Social Status Of Women Research Articles

THE ROLE OF FEMINISM IN ENGAGING INTERNATIONAL ACTORS TOWARDS EMPOWERING THE EFFORTS OF RECOVERING WOMEN IN POST-PANDEMIC TOURISM

This study seeks to unravel the role of feminism in shaping the engagement of international actors bilaterally, regionally, and multilaterally in the endeavor to revive and enhance the economic and social condition of women in the tourism industry within the post-pandemic condition. Through the lens of feminism that also perpetuates an understanding from the liberal-institutionalism view, this paper discovers that the engagement of actors who conduct cooperation leading to the establishment of institutions and programs with a focus on the prevailing notion of innovation is underpinned by the salient concept of shared value, which prioritizes the importance of women's rights and gender equality.

Gender Equalization Studies in American Education

Whether at home or abroad, the status of women is constantly rising, which is true that women's own efforts, but the affirmative action around the world has also played an important role. The affirmative action movement of higher education aims to ease the problem of discrimination in higher education, increase the number of vulnerable students, build a diverse student group, and realize equal rights in the field of education. However, in practice, the gender-based admission policy of higher education has been criticized, and the public has received mixed praise and criticism. In the face of these arguments and challenges, the Supreme Court's decision has also made different understandings and interpretations, which has aroused controversy and doubts among policy makers and scholars. Critics have noted that the preference policy deliberately lowers the demands for women, which creates reverse discrimination against male applicants with higher scores. Supporters argue that treatment is to achieve real gender equality. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect on the equality and justice of gender equality. This paper mainly describes the brief history of gender equality in American education, studies the criterion of gender. It also discusses the legitimacy of gender equality measures in higher education, and the effect of gender equality in American higher education, which promotes women's social status to weaken or eliminate gender discrimination. It is through the above historical narration, basic concept clarification, goal certification and effect proof that this paper shows a defense theory of the gender equality movement in the field of American education, which gives a strong defense to this important milestone in the history of the feminist movement.Through analysis, this paper finds that the gender equality movement in the field of education in the United States is of great significance for safeguarding women's rights and safeguarding the justice of the United States Constitution. In recent years, the status of women in the field of education has been significantly improved, but there are still many problems in the judicial practice of women's rights, and the conservative forces still occupy the mainstream position in the courts. There is still a long way to go for equal rights in female education, which needs to be further upheld and defended to promote the actual implementation of equity and justice.

Female Gaze From the View of A Female Director Analysis of The Bold, The Corrupt, and The Beautiful and The Old Town Girls as Examples

Since Laura Mulvey innovated the gaze theory, European and American societies have experienced two waves of feminist revolutions, and women's social status has gradually increased. Thus in recent years, many filmmakers have begun to create films from women's perspectives, and critics have also created the term "Female Gaze" as an opposite to the term "Male Gaze". However, there has not been any clear definition so far of what the "Female Gaze" is. The film and television analysis nowadays pays more attention to the female-to-female gaze and female-to-male gaze in romantic relationships and ignores the role of female directors play in shaping the relationship of film characters, especially the non-romantic relationships between female characters. Influenced by the feminist current, China's feminist films have also made great progress. Male and female directors have created new female roles through the lens. However, the different portrayals of female characters in the female-led films reflect the differences between Male Gaze and "Female Gaze". This paper will take The Bold, the Corrupt, and the Beautiful and The Old Town Girls as examples, by analyzing these two female-led films directed by a male and a female respectively, this paper will explore the main features of "Female Gaze" in female directing films.

