Women's Motivations Research Articles

Work Motivation Women Entrepreneurs in Islamic Economic Perspective

Population growth which continues to increase every year will cause many problems, one of which is the lack of job opportunities, as a result the number of unemployed is increasing which has an impact on economic conditions in Indonesia. Therefore, economic development will be more successful if it is supported by entrepreneurs who can create job opportunities. Entrepreneurship is not only dominated by men but also the emancipation of women. Women who choose to become entrepreneurs certainly have their own reasons why they made the decision to become entrepreneurs. This research aims to determine the background that motivates women to engage in entrepreneurial activities and to determine the Islamic economic perspective related to the work motivation of entrepreneurial women in the Simpang Kandis area, Sumber Jaya Village, Kampung Melayu District, Bengkulu City. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach using field research. The research results show that women's work motivation in entrepreneurship in Simpang Kandis is caused by several factors, including economic needs, encouragement from the family, and available market potential. In an Islamic economic perspective, women are permitted to engage in entrepreneurship outside the home, but this must be accompanied by permission or blessing from their husband or parents. Apart from that, they are also expected not to neglect their household duties and become entrepreneurs with the aim of meeting their daily needs. However, this research also shows that women involved in entrepreneurship have not fully implemented the values recommended by Islam. Even though they have good intentions, piety in their work, and sincerity in their work, they are not yet fully transparent in selling their products to consumers regarding the quality of their merchandise. Apart from that, a friendly attitude towards buyers is also lacking. This research indicates that there is potential to increase the suitability of women's entrepreneurial practices with Islamic values in the Simpang Kandis area. However, further efforts are needed to improve the understanding and implementation of these values in their entrepreneurial practices.

THE ROLE OF ACADEMIC MOTIVATION IN PREVENTING STUDENTS' ACADEMIC PROCRASTINATION DURING ONLINE LEARNING AMID THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Academic procrastination is a severe problem students faced during online learning amid the Covid-19 pandemic. One of the predictors that can reduce academic procrastination is increasing academic motivation. This research aimed to determine how academic motivation could affect students' academic procrastination during online learning amid the Covid-19 pandemic. A total of 619 students participated in this research. The Yockey Academic Procrastination Short Scale (APS-S) and Vallerand's Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) were used to measure procrastination and motivation, respectively. Academic motivation and academic procrastination were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The results showed that academic motivation consisting of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation influenced 15.6% of academic procrastination behavior. Intrinsic motivation and amotivation had a significant effect on academic procrastination. Procrastination tended to be done by men. Meanwhile, women's intrinsic motivation tended to be higher than men's, with higher extrinsic motivation in academics.

The Role of Self-Empowerment, Interest, and the Role of Husbands of Women's Motivation and Decision-Making as Entrepreneurs: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Evaluation

Background: In the realm of entrepreneurship, women's engagement has gained prominence, necessitating an exploration of the multifaceted factors that underpin their motivation and decision-making processes. This study seeks to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework and conduct empirical assessments to elucidate the contributions of self-empowerment, interests, and the role of husbands in shaping women's entrepreneurial motivation and decision-making dynamics. This study aims to examine the relationship between self-empowerment, interest, the role of husbands, motivation, and decision-making as women entrepreneurs. Method: The empirical analysis was conducted using a sample of 150 women entrepreneurs. This study used an online survey for data collection. After passing reliability and validity tests, the data were analyzed with partial least squares structural equation modeling. Results: The research results indicate that self-empowerment has a significant positive direct influence on motivation. Interest also has a significant direct positive influence on motivation. Furthermore, the role of husbands has no significant effect on motivation. Finally, motivation also has a significant positive influence on decision-making as an entrepreneur. Conclusion: This study has established a robust conceptual framework and conducted empirical evaluations that shed light on the intricate interplay of self-empowerment, interests, and the role of husbands in influencing women's motivation and decision-making as entrepreneurs. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers, emphasizing the importance of tailored strategies to support and empower women in the entrepreneurial domain, ultimately fostering their success and contribution to economic growth.

