Perspective Of Women Research Articles

BPM application in clinical process improvement: a women 'hospital case study

PurposeThe childbirth process is a complex and vital event that requires careful analysis and improvement. This experience can shape a woman's perspective on motherhood and even affect her mental health. Healthcare providers must prioritize improving the birth experience for women. In this interdisciplinary research, a combination of business process modeling (BPM) and medicine have been used with the aim of realizing an improved delivery experience and increased maternal satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachThe data collection of this study was done by observing 518 childbirth processes and interviewing the chief of labor, chief residents, and midwives in the obstetrics and gynecology department of a hospital in Tehran from October 2022 to February 2023.FindingsThe research has been done in four main stages. The first phase is to model the primary process and sub-processes of normal vaginal delivery (NVD). The second phase is validation using expert confirmation and process mining (PM). The third phase is the analysis of the causes of maternal dissatisfaction in labor. The fourth phase of the heuristics redesigning and improving the process, in which for the first time three new categories have been presented including hospital-based, patient-based, and medical technique-based results show BPM intervention effect can be far-reaching in improving patient care and optimizing operational efficiency.Originality/valueThis study is one of only a few to adopt a process-oriented perspective to show how BPM can be used in clinical processes and has specifically examined an essential clinical process, i.e. childbirth.Highlights Developing business process management (BMP) applications in a medical special process related to childbirth as interdisciplinary research.A combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques contains engineering software and management approaches for a Case study, Implementation of BPM lifecycle in the women's hospital in Iran, Tehran, for a clinical process, which is called, normal vaginal delivery (NVD) process for fetal expulsion normally.Modeling NVD clinical process and sub-process for the first time by BPMN2.0 notations in visual paradigm (VP) software and Validation of the made model with process mining (PM), by Disco process mining software. This was done through event log collection from HIS at the hospital.Improving the childbirth process by redesigning heuristics and Introducing two new categories special for clinical process improvement for the first time.Clinical process improvement heuristics obtained in this research are not consistent with the previous seven categories presented in previous studies such as Marlon Dumas' book. Therefore, we have introduced two new heuristics to redesign clinical processes compatible with medical centers, including hospital-based, patient-based, and medical technique-based.Providing a framework for clinical process modeling and improvement containing steps and tools.

Hybrid cord blood banking in a private-public-partnership: Women's perspectives.

The increasing demand for umbilical cord blood (UCB) used in stem cell transplantation led to the establishment of cord blood (CB) banks worldwide. These include public foreign donor banks and private family-directed donor banks. Recently, our department has introduced a third banking model within a private-public-partnership. This hybrid banking allows for storage of family-directed CB units, while also getting Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-typed and included in the national stem cell donor registry. So if the need arises, the HLA-compatible CB unit can be released to an unrelated recipient as a foreign donor stem cell graft. The aim of this study was to evaluate women's perspectives on the different CB banking options as well as retrospective satisfaction with their decisions. We performed a prospective survey study in postpartum women, using a validated questionnaire. A total of 157 women were included in this survey study; 68% of them decided to have their UCB stored or donated. Among those women, 25% of them opted for hybrid storage, 72% of respondents stored UCB publicly, and 3% decided for private family-directed storage. Our study shows the potential of hybrid banking as an attractive UCB storage option, as an alternative to family-directed banking rather than a substitute for public donation. Hybrid storage potentially combines advantages of family-directed banking as well as unrelated CB donation expanding the number of registered CB units available for transplantation and giving every pregnant woman the possibility to store UCB.

'Listen to women as if they were your most cherished person': Australian women's perspectives on living with the pain of endometriosis: A mixed-methods study.

This mixed-methods study used an online cross-sectional survey to explore perspectives of 533 adult Australian women living with endometriosis pain, and their relationship with biopsychosocial factors. Four themes were constructed: The primary theme, 'Stigma and change' reflected women's experience of dismissal, and the wish to reverse the narrative of pain as normal. Some women emphasised self-education and self-advocacy to affect change, reflecting the theme 'self-empowerment'. Participants described the 'debilitating impact' of endometriosis and the enduring difficulty of 'inadequate healthcare', reflecting themes three and four. Analysis indicated type of social support may impact perceived outcomes for endometriosis. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated too few significant relationships between biopsychosocial factors and themes to indicate meaningful patterns without risk of common method variance. Future research should explore the influence of social support and interventions which develop participant autonomy and practitioner competence and knowledge, using disease-specific measures over time.