Mizojinic Elements and Genderist Discourses in the Mathnawi Named Salaman u Absâl

Women, who are seen as one of the two basic assets that have high qualities such as fertility and protection, and that constitute the equivalence of existence, have encountered sexist hate speech over time. In this discourse, women were seen as worthless, ominous and the source of evil, as a concubine who could not produce, in need of a man, oppressed in the face of power and serving her man. It is thought that the origin of this concept, which is expressed as misogyny, is monotheist religions, their sacred texts and the influence of religion, social change, economic power in human life in medieval Europe, and in this context, the change in the role of the female figure in social life. In Turkish literary discourses, it is seen that the alpine-valiant woman type dominates both oral and literary culture during the period when the horse-nomadic dominates. Woman; she has been mentioned with positive concepts such as warrior, blessed, wise, supreme individual whose word is listened to, mother, symbol of fertility. With the transition to settled life, there have been some changes in the social status of women. The woman has turned into a being who takes care of the house and children, fulfills all the necessities of the house and serves the patriarchy. With the meeting of the Turks with Islam, women were largely isolated from the outdoors, and the social development of women was almost stopped. Since the 19th century, with the influence of Western culture, the society has chosen to give a new value to women, to re-recognise them, to conceptualize them and to give a new social status to the woman individual. In this study, in the context of Lâmi'î Çelebi's Salamân u Absâl Mathnawi, misogynistic discourses, religious and mythological sources of these discourses, metaphors in which women are compared, have been tried to reflect the perspective of women in the period when the work was written.

Using machine learning to estimate the incidence rate of intimate partner violence

It is difficult to accurately estimate the incidence rate of intimate partner violence (IPV) using traditional social survey methods because IPV victims are often reluctant to disclose their experiences, leading to an underestimation of the incidence rate. To address this issue, we applied machine learning algorithms to predict the incidence rate of IPV in China based on data from the Third Wave Survey on the Social Status of Women in China (TWSSSCW 2010). Specifically, we examined five unbalanced sample-processing methods and six machine learning algorithms, choosing the random under-sampling ensemble method and the random forest algorithm to impute the missing data. Analysis of the complete data showed that the incidence rates of physical violence, verbal violence, and cold violence were 7.10%, 13.74%, and 21.35%, respectively, which were higher than the incidence rates in the original dataset (4.05%, 11.21%, and 17.95%, respectively). The robustness of our findings was further confirmed by analysis using different training sets. Overall, this study demonstrates that better tools need to be developed to accurately estimate the incidence rates of IPV. It also serves as a useful guide for future research that imputes missing data using machine learning.

A probe into the Visual elements in female illustrations from the Perspective of Feminism

With the rise of the feminist movement in the 1970s, the concept of feminism gradually entered the public's field of vision. Its theory revolves around with the development of society, the wave of feminism continues to deepen and affect all aspects of human life. The improvement of productivity and the change of production relations urge women to re-recognize themselves, and the improvement of productivity and the change of production relations urge women to re-recognize themselves, and women's self-worth and social status are more and more affirmed. The female image, as one of the common subjects in the history of eastern and western illustration, has rich forms of expression, thus reflecting multiple connotations, and analyzing the visual elements in female illustrations from the perspective of feminism. it provides a new perspective for illustration analysis, and can deeply understand the author's creative ideas through the selection and performance of picture elements. The author starts with feminist painting art, through the analysis of representative paintings including female images in Chinese and western art history. The author starts with feminist painting art, through the analysis of representative paintings including female images in Chinese and western art history, combined with feminist thoughts to analyze the implication behind image expression, and then from feminist painting to feminist illustration research As feminism goes deep into the public's As feminism goes deep into the public's field of vision, feminist illustration expression is endowed with more forms and meaning of the times, and it is always intended to show the viewer a At the same time, illustration, as a widely used form of artistic expression, can provide an effective perspective for feminist expression as a woman. At the same time, illustration, as a widely used form of artistic expression, can provide an effective perspective for feminist expression as a suitable medium, so as to provide a window for the public to understand feminism. The research and thinking of this paper is devoted to excavating the unique and diverse female beauty in different female paintings and illustrations. and hopes to appeal to the viewer to have more tolerance and appreciation of the current feminist art, in the present when many female artists are open up the artistic road in the future with practice.