Why We Should Stop Trying to Fix Women: How Context Shapes and Constrains Women's Career Trajectories.

In this review we examine two classes of interventions designed to achieve workplace gender equality: (a) those designed to boost motivations and ambition, such as those that aim to attract more women into roles where they are underrepresented; and (b) those that try to provide women with needed abilities to achieve these positions. While such initiatives are generally well meaning, they tend to be based upon (and reinforce) stereotypes of what women lack. Such a deficit model leads to interventions that attempt to "fix" women rather than address the structural factors that are the root of gender inequalities. We provide a critical appraisal of the literature to establish an evidence base for why fixing women is unlikely to be successful. As an alternative, we focus on understanding how organizational context and culture maintain these inequalities by looking at how they shape and constrain (a) women's motivations and ambitions, and (b) the expression and interpretation of their skills and attributes. In doing so, we seek to shift the interventional focus from women themselves to the systems and structures in which they are embedded.

MHealth interventions for postpartum family planning in LMICs: A realist review.

The unmet need for family planning is a pervasive public health concern in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Mobile health (mHealth) interventions have been designed and implemented in LMIC settings to address this issue through health information dissemination via voice calls, apps, and short message services (SMS). Although the impact of mHealth programmes on postpartum family planning outcomes have been systematically reviewed, the contexts, conditions, and mechanisms underpinning programme engagement and their impact on outcomes remain unclear. This study aims to formulate hypotheses in the form of context-mechanism-outcome configurations (CMOCs) of whether, how, why, for whom, and in what contexts mHealth interventions implemented in LMICs influence postpartum family planning (PPFP) outcomes. We conducted a realist review of peer-reviewed and grey literature. Peer-reviewed literature was identified through MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Grey Literature was identified through The National Grey Literature Conference, FHI 360, Guttmacher Institute, Population Council, and MSI Reproductive Choices. Inclusion criteria were updated as the review progressed. Narrative data were analysed using dimensional analysis to build CMOCs. Two overarching concepts (underpinned by 12 CMOCs) emerged from the 37 included records: mobile phone access, use, and ownership as well as women's motivation. Women's confidence to independently own, access, and operate a mobile phone was a central mechanism leading to mHealth programme engagement and subsequent change in PPFP knowledge, awareness, and outcomes. Receiving family and social support positively interacted with this while low digital literacy and harmful gender norms pertaining to prescribed domestic duties and women's household influence were barriers to programme engagement. Intrinsic motivation for health improvement functioned at times both as a context and potential mechanism influencing mHealth programme engagement and PPFP outcomes. However, these contexts rarely occur in isolation and need to be evaluated as co-occurring phenomena. (Review registration: PROSPERO CRD42023386841).

Empowerment and intervention strategies to strengthen the use of sexual and reproductive health services by ensuring continuity of care for adolescent girls and internally displaced women in Burkina Faso

Background: In Burkina Faso, a security crisis has displaced families within the country, fleeing high-risk areas. One of the major consequences of this displacement is the low use of sexual and reproductive health care and services, and the reduced empowerment of adolescent girls and internally displaced women (IDP). This research aims to analyze the situation and co-develop intervention strategies to strengthen the empowerment of these adolescent girls and IDP women for the use of these services by ensuring the continuity of this care.
 Methods: This study is based on a mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative). The quantitative component is based on a survey of 1,474 randomly selected households in temporary IDP reception sites in the cities of Kaya and Kongoussi in Burkina Faso. Empowerment was analyzed in terms of motivational autonomy and exercise of choice in family planning. Descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regression have allowed us to describe the empowerment of IDP women and adolescent girls and identify the determinants of the use of modern contraception among IDP adolescents and women. The qualitative component has enabled to co-construct intervention strategies to strengthen empowerment and also ensure continuity of care, using a participatory approach supported by a deliberative workshop.
 Results: Out of a sample of 1,220, adolescent girls (12-19 years old) and women (20-49 years old) represented respectively 17.5% and 82.5%. The analysis showed that 42.5% of IDP adolescent girls and women were using a modern method of contraception at the time of the survey. The analysis also showed that 89.2% and 79.5% of adolescent girls and IDP women have low levels of motivational autonomy and exercise of choice in family planning, respectively. A poor perception of contraceptives side effects and possible difficulties with the partner or even the fear of having difficulties returning to fertility after contraception ""damage"" women's motivation to use contraception methods. In addition, the ability to discuss with the partner hinders the exercise of choice in contraception. Intervention strategies based on community dialogue and communication with IDPs and community members have emerged as those promoted to facilitate the use and continuity of health services. 
 Recommendations: Empowerment appears as a determining factor to enhance the contraceptive demand by adolescent girls and internally displaced women. Community dialogue and communication sessions on family planning for IDPs and the population must be well implemented.

