life opportunities, and internalization of constructed differences among women. The study identifies that interpersonal and socio-cultural violence can result due to established differences between men and women. Sex trafficking, as an example of the outcome of inequality and violence, occurs due to the disadvantageous position of women compounded by poverty and illiteracy. The study has developed a concept of power-play which is identified as a cause and consequence of women's subordination and violence. This power play is found operative at various levels with social approval for men to use violence and maintain/produce inequality.ConclusionThe theoretical concept of power play shows that there are inequitable power relations between men and women. The male-centric socio-cultural norms and practices have endowed men with privilege, power, and an opportunity to exploit women. This lowers the status of women and the power-play help to produce and sustain inequality. The power-play exposes women to violence and manifests itself as one of the worst expressions used by men.

Woman and Nature: Reading Farah's From a Crooked Rib from an Ecofeminist Perspective

The aim of this study is to examine ecofeminism in an African context through a close reading of N. Farah's From a Crooked Rib. To achieve this goal, the framework of ecofeminism is utilized to investigate forms of patriarchal domination and exploitation of women and nature in the novel under scrutiny. From a Crooked Rib is written to deconstruct patriarchal dominance as the main catalyst for the damage to nature and the environment constituting a threat to human existence, particularly the existence of the African woman. The text explicitly highlights how women and nature are conceptualized in similar ways due to their fertility, reproduction and, also, vulnerability. It also examines the correlation between environmental degradation and the subordination of women by the African patriarchal system. The study, therefore, attempts to raise social awareness of the importance of protecting women and the environment in order to guarantee environmental sustainability and human survival.

Gender Inequality in Tri Utami’s Novel Entitled Dunia Padmini

The present study examines the issue of women’s internal struggle in response to patriarchal culture and gender inequality portrayed in Tri Utami’s novel entitled Dunia Padmini. Drawing on textual analysis, this study describes empirical facts and evidence related to gender inequality in the novel. The analysis results demonstrate that the financial dependence and subordination of women are forms of gender inequality. This is also supported by social constructions that give negative stereotypes to the role of women as second-class citizens. This construction has not changed much even when women have juggled dual roles (domestic and public). The results of this study contribute to literature enrichment regarding the issue of gender equality based on socio-feminism theory, particularly on strengthening the roles and rights of women in social life, and how they get their rights in society.

Between the Elite Power and Women Subordination: Formulation of "Dana Desa" in Java Village Context

Dana Desa is one of the new policies to realize development based on the needs of rural communities. In its implementation there is a role that is often overlooked, it is women. This paper discusses the process of formulating dana desa policies in Pengalusan Village. In addition, the main focus is on the role of women when formulating these policies. Applying gender approach this study found that the planning process for the formulation of dana desa policies is carried out with the musrenbangdes which is carried out before the APBDes decision is agreed. But from the planning through evaluation processes there is no specific discussion related to the ideas, interest, and the role of women in the development processes in the village. The elite as decision makers are men, and village development policies are more masculine, one of which is demonstrated through physical development. Women's ideas have not received enough attention.

Conceptual Overview (Portrayals of Sexuality in Pornography)

Conceptual Overview (Portrayals of Sexuality in Pornography)

Egalitarianism: Consciousness-Raising In Women’s Position In The Islamic Family

Introduction: The Muslim community in the world, including in Indonesia, perceives Islamic family law as very patriarchal. This is because in the discussion related to Islamic family law, it only refers to Al QS. AN-Nisa [4]: 34,which translates women's subordination from men..Purposes of the Research: The purpose of writing this article is to describe a different side of Islamic family law which is always narrated by gender bias by the community, including the Muslim community itself, both in interpretation and even in its implementation carried out in a patriarchal manner. In fact, Al QS. Al-Hujuraat [49]: 13 implies that the rights and obligations of women and men on this earth are purely egalitarian.Methods of the Research: Normative research with the consciousness raising method is in the form of a communication approach related to the position of women in Muslim families, with a communication approach in Muslim communities related to critical awareness to add knowledge of actualization of Muslim communities in Islamic family law which actually does not burden women.Results of the Research: That the excess of men over women must be interpreted as that men are responsible for the maintenance and/or regulation of household affairs, not as rulers, supervisors or superiors of women. So it can be concluded that the concept of a man being the head of the family and a woman being a housewife as conceptualized by Article 31 of the Marriage Law and Article 79 of the KHI is no longer relevant at this time considering that based on the experience of women themselves and data showing an increase in the number of women family heads and women filing for divorce from year to year. As well as the fact that the wife helps her husband to prosper the family and even has to double burden because of it, must also be aware of his independence and not feel isolated because there are economic rights that they must obtain according to the efforts they have done as QS anNisa: 32.