Objectification and voyeurism of females by the patriarchy during World War II-- in the case of Malèna

Through the setting of the camera shots and the advancement of the plot, the film Malèna,was directed by Giuseppe and released in 2000,exposes the tragic denouement of the objectification and voyeurism of women in a patriarchal society,especially based on the environment background of Fascist Axis of World War II. Additionally,the background information and the women status in the Fascist Axis of World War II would be revealed. Besides,this essay is based on the feminist critical theory and a psychoanalytic approach to analyze the female character of Malèna to expose the objectification and voyeurism of females by the patriarchy during World War II. This academic essay and research are designed to tackle with the problem of disclosing erotic elements and characters’ roles in film Malèna,further revealing women social status and living situations in patriarchal society during World War II with real historic background. Through this elaborate research,we concluded that the women were once seen as castrating, as inducing voyeurism and as instruments of fertility in the era of the Fascist Axis of World War II. As the development of human mindset and the complement of feminism,women would be no longer neglected,and they are paramount forces in this world no matter in which field.

MUSLIM WOMEN AND POLITICS OF INDIA

Politics is the progeny of political engagement, which is the mother. As it produces, nurtures, develops, rules, and shapes politics, the former is of utmost importance to both the country and the individual. Because of this, political engagement in every aspect of a nation's affairs defines its politics, and despite the fact that women make up close to half of the population, their political importance is far less than that of men. Women make up the bulk of the population. Women have always been viewed as second-class citizens in communities where men dominated, as is evident from history. The potential of women has been limited by forcing them to carry out domestic tasks within of four walls. Indian women were not allowed to leave their homes. Their freedoms and rights had been revoked. Enrolling them in school was prohibited. They had an idea of the perfect housewife. They have no access to opportunities in society, politics, the economy, or health. Women must be given more influence if civilisation is to advance. Muslims have a tremendous influence on Indian society. The largest minority in this nation is them. In 2011, the overall population of India was 13.4% Muslim, with the majority of them residing in Lakshadweep and Jammu & Kashmir. Emerging nations like India are currently concerned about the empowerment of women. It is thought that a number of factors, including the "invisible" role and "marginal" social status of women in Muslim societal dynamics, have hampered the development of Muslim society. The rate of women's emancipation is in danger within the greatest Muslim minority. Lack of social chances for Muslim women is a severe issue that needs immediate attention. The position of Muslim women in India will be primarily examined in this essay.

여학교 설립을 통한 중국 근대 여성교육의 변화와 의미

In this study, the changes in modern women's education in China through the establishment of a girls' school were examined. First, in the 'process and development of girls' school establishment', it was examined by dividing it into domestic and foreign factors. It can be seen that women's schools were established and women's education changed amid the interaction and influence of domestic and foreign factors. In addition to education, politics, religion, and international relations are involved in various ways. In the 'establishment of girls' schools and changes in women's education', the expansion of women's education and changes in women's status were examined. Here, attention was paid to the production of female talent, the improvement of women's ability, overseas study and women's education, and the birth of coeducational school. It also noted that girls' schools have become a focal point in improving women's social status, sharing and improving women's problems, contributing to the spread of newspapers and new perceptions, and promoting the development of women's education in connection with national development and women's education. Finally, in the 'Meaning of Modern Women's Education', it was pointed out that the establishment of a girls' school and the change in women's education were changes due to external influences, and nevertheless, they did not create new changes. At the same time, it was proposed to discover China's own efforts and positive values in women's education, and to discover and inherit the positive values of women's education in traditional education.

The Development of Home Economics as a Field of Knowledge and its Contribution to the Education and Social Status of Women

Denmark underwent major changes in the 1800s and the first part of the 1900s, which affected the role of education in the lives of women. Until then, women in Denmark had primarily worked as homemakers with few academic opportunities; but from the early 1900s, home economics developed as a field of knowledge, and several schools of home economics appeared across the country. Several factors contributed to and influenced this development. Focusing on the period 1890–1940, which was particularly important to the development of this knowledge field in Denmark, we consider the interests promoting the growth of this field of knowledge, its educational content, and the contradictory meaning it had for the social status of women. On the one hand, the development of home economics contributed to turning home duties into an educational and occupational area, preparing for a welfare state making the private sphere a public matter. On the other hand, it tied women to the private sphere and prevented their influence in the public sphere.