Increase Women Leaders As a Corporate Performance Drivers In Building Material Company

SDG 5, or Sustainable Development Goal 5, is one of the 17 goals established by the United Nations in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. SDG 5 grants women and girls equal rights and opportunities to live free without discrimination, including workplace discrimination, career opportunities, and violence. The achievement of SDG 5 is critical to creating a sustainable future where women can contribute to society without fear of discrimination. The problem statement in this research is what key success, motivation, and competency are needed for women to become leaders, there are a constraint and perceptions about women that can be barriers to becoming a leader, how support system can help women to become leaders, women have limitations in their career development. The dependent variable in this study is the "Leadership" driver and the independent variables in this study are the "General/Key Success", "Motivation", "Ability", "Role", "Situational" and "Constraint" drivers. Situational Factors, constraints, general/key success and abilities significantly influence women's leaders. To increase women's leadership at SIG, the things that need to be improved are: create a women's leadership program at the age of 30s by increasing the competencies that are important for women to improve, provide facilities for women employees, so that their obstacles can be minimized, such as daycare, breastfeeding rooms, etc., increase women's confidence to show their abilities, increasing women's motivation in self-actualization, improving the support system for women from family

Determining of internal factors affecting compliance of pregnant women in Covid-19 vaccination

<div class="WordSection1"><p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em>Covid-19 vaccination for pregnant women was an effort to prevent and transmit Covid-19 to pregnant women. Obedience of pregnant women is the behavior of pregnant women in accordance with the guidelines. Compliance of pregnant women in the Covid-19 vaccination is important to study because it is to increase the complete adherence of pregnant women in the Covid-19 vaccination, thereby increasing the immunity of pregnant women. Internal factors that can influence pregnant women's</em></p></div><p> </p><p><em>compliance with Covid-19 vaccination include the pregnant woman's age, gestational age, educational status, employment, knowledge, motivation, perception and self- efficacy.</em></p><p><strong><em>Objectives: </em></strong><em>Analyzing the relationship between maternal age, gestational age, educational status, occupation, income, knowledge, motivation, perception, and self- efficacy with pregnant women's adherence to the Covid-19 vaccination.Analyze the internal factors that most influence the adherence of pregnant women in the Covid-19 vaccination.</em></p><p><strong><em>Methods: </em></strong><em>The research design used a quantitative descriptive with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study amounted to 86 pregnant women. The sampling technique used quota sampling with a sample of 46 pregnant women. The research instrument uses a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis using Chi Square Test and multiple regression.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>The results of the study showed that the factor associated with the compliance of pregnant women in the Covid-19 vaccination was gestational age (p value 0.002). Meanwhile, factors that were not related to the compliance of pregnant women in the Covid-19 vaccination were the age of the pregnant mother (p value 0.497), educational status (p value 0.252), occupation (p value 0.829), income (p value 0.605), knowledge (p value 0.351), motivation (p value 0.558), perception (p value 0.295), and self-efficacy (p value 1.000).</em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusions: </em></strong><em>The conclusion of this study is that the factor that most influences pregnant women's adherence to the Covid-19 vaccination is gestational age with a p- value of 0.005 (a = 0.05) and respondents with a younger gestational age are at risk of</em></p><p><em>0.047 times experiencing non-adherence to Covid-19 vaccination.</em></p>