Women's perspectives on mHealth behavior change interventions for the management of overweight, obesity, or gestational diabetes: A qualitative meta-synthesis.

mHealth interventions play an increasingly important role in health behavior change for gestational diabetes or peripartum obesity management. This qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis aims to explore women's perceptions of mHealth behavior change interventions for gestational diabetes and/or overweight/obesity management during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), and Psychological Information Database (PsycINFO) databases were searched using a Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation and Research type (SPIDER) concept framework through to February 2024. Included studies were quality assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist. Study findings were evaluated using reflexive thematic analysis and GRADE-Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research (CERQual) checklist. We identified 29 studies, representing 604 women's views from one upper middle-income and nine high-income countries. Two themes were generated: mHealth as a supportive tool; and mHealth as a personalizable tool. Women highlighted the importance of self-monitoring, information trustworthiness, peer support, motivational tools (goal setting, risk awareness, and problem solving) and convenience in achieving behavior change using mHealth technology. They suggest mHealth programs incorporate these elements to support user engagement and improved health outcomes. Understanding what women want as mHealth users is particularly important for effective interventions in gestational diabetes, weight management, and chronic disease prevention. Creating a better, more woman-centered experience by addressing central engagement issues should result in improved maternal health outcomes.

The Negative Effects of Cultural Identity on Preschool Girls in Bong, Lofa, and Nimba Counties of Liberia

This paper probes into the multifaceted issues surrounding violence against women and challenges to girls' education in Liberia. Coomaraswamy's 2002 research underscored the role of cultural behaviors in family structures contributing significantly to violence against women. King and Winthrop's 2015 study explored factors such as poverty, gender norms, and cultural expectations, contributing to discussions on fair educational opportunities. Cunningham et al.'s 2023 research delved into gender disparities across economic, educational, healthcare, and political spheres, employing a women's empowerment perspective. Theoretical frameworks rooted in gender and social norm theories were employed to understand the impact of cultural identity on preschool girls' education in Liberia. The study focused on evaluating negative effects on preschool girls in Bong, Lofa, and Nimba counties, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to create a supportive environment. Coomaraswamy's 2002 insistence on rejecting the use of cultural considerations to justify violence against girls resonates globally. The study also highlighted disparities in girls' primary school enrollment rates in the region compared to the global average, emphasizing the urgency of addressing educational inequalities. Overall, this paper contributes valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and communities, advocating for positive change in Liberia's educational landscape and women's empowerment.

The Body as a Social Construct: The Kosovan Context on ‘Beauty’ and ‘Look’ from the Perspective of Women and Girls in Kosovo

The inclusion of the study of the human ‘body’ in sociology abandoned the view that ‘nature’ constitutes the absolute premise that explains human interactions and social phenomena. The sociological perspective offered a new project of conceptualising the body, which enabled its reshaping and modification. In the new context of understanding the body, “the life of the body” was transformed from a technical and reproductive mechanism into a way of living, as well as an identity. This paper will address the main theoretical approaches to the study of the body, which at the same time reveals the context of the social realities that built the epistemology of sociological and gender studies in researches related to the body. Further, the paper introduces the results of an empirical research carried out with women and girls in Kosovo regarding the understanding and appreciation of the body, including their position about the image of the body that will help deconstruct the standard of the idolised body of women and girls in Kosovo. The research methodology applied is focused in two main parts: the online survey with 350 women and girls aged between 16 and 65 coming from both urban and rural areas, through a structured questionnaire technique compose of three parts with a total of 42 questions. Data collection and processing were done through the application of the SPSS program No. 24 and Excel. The second part of the research included the qualitative approach, by utilization of two focus groups with 14 girls of different ages and coming from different geographical areas of Kosovo. The research will highlight their attention and sensitivity towards ‘beauty’ as predefined by social, cultural, and the economic context. The overall results of the research show that 55.5 percent of the respondents agree that beauty plays a roles in the success of a woman/girl's life in Kosovo, whereas 22 percent neither agree nor disagree with this, whilst 33 percent do not agree that beauty plays any role. Additionally, approximately 55 percent of the respondents indicated that beauty influences a woman/girl's success in life, 60 percent believe that beautiful women/girls find it much easier to get hired, and about 70 percent stated that beauty affects self-esteem in both women and girls. Received: 4 January 2024 / Accepted: 9 April 2024 / Published: 5 May 2024