Karijera, kuhinja, konferencija: žene u hrvatskom društvu šezdesetih

Based on an analysis of Communist Party (i.e., League of Communists of Croatia/Yugoslavia) documents, as well as the women’s, academic, student and youth press, this article explores the status of women in Croatian society during the 1960s. It opens perspectives for the study of “the role and status” of women in communism, with emphasis on the under-researched 1960s, in comparison to scholarship on the Antifascist Front of Women (Antifašistička fronta žena, AFŽ) of the 1940s and 1950s and the second wave of feminism (neo-feminism) of the 1970s and 1980s. The 1960s saw a marked rise in women’s education and employment, which was not accompanied by an increase in their “visibility” in society nor in their political representation (in the period after the abolition of the AFŽ in 1953). Similarly, there was no reformulation of the “women’s question” prior to emergence of the first feminist demands in the form of criticism of or dissent against the state in the 1970s. The first part of the paper defines the problem of the declarative “solution” of the women’s question with the introduction of legal gender equality. Alongside demands for reform, the 1960s witnessed evidence of political, societal and economic crisis during which women, regardless of their ever-growing level of education and qualifications, could not find an unobstructed path to leading positions. Subordinating the women’s question under the class question hindered genuine change in the social status of women, because the place of women in society was an indicator of the failure of the state monopoly over issues pertaining to women. The second part of the article analyzes women’s participation in the student movements of 1968 and 1971, but also their involvement in the emerging civic initiatives of the same period. Criticism of the invisibility of women as active participants in student, youth and academic endeavours correlates to examples of misogynist attitudes that permeated society during the 1960s.