Assessment of breastfeeding-related healthcare and their association with breastfeeding motivation

Abstract Background Breastfeeding (BF) is one of the best ways to ensure healthy growth and development for newborns. However, for successful BF, mothers often need knowledge, assistance, and support from the healthcare professionals. The aim of the study is to evaluate the attitudes of Lithuanian mothers towards BF related healthcare services and their associations with BF motivation. Methods Data was collected in June 2022 using a quantitative research method by anonymous questionnaire survey. 572 Lithuanian mothers who carried to a full-term and gave birth to a healthy baby were interviewed between the 2nd-6th month postpartum (response rate 38.9%). BF motivation was evaluated by 24 items scale, developed by Kestler-Peleg et al. BF related healthcare services were evaluated by the Ten steps to successful BF scale which consists of 22 items. The sum scores of the scales, means, and standard deviations (SD) were calculated. Relationships between evaluation of health care services and motivation were determined by Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results The respondents rated BF related healthcare services as average (65.3 (SD 20.1) out of 110 points). The services provided by healthcare professionals in the first hours after birth were rated the best (3.76 (SD 1.1) out of 5 points), BF services related to the help of health care professionals to successfully breastfeed the baby in the future the worst (2.40 (SD 1.0) out of 5 points). A weak positive but statistically significant correlations were found between the evaluation of the provided healthcare services related to BF and BF motivation: as the evaluation scores of BF related services increased, women's BF motivation also increased (P < 0.001). Conclusions The respondents rated the healthcare related to BF as average, especially services that can determine successful long-term BF. Improving the quality of health care services related to BF can lead to greater motivation and success among women in BF their babies. Key messages • Mothers of infants aged 2-6 months rated health care related to BF in Lithuania as average. • A weak positive but statistically significant correlations were found between motivation to breastfeed and assessment of BF related healthcare services.

To Enhance, or not to Enhance: The Situational Context Shapes Women's Intentions on Amount and Diligence of Makeup Application.

Makeup is a tool that women use to shape their image and gain benefits in both inter- and intrasexual selection. As makeup enables the hiding or enhancing of facial features, it allows women to strategically shape impressions in a given context. It affects interpersonal perceptions, workplace impressions, and can attract romantic partners. However, research has primarily focused on examining everyday makeup use, although the amount and type of makeup can vary depending on the situation and the motivation to make an impression. In two studies, we investigated how the intended amount and application of makeup differ depending on various situational contexts. Specifically, in Study 1 (N = 533), we explored the everyday and party contexts, while in Study 2 (N = 400), we additionally introduced the contexts of mating and threat. The results show that: 1) women intend to put on more makeup in a more diligent way in party contexts compared to everyday contexts, 2) the intended diligence of makeup application is the highest in contexts were women expect an attractive man to be present, and the lowest when a threatening context is introduced, 3) these effects are partially or fully mediated by women's motivation to make an impression, and 4) neither sociosexual orientation nor appearance orientation significantly moderated the obtained effects. Our studies extend previous research on makeup application as an appearance-enhancing or worsening strategy by further investigating the signaling function of women's makeup and its strategic use in various situational contexts. We discuss the results from a functional evolutionary perspective.