Decolonizing meanings climate crisis and land-based adaptions: From Indigenous women's perspectives in Western Canada

This paper explores the critical issue of decolonizing meanings within the context of the climate crisis and land-based adaptations, specifically focusing on Indigenous women's perspectives in Western Canada. The study focuses on the intricate relationship between Indigenous knowledge, culture, and the environment, emphasizing the unique insights that Indigenous women bring to the discourse surrounding climate change and adaptation. Drawing on the decolonial feminist research approach, community engagement, and participatory research methods, the paper highlights the diverse ways Indigenous women conceptualize the climate crisis and respond to the impacts of the climate crisis on their traditional lands. It critically examines the colonial legacies that have shaped environmental policies and interventions, often marginalizing Indigenous voices and perspectives. The findings advocate the importance of centering Indigenous women's knowledge and experiences in climate change discourse and policy-making. By decolonizing meanings, the paper advocates for a more inclusive and equitable approach to land-based adaptations that acknowledges the resilience and wisdom embedded in Indigenous land-based learning and practice. This research contributes to the ongoing dialogue on sustainable and culturally sensitive strategies for addressing the climate crisis, fostering a deeper understanding of the intersections between gender, Indigeneity, and environmental justice.

Listening to Black Women's Perspectives of Birth Centers and Midwifery Care: Advocacy, Protection, and Empowerment.

Black women in Texas experience high rates of adverse maternal outcomes that have been linked to health inequities and structural racism in the maternal care system. Birth centers and midwifery care are highlighted in the literature as contributing to improved perinatal care experiences and decreased adverse outcomes for Black women. However, compared with White women, Black women underuse birth centers and midwifery care. Black women's perceptions in Texas of birth center and midwifery care are underrepresented in research. Thus, this study aimed to highlight the views of Black women residing in Texas on birth centers and midwifery care to identify their needs and explore ways to increasing access to perinatal care. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 pregnant and postpartum Black women residing in Texas. Questions focused on the women's access, knowledge, and use of birth centers and midwifery care in the context of their lived maternal care experiences. Interview transcripts were reviewed and analyzed using inductive, qualitative content analysis. The Black women interviewed all shared experiences of discrimination and bias while receiving obstetric care that affected their interest in and overall perceptions of birth center and midwifery care. Participants also discussed financial and institutional barriers that impacted their ease of access to birth center and midwifery care services. Additionally, participants highlighted the need for culturally sensitive and respectful perinatalhealth care. The Black women interviewed in this study emphasized the prevalence of racism and discrimination in perinatal health care encounters, a reflection consistent with current literature. Black women also expressed a desire to use birth centers and midwifery care but identified the barriers in Texas that impede access. Study findings highlight the need to address barriers to promote equitable perinatal health care access for Black women.

Women's Perspective on Self-Breast Examination.

Background Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women in the world. Timely detection is important to reduce the rate of deaths. Among the various screening modalities, self-breast examination is suggested as an easy, inexpensive method, especially in low-resource settings. Objective To understand women's perspective on self-breast examination and analyze the benefits and barriers of self-breast examination. Method The total number of study participants was 100. After obtaining informed consent, the study participants were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire on their perspective towards self-breast examination along with the benefits and barriers of performing the examination. Results Among the study participants, 66% of women were aware of self-breast examination. Only 8% were aware of the age to begin self-breast examination. Lack of privacy was considered as a barrier in 18% of women and embarrassment as a barrier was 14%. Almost all (99%) agreed that completing a self-breast examination each month may help them find breast lumps early. Conclusion The participants were reasonably aware of the term self-breast examination. But the clearcut procedure, the age to begin the examination and changes to be picked up on the examination were all unknown and hence must be emphasized at the society level. Overcoming the barriers and accepting the benefits of self-breast examinations are necessary to adopt this examination as a regular practice.