Financial Rights of Women According to Islamic Law

Bütün insanlar doğuştan eşit, suçlardan beri ve bazı haklarla mücehhez olarak doğar. Haklara sahip olma ve haklardan yararlanma noktasında ırkın, cinsiyetin, sosyal statünün, soyun herhangi bir etkisi yoktur. Bazı biyolojik yetersizliklerin ve ehliyet arızalarının bulunması durumu hariç, insanlar haklara sahip olma ve haklardan yararlanmada eşit konuma sahiptir. İslam hukukçularının genel teorine göre her insan zimmet diye isimlendirilen, hak sahibi olmasını sağlayan manevi bir kapla donatılmış olarak doğar. İnsan belli yaş dönemlerinden geçtikten sonra hakların farklı türlerine sahip olur. Zimmet ve ehliyet konusunda kadın ile erkek arasında herhangi bir fark yoktur. İslam hukukunda haklar ve hakları kullanma yetkisi, kişilerin cinsiyetine bakılmaksızın tamamen objektif kriterler çerçevesinde oluşmaktadır. İslâm hukukuna göre, hakları kullanma ehliyeti bakımından bütün insanlar eşittir. Bu sebepten dolayı kadın erkek fark etmeksizin her insan dilediği gibi malî haklara sahip olabilir. Öteden beri kadının sosyal statüsü, hukuki kişiliği, şahsi ve malî haklara sahip olup olmaması tartışmalara konu olmaktadır. Hatta denilebilir ki bu konudaki tartışmalar düşünce tarihiyle paralel bir seyir izlemiş; farklı dönemlerde kadının konumu farklı veçhelerden söz konusu edilmiştir. Batı dünyasında kadının şahsi ve malî hakları konusunda yoğun tartışmalar yaşanmış, kadının mülk sahibi olması, çalışma hayatına katılması uzun bir evreden geçtikten sonra mümkün olabilmiştir. İslam dünyasında ise bu konuda çok fazla bir tartışma ve yazılı birikimin olmadığı görülmüştür. Klasik fıkıh kitaplarında kadının hukuki kişiliğini ilgilendiren konuların ele alındığı müstakil bölümler mevcut değildir. Bu konuda yazılı bir birikimin olmaması, tartışmaların olmaması esasen bu konuda bir sorun yaşanmadığına işaret eder. Zira âyet ve hadislerde mülkiyet sahibi olma, ticaret yapma, çalışmak, mirasçı olma gibi konular hep genel ifadelerle geçer. Bunun yanı sıra hukuki kişiliğe, ehliyete, hak sahibi olmaya işaret eden dini metinlerde de kadın ve erkek arasında herhangi bir farka işaret edilmemiştir. Kadın tıpkı erkek gibi mirasçı olma, mesken edinme, ticaret yapma, mülk edinme, hukuki tasarrufta bulunma haklarına sahiptir. Kadın bu hususlarda serbest teşebbüs hakkına sahiptir; kimseden izin almak zorunda değildir. Bunun yanı sıra kadın erkekten farklı olarak nafaka, mehir gibi yalnızca kadınlara ait olan ve doğrudan kanundan kaynaklanan bazı malî haklara da sahiptir. Kadının sahip olduğu bu kabil haklar bizzat Allah tarafından güvence altına alınmıştır. Temel insan hakkı kapsamında bulunan bu haklar ihlal edilmez, başkasına devredilmez, tamamen iptal edilmez. Kadının ekonomik haklarını konu alan bu çalışmada öncelikle haklara sahip olma ve haklardan yararlanmada kadınla erkek arasında bir fark bulunmadığı, İslam dininin bu konuda geniş bir hürriyete ve hak doktrinine sahip olduğu konusu ele alınacaktır. Genel bir girişten sonra kadının en temel malî haklarından olan mehir, miras, nafaka gibi haklar değerlendirilecektir. Nafaka hakkı, evlilik ve iddet nafakası adı altında iki ana başlıkta değerlendirilecektir. Mesken hakkı fıkıh kitaplarında nafaka kapsamında değerlendirilmekle birlikte bu çalışmada müstakil olarak ele alınacaktır. Günümüzde de mesken hakkı bağımsız bir hak türü olarak ele alınmıştır. Bunlardan ayrı olarak günümüzde sıklıkla tartışılan kadının çalışma hakkı genel bir çerçevede değerlendirmeye tabi tutulacaktır. Bu konudaki rivâyetlere yer verilecek ve önerilerde bulunulacaktır.

Socio-Demographic Determinants of Genitourinary Prolapse

Background: Genitourinary prolapse is a common gynecological problem, especially in developing country. Causes and risk factors for uterine prolapse are complex and deeply embedded in the cultural, economic and social conditions of women. Prevalence of depression is higher among women with advanced stages of prolapse. Hence this study aimed to assess the socio-demographic factors among patients with genitourinary prolapse. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December, 2013 among 120 women with genital prolapse who attended at Gynae wards of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital, and Mitford Hospital in Dhaka. Women who were admitted with complaints of protruding mass per vagina and diagnosed as case of uterine prolapse were assessed and staged accordingly. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain socio-demographic data and prolapse related data by face to face interview. After collection, data were compiled, summarized, and analyzed using SPSS software. Results: In this study, out of 120 genitourinary prolapsed patients, 31.7% were 40-45 years age group, majority of 79.2 % were illiterate and almost two third had no monthly income. Among all respondents, 64.2 % had more than four children, maximum 96.7% had history of home delivery, and 91.7% history of heavy work during pregnancy or just after delivery. Conclusion: Genitourinary prolapsed patients were illiterate, multipara, economic insolvency, heavy work during pregnancy and home delivery. A holistic management approach is recommended for women having prolapse. JOPSOM 2021; 40(2):26-31

