Gender Women Research Articles

IMPURITY AND MARRIAGES: A READER RESPONSE STUDY OF AN AMERICAN MARRIAGE

Every society's basic concerns revolve around marriage, which call for both mental and physical coordination to ensure a long-lasting chain of relationships. Responsible actions and a good outlook enable people to participate in society and make marriage effective in many ways. Couples' deliberate behavior and pervasive social phenomena are to blame for the disruption in marital matters. An American Marriage (2018) by Tayari Jones is the subject of the current study, which explores marital problems. Reader-Response Theory (RRT) by Rosenblatt (1978) and Fish (2000) is used for the textual analysis of the novel to determine the marital concerns highlighted in the narrative. RRT bases its interpretation of the texts on the reader's experiences, goals, attitude, and preexisting theologies. RRT expands the text's essential elements by manipulating new meanings that are not contained in the text. The study's main goals are to identify the social vices, behaviors, and ambitions of the characters that fall victim to problems and have an impact on the marriage features depicted in the book. The methodology used to manipulate the objectives is qualitative and descriptive in nature. The study's findings indicate that while male members of marriages frequently leave responsible and constructive behavior in favour of sexual lust and freedom of action, this leads to the breakdown of marriages. The findings also demonstrate that women have stronger intentions than men to preserve the marital union since women's gender demands "protection and loyalty," which are typically not met by male members, leading to the breakdown of the union. Keywords: Freedom, Marriage, Pleasure, Responsibilities.

Women’s Everyday Lives in War and Peace in the South Caucasus, edited by Ulrike Ziemer. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. X, 281 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25517-6_8

This edited volume provides a comparative analysis of the everyday problems of women in the South Caucasus. The authors of this collection pay special attention to the geopolitical analysis in the region in the context of social changes and civilizational challenges of women. The authors discuss the everyday problems of women during periods of transformation of political systems, regimes and conflicts, thereby explaining the various dimensions of these transits of power and institutions of public authority.
 The role of women in the South Caucasus is steadily growing even in conditions of instability, neither war nor peace. Women are actively employed in almost all spheres of life: in the economy, politics, culture, public life. However, in the South Caucasus, although the idea of protecting women's rights and gender equality has been enshrined at the constitutional level, the problem of how the actual status of women in society complies with constitutional provisions still persists.
 The democratization of the life of the South Caucasian society, the expansion of the information space and the variety of types of communications led to the involvement of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia in global processes, in particular, in the implementation of the modernist project to protect the rights and freedoms of women.

Woman, Gender and Story in a Digitalized World: A Content Analysis for Digital Storytelling

Understanding social reality is an important requirement in social sciences research. Women's studies is a social sciences research area that seeks to understand social facts with a view to reveal the reasons and solutions of all issues that cause discrimination against women, especially gender inequality. Through its technology-supported narrative inquiry approach, digital storytelling can be a means to reveal meaning, especially in community-based research. In this context, this study aims to conduct an in-depth study of digital storytelling in researches that have been conducted in the context of Women's Studies and gender. In line with the purpose of the research, a systematic literature analysis was carried out for research using digital narrative in that context. Content analysis was applied to 42 articles that can be accessed for research purposes in the databases of Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, Science Direct and Ebscohost, without time limitation. According to the findings of the research; It has been determined that digital storytelling is used at a very limited level and mostly as a data analysis method in studies conducted in the context of Women's Studies and gender. However, it has been concluded that digital narrative is used in studies focusing especially on women who are exposed to multiple discrimination. In addition to this, it has been revealed that digital storytelling can contribute positively to the well-being and socialization of the participants as well as the development of self-efficacy of the participants in creating social awareness about women's issues. Based on the results of the research, digital storytelling in women's studies and gender studies were discussed from various angles and various suggestions were given regarding the contributions it can offer.