Exploring Healthcare Providers' and Women's Perspectives of Labor Companionship during Childbirth: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Study.

A labor companion of choice during childbirth is crucial for improving women's birth experience and confidence to give birth. Labor companions provide various benefits, including enhanced communication, emotional support, non-pharmacological pain relief, and better healthcare. However, little is known about the supportive actions of labor companions with respect to women's needs during labor and birth, as well as healthcare providers' perceptions of labor companions. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the perceptions of healthcare providers and women regarding labor companions. The study utilized an interpretative phenomenology research design. Data collection involved conducting semi-structured interviews with 14 participants. The sample consisted of mothers, physicians, and nurses, ensuring a diverse range of perspectives. An interpretative phenomenological analysis was conducted for data analysis. Five themes were identified: (a) impact of companionship, (b) benefits for healthcare providers, (c) companion roles, (d) loneliness and alienation of mothers, and (e) challenges of implementation. The findings indicated that the presence of a companion reduces the need for unnecessary medical interventions and eases the workload of healthcare providers. Without a companion, mothers often feel lonely and disconnected during the birthing process. The presence of companions is often hindered by space limitations in delivery rooms, the absence of clear policies, and lack of childbirth education programs for companions. Clear policies, education programs, and adequate space are essential for implementing and promoting labor companionship during childbirth.

0577 Women's Perspectives of Received Support When Initiating Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Treatment

0577 Women's Perspectives of Received Support When Initiating Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Treatment

Beyond Shelters: A Gendered Approach to Disaster Preparedness and Resilience in Urban Centers

This research explores the shortcomings of a shelter-centric approach to disaster preparedness and resilience in urban centers, particularly regarding its impact on women. It argues for a gender-integrated approach that acknowledges existing inequalities and vulnerabilities faced by women in disaster situations. The paper begins by examining how socioeconomic factors, social norms, and poorly planned urban infrastructure disproportionately affect women's ability to prepare for and recover from disasters. It then critiques the limitations of traditional disaster response, which often prioritizes immediate shelter needs while neglecting women's long-term safety, security, and economic well- being. Moving forward, the research proposes a framework for building gender-responsive resilience in urban contexts. This framework emphasizes inclusive planning that actively incorporates women's knowledge and perspectives. The paper also highlights the importance of targeted early warning systems and gender-sensitive infrastructure design. Additionally, it proposes strategies like livelihood support programs to foster women's economic recovery after disasters. By exploring case studies and offering specific policy recommendations, this research aims to empower stakeholders - city planners, disaster management agencies, and NGOs - to create more equitable and inclusive practices. These practices will ultimately strengthen the resilience of urban communities by enabling all residents, particularly women, to effectively prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters.

Indigenous Women Perspectives on Gender Equality and Feminism: A Case Study of Jahai Women in Peninsular Malaysia

Most research on gender equality and feminism have been concentrated on non-indigenous women worldwide, with very few studies focusing specifically on Jahai tribe women. Indigenous women are important in advancing the ideas of feminism and gender equality within their societies. This paper is a case study focuses on the indigenous women which is the Jahai tribe women in Royal Belum State Park, Malaysia. In this case study, we explored Jahai women’s perspectives of gender equality and feminism aspects in this indigenous society. This case study employed a quantitative and a qualitative method for data collection. A total of 20 Jahai women were selected to complete a set of questionnaires and five of them were chosen for the in-depth interview. From the study, there were four main themes that emerged including socio- economic equality, equal treatment, gender responsibilities and egalitarian leadership and decision-making prospects. This research study was guided by the Transnational Feminism Theory and Theory of Gender Equality approach. The findings revealed that there was the similarities and distinctions perceptions in gender equality and feminism aspects among Jahai women. The study's conclusions shed new light on the gender equality and feminism interpretations and challenges those women in indigenous societies face. As a result, this study is important for future research since it adds to the body of knowledge about gender equality and concerns pertaining to indigenous women.