PENGEMBANGAN MODUL EFIKASI DIRI DALAM MENGHADAPI PERSALINAN NORMAL BERBASIS KARIKATUR DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENGETAHUAN IBU HAMIL

The incidence of childbirth complications itself is a determinant of maternal morbidity and mortality. The importance of preparation is carried out as a program of instruction with a specific purpose and structure. Birth preparation aims to prepare all the needs during pregnancy and childbirth. Mother's self-efficacy can describe the ability to go through the birth process well. This is an important factor influencing women's motivation to give birth normally. This study aims to develop a caricature-based module to increase mothers' self-efficacy in dealing with normal delivery. The design used in this study is the R & D (Research and Development) method through 5 stages. After developing the module, a product trial was carried out using the Pilot Study. The number of participants in the module trial was 20 participants who were Trimester II and Trimester III pregnant women. Data analysis was carried out by descriptive and paired T-test. The results of the research show that development has been carried out through literature studies and focus group discussions (FGD) with the stages of material validation by 4 material experts and 2 media experts, where the results of the posttest module trial score were 81.04. The increase in knowledge before and after education is 24.99. This shows that the developed module can increase mother's knowledge. The developed module can be used by pregnant women to increase knowledge that will support the increase in the mother's self-efficacy in dealing with childbirth.

Women's career motivation: social barriers and enablers in Sudan.

This study presents an original contribution by examining an often-neglected country in the Middle East and Northeast Africa (MENA), with a specific focus on women's career research. It identifies challenges that have created barriers for Sudanese women's career progression, consequently limiting their opportunities for career and leadership growth. To conceptualize understand women's career motivations on a global and regional scale, the study conducted an in-depth review and analysis of literature, benchmarked similar countries, and incorporated psychological and organizational behavior theories, alongside examples of women's empowerment cases from the MENA region. The study employs a multifaceted approach that involves exploring psychological and organizational theories, drawing insights from self-efficacy, stereotype, and implicit bias theories, as well as MENA empowerment cases. Additionally, an empirical investigation is conducted through an extensive three-round Delphi study involving 75 Sudanese women leaders from diverse sectors. The empirical findings are crucial for understanding obstacles faced by women and the impact of Sudan's unique social context on their career paths. The research findings shed light on the complex interplay of factors creating roadblocks for Sudanese women's career advancement. Sudan's distinctive social context significantly shapes and influences women's career motivations in diverse and interconnected ways. Empirical evidence from the Delphi study underscores the broad impact of these roadblocks, highlighting the multiplicity of challenges faced by women in Sudan. This comprehensive analysis not only aids in comprehending workplace obstacles but also provides valuable insights into the diverse experiences and needs of female employees. The findings emphasize the broad impact of these barriers on women, underscoring their varied challenges. The research holds far-reaching implications. By contextually identifying barriers that impede Sudanese women's career motivations, the study lays a foundation for targeted solutions. This understanding is grounded in historical, theoretical, and policy-making perspectives, enabling informed strategies to support women's advancement. The study also offers actionable policy recommendations for governments, workplaces, and stakeholders, facilitating women's career growth through policy reforms and capacity-building initiatives. Furthermore, its significance extends beyond Sudan, acting as a catalyst for developing gender-responsive policies in similar MENA countries and beyond.

자전거동호회 중년여성의 참여동기가 여가만족과 생활만족에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for expanding and activating opportunities for middle-aged women to participate in bicycles by identifying the relationship between the influence of middle-aged women's motivation to participate in bicycle clubs on leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction. Three bicycle clubs in the southern area of Gyeonggi Province were visited from March 1 to March 31, 2023, for middle-aged women participating in bicycle clubs. A total of 151 questionnaires were circulated and collected by the method of self-evaluation and self-evaluation, and the data were empirically analyzed. Participation in bicycle clubs for middle-aged women is the most effective way not only to maintain and promote health care, but also to improve the quality of life through leisure activities, and cycling will not only relieve stress but also help exercise the whole body, especially to strengthen lower body strength. In addition, by solving the problem of lack of exercise among middle-aged women, who play a pivotal role in a family, obesity can be prevented, physical strength and strength can be improved, and a satisfactory life can be led in family life.