Digital Culture and Value Clash on TikTok: ‘Dancing Girl’ vs. Radical Feminist

TikTok is the youngest and one of the most popular social networks in the world, and as such is a “mirror” of the values of new generations which illustrates the culture and values of young girls of the 21st century, provides an opportunity for public speaking to any audience, regardless of social status, worldview, profession and location. Notably, many of the most popular TikTok stars are young, feminine and sexy, white and rich women who dance and expose their bodies. On the contrary, there is a group of radical feminists on TikTok who do not dance but use humor to demonstrate sexism and discrimination against women. The author of the study at the time of writing analyzed the last 30 TikTok videos of four representatives of the “mainstream” values on TikTok, the socalled “dancing girls”, as well as the last 30 videos of four radical feminists. In total, 240 videos were analyzed by the modal method. The purpose of the study is to determine what values these two groups of women stand for. As a result, we found that between these two groups there is a confl ict of values, expressed in the discrepancy between ideas about the social status of women in Russia. Moreover, the results of the study show that there is a division of girls not only for the situation studied in the article but also for the modern media world in general. Nowadays, TikTok has become part of popular culture and therefore represents a reliable source of information for researchers involved in popular culture and the modern value system of the young.

Gender equality progress in a decade: health, education, and employment

Health, education and employment not only reflect women’s status, but also affect other dimensions of the status. This commentary reviews changes in women’s health, education, and employment from 2010 to 2020 by the information released from the Survey on Social Status of Women in China, and discusses challenges in further eliminating gender gap and push forward gender equality in China.

The Empowerment of Women in Tamil Nadu: A Multi-Dimensional Approach

The advancement of women's political, social, economic, and health status, together with their increased autonomy and empowerment, is a very significant goal in and of itself. Furthermore, achieving sustainable growth depends on it. Every aspect of productive and reproductive life, including shared responsibility for the upkeep of the home and the care and rearing of children, requires the full participation and partnership of both men and women. Because of their excessive workloads, lack of authority, and influence, women over the world are threatened with losing their lives, their health, and their general well-being. Women typically obtain less formal education than men around the world, yet at the same time, their own skills, knowledge, and coping techniques are frequently undervalued. Power dynamics that prevent women from leading healthy and satisfying lives exist at all societal levels, from the most intimate to the most visible. To effect change, policy and programme actions are required that will increase women's access to stable employment and financial resources, lessen their heavy domestic burdens, remove any legal barriers to their participation in public life, and increase social awareness through efficient education and mass communication campaigns. The position of women also affects their ability to make decisions at all levels and in all areas of life, particularly in relation to sexuality and reproduction. To ensure the long-term effectiveness of population programmes, this is also crucial. Experience has shown that initiatives aimed at advancing women's position have the greatest impact on population and development programmes.

Mothers' Social Status and Children's Health: Evidence From Joint Households in Rural India.

The premise that a woman's social status has intergenerational effects on her children's health has featured prominently in population science research and in development policy. This study focuses on an important case in which social hierarchy has such an effect. In joint patrilocal households in rural India, women married to the younger brother are assigned lower social rank than women married to the older brother in the same household. Almost 8% of rural Indian children under 5 years old-more than 6 million children-live in such households. We show that children of lower-ranking mothers are less likely to survive and have worse health outcomes, reflected in higher neonatal mortality and shorter height, compared with children of higher-ranking mothers in the same household. That the variation in mothers' social status that we study is not subject to reporting bias is an advantage relative to studies using self-reported measures. We present evidence that one mechanism for this effect is maternal nutrition: although they are not shorter, lower-ranking mothers weigh less than higher-ranking mothers. These results suggest that programs that merely make transfers to households without attention to intrahousehold distribution may not improve child outcomes.

РОЛЬ ЖЕНЩИНЫ В КЫРГЫЗСТАНЕ: ОТ ТРАДИЦИОННОГО ОБЩЕСТВА К СОВРЕМЕННОМУ

The article analyzes the change in the social status of women in the context of the socio- political, economic and socio-cultural transformations that occurred during the transition from traditional to modern society. For a long time, the place and role of women was assigned to the care of the household and the reproduction of the family as the guardian of the family hearth. In turn, the formation of democratic statehood, the intensive development of the economy contributed to the expansion of women's rights, but did not, in general, solve the problem of gender inequality. The authors of the scientific article tried to take a conceptual look at the problem of the gradual emancipation of Kyrgyz women, considered taking into account the factors of the socio-cultural and political development of society.