Implementing supplementary breast cancer screening in women with dense breasts: Insights from European radiographers and radiologists

IntroductionIn response to the critical need for enhancing breast cancer screening for women with dense breasts, this study explored the understanding of challenges and requirements for implementing supplementary breast cancer screening for such women among clinical radiographers and radiologists in Europe. MethodFourteen (14) semi-structured online interviews were conducted with European clinical radiologists (n = 5) and radiographers (n = 9) specializing in breast cancer screening from 8 different countries: Denmark, Finland, Greece, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Switzerland, United Kingdom. The interview schedule comprised questions regarding professional background and demographics and 13 key questions divided into six subgroups, namely Supplementary Imaging, Training, Resources and Guidelines, Challenges, Implementing supplementary screening and Women's Perspective. Data analysis followed the six phases of reflexive thematic analysis. ResultsSix significant themes emerged from the data analysis: Understanding and experiences of supplementary imaging for women with dense breasts; Challenges and requirements related to training among clinical radiographers and radiologists; Awareness among radiographers and radiologists of guidelines on imaging women with dense breasts; Challenges to implement supplementary screening; Predictors of Implementing Supplementary screening; Views of radiologists and radiographers on women's perception towards supplementary screening. ConclusionThe interviews with radiographers and radiologists provided valuable insights into the challenges and potential strategies for implementing supplementary breast cancer screening. These challenges included patient and staff related challenges. Implementing multifaceted solutions such as Artificial Intelligence integration, specialized training and resource investment can address these challenges and promote the successful implementation of supplementary screening. Further research and collaboration are needed to refine and implement these strategies effectively. Implications for practiceThis study highlights the urgent need for specialized training programs and dedicated resources to enhance supplementary breast cancer screening for women with dense breasts in Europe. These resources include advanced imaging technologies, such as MRI or ultrasound, and specialized software for image analysis. Moreover, further research is imperative to refine screening protocols and evaluate their efficacy and cost-effectiveness, based on the findings of this study.

Exploring Perceptions about Enablers of Women’s Attendance and Adherence to the Recommended Antenatal Care Visits in Rwanda: A Qualitative Study

BackgroundAntenatal care (ANC) helps ensure the best health conditions of the mother and foetus during pregnancy. However, achieving optimal ANC attendance and adherence to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations remains a global challenge, with significant disparities in attendance rates. A qualitative study was conducted exploring pregnant women's perspectives of various enablers to their attendance and adherence to recommended ANC visits in Rwanda. MethodsThis exploratory qualitative study involved 22 pregnant women attending ANC in four public health centres in the Eastern province, of Rwanda. An interview guide with semi-structured questions was used to gather information about the moderators of ANC attendance and adherence among pregnant women. Data were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was used to categorize themes under the five-level Social Ecological Model (SEM).ResultsEarly recognition of pregnancy, financial stability, and female participation in decision-making were identified as intrapersonal enabling factors of ANC attendance and adherence; spousal support was identified as an interpersonal enabling factor; community health workers, and community relationships as community enabling factors; availability and cost of ANC services as institutional enabling factors; and media campaign, community outreach as public policy enabling factors contributing to the pregnant women's attendance and adherence to ANC visits.ConclusionEnablers at multiple levels affect women’s attendance and adherence to ANC visits. It is essential to consider each level when implementing effective strategies to maximize ANC attendance and adherence to the WHO recommendations in order to improve maternal- foetal well-being in Rwanda.Rwanda J Med Health Sci. 2024;7(1):101-115

Gender gap and gender data gap in futures research: Focusing on the studies employing the Delphi technique

The gender gap in futures research, rooted in male dominance, results in limited visibility of female futurists and neglect of women's issues. This study focuses on the gender data gap as an indicator of the existing gender gap in futures research and analyze the literature employing the Delphi technique—a widely employed research method in this field. When societal gender gaps influence data collection and utilization, a gender data gap arises, leading to underrepresentation of women's perspectives and experiences. The Delphi method, operates on the principle of expertise, may inadvertently exclude women experts whose expertise tends to be underrecognized. Our analysis, based on Temin and Roca (2016)’s definition of gender data, shows the gender data gap in the futures research literature. The gender gap in futures research, demonstrated by gender data gap, not only colonizes women's futures, but also impedes the potential for planning, social decision-making, and policies aimed at fostering a gender-equitable future. Futures research holds the potential to serve as a tool for decolonization. To achieve a future free of gender disparities, it’s imperative to address issues directly relevant to women but also crucial for humanity as the main challenges of futures research and ensure women’s participation.