Identifying Patterns/Drivers in Women Criminals

The general notion of women, who are usually regarded as caregivers and nurturers, can kill in cold blood is difficult to accept in Indian society. Despite the belief that murders are mostly male-perpetrated, women are often also culprits, killing with the same heartlessness as any male killer. As is the case with other aspects of life, it is often seen that the motivations of women killers are different from their male peers. While many male criminals are driven by sadism, sex, violence and lust, women's motivations are found to be mostly economic in nature. Predominantly many Motives are common, to both genders are greed and mental imbalance. This present paper is an attempt to study different aspects of women criminal with parameters or drivers such as Education, Family Background, Social Status, Personal life, and any history of sufferings Mentally or Physically. This paper also focuses on various Modus Operandi adopted by Such Women. The Study will help Criminologist and Forensic Psychologist to understand the reason why a woman who is supposed to be caregiver is able to take away the life in cruel manner. The study will help to prevent / handle such women from committing such offences by Knowing the psychology and motive behind a criminal mind. Keywords: Forensic Psychology, women, female criminals, murders

Women’s Access to Post-Secondary Education and Structural Inequalities

UN Sustainable Development Goal No.5 urges the attainment of gender equality and women empowerment by 2030. This has intensified the fight for gender parity and female empowerment in Africa with some successes. Despite this, changes in Ghana's educational system have not dispelled the widespread belief that men are better equipped for careers. This is especially in the technical and vocational fields. This misconception has hampered disadvantaged young women's motivation, making them less likely to pursue careers in technical and vocational education and training (TVET). Entrenchments of gendered divisions in higher education and the labour market contribute to structural inequality in society. This study looks at women’s access to post-secondary education and structural inequalities. Additionally, the article updates recent changes in the ratio of female students enrolled in university programs and employment statistics in Ghana. The paper argues that although there are improvements in female enrolment numbers in post-secondary institutions, there is a need for a deliberate policy to increase female intake into tertiary institutions, especially technical universities by granting female-favoured scholarships and opening more online/distance learning platforms for degree programs as well as services to support online enrolment. Employment opportunities should favour the female for a deepening supplementary role at all levels of their participation. Besides, to encourage women to gradually shift from conventional roles, it is necessary to invest in their human capital.

Pengalaman Komunikasi Perempuan Korban Kekerasan dalam Pacaran

Dating violence is a phenomenon that is rife in society. Basically, or dating violence is a problem that continues to get an increase in every case, especially in women's gender-based violence. This study aims to determine the motives of women to endure dating violence, patterns and forms of violent behavior experienced by women while involved in dating relationships, and the meaning of actions and also violent relationships based on the experiences of each informant. This study uses a qualitative phenomenological approach with symbolic interaction theory, phenomenological theory, and social construction theory. The research results were obtained through structured and semi-structured in-depth interviews with five female informants who experienced this phenomenon. The results of the study show that women's motives for surviving violence in their relationship can be seen from two different motives, namely past motives due to affection and an imbalance of positions in relationships that make women powerless. On the other hand, the past motive that underlies women to survive is because they feel their partners are very good outside of the violence. Meanwhile, when viewed from the future motive, it is because the woman still believes that her partner can change for the better for herself and also for the relationship. Regarding the experience of communication in the form of violence experienced by the informants, there was verbal and physical violence. Patterns of violence can occur because of various conflicts, such as the woman's feeling that she has violated the rules of her partner, feelings of jealousy, her partner's prejudice, and her partner's stubbornness about what he thinks is right, which makes the partner emotional and ends up committing violence. Of course regret and false promises are mentioned by the partner which makes the woman accept and forgive her behavior again. Meanwhile, from the length of their relationship, the women interpret or view the phenomenon of dating violence as an act that is wrong. So they interpret the relationship as not to be fought for and feel that an abusive relationship can cause trauma. On the other hand, there are also other opinions that being involved in a violent relationship gives insight on how to deal with someone with unstable emotions, so that it can be used as a learning relationship in the future.