GENDER ANALYSIS AND COVID-19: A CASE STUDY OF ECONOMIC (IN)EQUALITY

This paper provides an overview and critical review of the question of whether and to what extent has the coronavirus pandemic affected the economic situation of women. The case study in Bosnia and Herzegovina identified the key concepts that will guide our analysis and interpretation. Based on our experiences, we examine and investigate the economic and social status of women in general, and then monitor economic and social parameters during the coronavirus pandemic, to answer the key question- whether the pandemic caused more damage to men or women in economic terms, did it emphasize and deepen the existing gender gap in economic and social terms, or did it improve the position of women, which we consider less likely. This is a predominantly quantitative approach, given that we collected, compared, and analyzed various statistical data from the census, statistics from labor and employment agencies on the labor market, and similar. Using the compilation method we collected all relevant statistical data for research, and then relied on content analysis and comparison to draw key conclusions. Also, using the compilation method we collected various media reports related to the topic. Where there was a need for additional sources we used the interview as a qualitative method, where we relied on the experience of employment agencies, as well as non-governmental organizations dealing with gender equality issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Even though numerous studies have shown that the Covid-19 pandemic had a disproportionate impact on women, our research confirms that official statistics in Bosnia and Herzegovina do not reveal that women are significantly more economically affected than men. The expressiveness of women affected by the coronavirus pandemic and the impact on their economic status was also given through regression analysis and its results. Taking into account only R Square and its indicator of 48%, which is not negligible, it shows the economic position of women before the coronavirus, but certainly during the pandemic. However, given that the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic risk improving existing gender inequalities, we also seek to remind the relevant institutions of their commitment to addressing gender inequalities in all aspects of society and achieving these goals more quickly through a gender-sensitive approach. This, therefore, further opens up opportunities for gender equality, the effectiveness of sustainable development goals, and the empowerment of women in all aspects of social, political, cultural, and economic life.

KOKOSHNIK: A FEMALE HEADDRESS IN THE TRIANGLE OF TRADITION, TALISMAN, AND GENDER ROLES

Folk costumes, which are among the elements of material culture and concrete indicators of the lifestyle of individuals, carry the reflections of the life shaping beliefs from generation to generation. Because of these aspects, they are the target of Westernization movements while being embraced by a certain group as a symbol of national values. Kokoshnik, a traditional headdress worn by women, goes through a similar transformation process from the time it is first used to the date when it is pushed out of daily life due to ideological concerns. The headdress is named after the Old East Slavic word kokosh meaning “chicken”, because of its form similar to that of poultry’s comb. The tailors with specialized training in sewing this flamboyant headdress adorned with precious stones and embroidery, called kokoshnitsa, which also comes from the same root. In this review article, it is aimed to contribute to the international literature, which has been determined to be quite limited in terms of content and quantity. Studies that deal with kokoshniks both as a traditional headdress and an indicator of women’s marital status and social position, are evaluated through comparative method. This study, which compares the etymological studies of Russian ethnographers, folklorists, art critics, and linguists such as G. S. Maslova, N. I. Gagen-Torn, D. K. Zelenin, V. V. Stasov, V. I. Dal’ and S. I. Ojegov on kokoshnik, also includes current research. In all these studies, it is revealed that two basic tendencies gain importance: In early studies, the emergence of the headdress due to the religious superstition about uncovered hair brings bad luck is discussed and its function as a talisman is emphasized. The values symbolized by kokoshnik in the social status of women and in distribution of responsibilities within the family are also examined in the light of ethnographic data. However, in current studies, a critical perspective draws attention that the kokoshnik is reflected as an accessory that symbolizes traditional costumes in a stereotypical way, and thus, the Russian clothing culture, which has a very rich history indeed, is reduced to a monotonic image.