Addressing Pregnancy And Parenting In Mental Health Care: Perspectives Of Women With Serious Mental Illness.

Women living with serious mental illness (SMI) are at increased risk for adverse pregnancy and parenting outcomes. However, little is known about the experiences and preferences of women with SMI related to addressing pregnancy and parenting with their mental health providers. We conducted semistructured interviews with twenty-two reproductive-age cisgender women patients living with SMI. Participants characterized discussions about pregnancy and medication teratogenicity with their mental health providers as limited or unsatisfactory. Participants' openness to discussing pregnancy varied by topic and its perceived relevance to their individual circumstances, and it hinged on participants' trust in their providers. Participants characterized discussions about parenting with their mental health providers as helpful and identified additional opportunities for parenting support. Our findings highlight critical gaps in the delivery of information, support, and resources that can inform efforts to increase providers' capacity to address pregnancy and parenting with women living with SMI.

Perspectives of Women of Reproductive Age Regarding Sexuality During Their Menstruation Period

IntroductionThis study aimed to determine the views and experiences of women of reproductive age regarding their sexuality and sexual life during their menstrual period.MethodsA qualitative, interpretive, phenomenological design was used. The study sample consisted of 16 women of reproductive age (18–49), who volunteered to participate and came to gynecology outpatient clinic appointments at a research hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. Data were collected online through in-depth individual interviews.ResultsThe research was composed of six themes: “symptoms of the menstruation period,” “duration and severity of symptoms during menstruation,” “effect of the menstrual period on sexual life,” “sexual desire during the menstrual period,” “opinions about sexual life during menstruation,” and “spouses’ opinions about sexual life during menstruation.”ConclusionsThe women in the study noted that they experienced physiological and psychological symptoms during their menstrual period. Although some of the women stated that they do not have changes in sexual desire during this period, most of them think that they should not engage in sexual intercourse due to the symptoms they experience during their menstrual period, religious beliefs, and sociocultural values.Policy ImplicationsNurses should counsel couples about the possible advantages and disadvantages of sexual intercourse during menstruation without displaying a judgmental attitude.

Saudi women STEM pioneers: penetrating the mud ceiling.

Although researchers actively study women's experiences in STEM fields, few do so from women's perspective. We thematically analyzed life narrative semi-structured interview data (46-item open-ended instrument, 90-120 Min) from eight STEM pioneering Saudi Arabian women careerists (mathematics, medicine, and biology) (convenience sample summer 2023). The objective was to glean their insights to discern self-reported influences (internal and external), struggles, and challenges in launching and advancing their careers. The extremely accomplished participants (all married, most with children) averaged age 65+, had 40+ years of experience and came from the three largest Saudi provinces. Important factors influencing choosing STEM included personality traits (e.g., deep desire to academically succeed; problem focused); secondary school peer/academic learning experiences; and male family member support, especially fathers. Struggles and challenges (often viewed as opportunities) included the mud (not glass) ceiling; male colleagues' harsh, prejudiced treatment; and unsupportive administration. Participants were research driven and willing to relocate, re-educate, and change direction to establish and advance their careers. Implications for future research and policy initiatives are woven into the discussion and recommendations.

Investigation of Work-life Balance among Working Women in Perspective of Passion and Career

This paper is an attempt to understand how a working woman in the present day handles work-related commitments and personal life including family responsibilities and also manages to pursue a career which she is passionate about to have a smooth career transition. Using a Questionnaire and random sampling, we collected the data from women from the ages 25 to 45 years old. We also spoke to the sample respondents for more insights. The findings show that 52% of the women chose their current job out of interest in it, this clearly shows how passion and full-time job already overlapped. 29% of the women responded that “taking courses” was an active step to transition into that career. This shows that women want to improve their abilities and skills through courses to have a career transition. 61% of the women are not sure about their passion pursuance in retirement, because they don’t want to monetize their passion.