The Relationship of Knowledge, Family Support, and Health Information Accessibility with Breast Self-Examination Motivation

Breast cancer is a malignancy that attacks the female breast. Based on data from the East Java Health Office for 2020, Sumenep Regency is the area with the most breast cancer and ranks 12th in East Java. One of the breast cancer screening efforts that can be done is the breast self-examination technique (BSE . This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge, family support and access to health information with the motivation to perform BSE in the Pagerungan Besar Islands, Sumenep Regency. This study uses a cross sectional design. The sampling technique used was consecutive sampling with a sample of 77 women. The research instrument used a questionnaire on the level of knowledge of family support, access to health information and BSE motivation. The i test used was the Spearman Correlation Test where a significant relationship was found between the level of knowledge and the motivation to perform BSE (p value=0.010; r=0.291), family support to the motivation to perform BSE (p value=0.00; r=) and relationship between access to health information and motivation to perform BSE (p value=0.005; r=). Increasing knowledge, family support and access to health information for women in the Pagerungan Besar Islands is very important to increase women's motivation to perform BSE as an effort to detect early breast cancer.

Women's Motivation for Joining the Maoist Movement in Nepal: A Study of Ex-PLA Participants in Janaki Rural Municipality, Kailali

This research aims to investigate the motivations of women for joining the Maoist movement and strives to challenge outdated beliefs about women's issues. It delves into their socio-cultural, economic, and educational backgrounds, as well as their pursuit of gender equality, leadership, and self-worth while working alongside men on equal terms. The study focuses on 15 Ex-PLA women in Janaki Rural Municipality, employing a purposive sampling method and an anthropological approach involving interviews and observations. The research unravels the challenges in analyzing female participants' experiences and opinions, considering the sensitivity and confidentiality of the subject matter and the cautious approach to human rights and privacy. The discussion reveals the deeply entrenched patriarchal system in Nepal, which has historically relegated women to a subordinate position and deprived them of power and knowledge creation. Despite legislative measures granting women citizenship and some representation, informal barriers and societal attitudes continue to impede their progress. The study highlights various factors motivating women to join the Maoist movement in Janaki Rural Municipality, including the historical patriarchal nature of Nepal, limited property rights for women, extended male absences, the dual burden of coordinating with both Maoist and security forces, and the impact of the Kilosera-2 operation's brutality and upheaval. Ultimately, this research sheds light on the transformative potential of women when given opportunities and challenges the prevailing societal norms, offering insights into the factors driving their participation in the Maoist movement and advocating for their rights and recognition on equal footing with men.

Fostering Change: Black Women's Motivations for Participating in Intimate Partner Violence Research

This qualitative study was informed by critical race feminism and sought to examine Canadian Black women's motivations for participating in the research study that explored their experiences with the police in the context of intimate partner violence (IPV), and the key factors that complicated their decisions. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 25 self-identified women over the age of 18. Findings indicated that Black women's experiences of anti-Black racism and various forms of systemic barriers influenced their decisions to disclose their experiences of IPV. Key themes included the invisibility of Black women's narratives, fostering political change, and the impact of racialized and gendered insider positionality. Given these findings, positioning Black women's narratives at the centre of IPV research creates opportunities for Black women to share their experiences of IPV, recognizes them as experts of their own experiences, identifies their differential experiences accessing services and supports and the barriers that impact their participation in research studies. The study provides strategies on how to increase Black women's participation and engagement in IPV research.

직장 여성의 메이크업 컬러선택동기와 대인관계성향에서 외모만족도의 매개효과

The purpose of this study was to analyze the mediating effect of appearance satisfaction on the relationship between makeup color selection motivation and interpersonal relations among working women. The participants in this study were 444 working women in Seoul and Gyeonggi. There were four hypotheses in this study. To verify the hypotheses of this study, descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation model analysis were conducted. The conclusions drawn through the research procedures are as follows. First, working women's motivation for color selection had a statistically significant positive (+) effect on interpersonal tendencies. Second, working women's color selection motivation had a statistically significant positive (+) effect on appearance satisfaction. Third, the appearance satisfaction of working women had a statistically significant positive (+) effect on interpersonal relationships. Fourth, in the relationship between color selection motivation and the interpersonal disposition of office workers, appearance satisfaction showed a partial mediating effect. Therefore, all four hypotheses were accepted.