FEMINISM and FEMINIST GROUNDED THEORY: A Comprehensive Research Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to flourish the grounded theory (GT) methodology in qualitative research from the feminist viewpoint. Since the mid-1990s feminist researches on grounded theory have been started and researchers have been using this approach for the research on the basis of practical experiences. The nursing researchers, for the first time, draw on feminist principles in grounded theory for the better serving of the interests of women in healthcare. Feminist grounded theory (FGT) is the evolved form of the original grounded theory of Glaser and Strauss. Feminist research is a related area of social research and always thinks welfare of the women, especially those who are under estimated in the male dominated society. In every country some professions, such as nursing, home economics, nutrition, etc. are women dominated. Feminist grounded theory methodology research is well-fitted in these areas. In the 21st century, feminist grounded theory is appropriate, effective, and highly resourceful. In the past, women’s voices and views are frequently ignored in many cases, such as in academics and policy making. At present, feminist research is a growing field in research arena that creates concerns about the rights of women, and provides knowledge to bring them in light. This study exercises feminism and the structure of feminist nature of the grounded theory to change subordination of women and to reduce social inequality in all stages. The aim of this paper is to discuss and analyze feminist epistemologies and to highlight necessity of feminist grounded theory in the society.

Inclusive Governance at Local Level: A Case Study of Local Policymaking Process in Kirtipur Municipality

Inclusive policies lead local governments to function in public service effectively. This study explored the process and inclusive practices during the formulation of policies at a local level. Taking the case of Kirtipur Municipality, one of the local governments in Kathmandu valley, the primary tools, and techniques for data collection were the Key Informant Interview (KII) with municipal executive members, Focused Group Discussions (FGD) with women network members, and Dalit network members, and reviews of policies formulated by the municipality. The finding has shown that inclusive policymaking is imperative in local government, which demonstrate uncovers a system of governance and creates inopportunity to deliver public services inclusively to people in general and priority groups. It concludes that a specific group of people developed local policies with legitimate authority but without comprehensive consultations and engagement with women and disadvantaged people. The participation and representation of women and Dalits in the policy-making process have been ignored and as a result, local policies failed to grasp the inclusive perspective due to the dominance of the patriarchal mindset among policymakers and weak policy-influencing capacities of women, Dalits, and disadvantaged communities. The failure further resulted in continued subordination of women, Dalit, and disadvantaged people, reinforcing existing patterns of exclusion and disengagement.

Fill the Earth and Subdue It: Christian Nationalism, Ethno‐Religious Threat, and Nationalist Pronatalism

What fuels both enthusiasm for increasing “American” birth rates and fears about their decline? Citing the prevalence of fertility campaigns in authoritarian regimes characterized by ethno‐nationalist Christianity, we theorize that, in addition to patriarchal attitudes, perceived ethno‐cultural threat and desire for ethno‐cultural dominance substantially drive “nationalist pronatalism” (promoting fertility to strengthen “the nation” and avoid national decline). We expect pronatalist ideology focused on American births is associated with (1) belief that dominant cultural group members (Whites, Christians, men) are threatened and (2) White Christian nationalism—an ideology that looks to conform American identity and values to those of a traditionalist, ethnicized Christianity. Recent, nationally representative data reveal Christian nationalist ideology is the second strongest predictor of support for nationalist pronatalism, second only behind patriarchal attitudes. This association is stronger for men and virtually non‐existent among Blacks. The belief that Whites or Christians face “the most discrimination” as opposed to various minorities also predicts nationalist pronatalism. Contemporary support for pronatalist ideology focused on American births is thus undergirded not only by attitudes that subordinate women but also (1) an ethno‐racially contingent ideology that insists the United States should reflect and institutionalize traditionalist Christian culture and (2) perceptions that Christians and Whites are persecuted.

Development and Psychometric Assessment of a Questionnaire for the Detection of Invisible Violence against Women.

Background. Invisible violence against women (IVAW) can be understood as the set of attitudes, behaviors, and subtle beliefs that men use to subordinate women and that are culturally accepted. These behaviors can be a risk factor for intimate partner violence (IPV), so it is important to design tools that allow us to detect it early. The aim of this study was to design and psychometrically assess a questionnaire for the detection of invisible violence against women (Q-IVAW). Methodology. A descriptive cross-sectional methodological study carried out in three phases: (1) development of the initial version; (2) pilot study (N = 51); and (3) final validation study (N = 990). The tool’s reliability, validity, and legibility were assessed. To assess reliability, the internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) was analyzed. The validity assessment included an analysis of content, criterion, and construct validity. Results. The EFA revealed that the Q-IVAW was comprised of five factors that explained 55.85% of the total variance found. The Q-IVAW showed very high reliability (α = 0.937), excellent content validity, and good construct validity. The criterion validity analysis showed a moderate correlation between A-IPVAW and Q-IVAW (r = 0.30; p < 0.001). Conclusion. The psychometric assessment of the Q-IVAW yielded good results, which could support the tool’s ability to assess how often women are subjected to inviable violent behaviors by their partners.