The Modernity Gaze of Chinese Female Media Image from the Perspective of Consumerism

With the growing development of the market economy and the widespread popularization of feminist cultural trends, the consumption pattern of “her economy” has set off a huge social upsurge in China. The media platform and consumption culture have gradually evolved into an important way for mainstream society to differentiate, symbolize and regulate gender roles. Based on the images displayed by female consumers on the domestic mass media platform, this paper discusses the changes in modern women's gender roles and the new dilemma of gender consciousness from the perspective of consumerism. First of all, this paper expounds the relationship between consumerism and gender culture from two aspects based on a large amount of literature: the symbol construction of “others” and the modernity gaze that is not divorced from male power, and uses the text analysis method to interpret the cultural characteristics of consumerism implied in female media images, reveals the deconstruction of the former gender gaze by the modern female image and the identity construction that has not completed the new modernity enlightenment; Secondly, taking the threshold space as the core concept, it shows how women struggle between the old and new gender norms from the perspectives of the possibility and constraint of female temperament and the autonomy and discipline of female body; Finally, it comes to the conclusion that in order to create a female media image that is really conducive to the construction of social gender, it is necessary to carry out reflective construction in women's own way based on women's own experience and understanding outside the male gaze perspective.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of women's employment in the labor market of Kazakhstan

In this article, we raise the problem of female employment and gender inequality in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The paper describes and analyzes the main indicators of the labor market and defines the characteristics and characteristics of women's employment in the country. This issue does not lose its relevance due to its topicality and unresolved. The state is making attempts to resolve issues, but their effectiveness and evaluation show that its implementation in the regions raises many questions and misunderstandings. Employment of the female population, including rural women, will reduce the level of social tension and resolve issues of a socio-economic nature. Employment of Kazakhstani women should become one of the priorities of domestic policy. Increasing cases of domestic violence and suicide are indirect evidence of unresolved women's problems. It should be remembered that the state policy in the field of ensuring the employment of women should correlate with the socio-economic and other features of the development of the regions. Even if the share of women in total employment is almost equal to that of men, today it cannot be said that women have equal opportunities. The material for this work was the work of Kazakh and foreign scientists, scientific opinions and concepts on the role and significance of women's employment and gender inequality in the Republic of Kazakhstan. This work can be useful in adjusting the state policy in the field of employment of the female population. The article summarizes and analyzes the results of a study on women's employment in the labor market and the evaluation of its effectiveness. The analysis carried out became the basis for a more detailed study of this problem in the post-quarantine period.  Key words: gender policy, gender inequality, unemployment, employment, employment of women.

Legal Assistance by Advocates in Gender Mainstreaming: A Reflection

Gender mainstreaming has become one of the legal politics in Indonesia, this is in line with the nature contained in Law Number 17 of 2007 concerning National Long-Term Development of 2005-2025. Therefore, gender mainstreaming needs special attention in some of its supporting elements. One of the supporting elements is legal aid, as a form of preventive and repressive efforts in realizing gender equality in responding to discrimination that is often experienced by women in Indonesia. one of the supporters of these preventive and repressive efforts is legal aid which can normatively be carried out by advocates in Indonesia. This should be a common thread in the protection of women's rights and gender mainstreaming in Indonesia which is carried out through legal aid in Indonesia. When scrutinized again in the regulation regarding the concept of legal aid as stated in Law Number 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates and Law Number 16 of 2011 concerning Legal Aid, legal aid can only be given to “poor or incapable people”. Meanwhile, women are one of the people who are often in a cornered/unfavorable/marginalized position in physical, opportunity and social status. So that it becomes an urgent condition to expand the interpretation of “poor or incapable people” so that legal aid that is the obligation of advocates or legal aid providers can also include assistance to women in an effort to realize gender mainstreaming in Indonesia.

Social media exposure, interpersonal network, and tampon use intention: A multigroup comparison based on network structure.

The scarcity of tampons in China has attracted scholarly attention. Extending the theory of planned behavior with social network structure, this cross-sectional online survey (N = 763) found that exposure to tampon-related information on social media was positively related to Chinese women's tampon use intentions. This association was mediated through attitudes, descriptive norms, and self-efficacy toward using tampons. Furthermore, the effects of social media exposure differed among people with different network structures. Our findings shed light on the promotion of nonconventional feminine hygiene products, which, in turn, may enhance Chinese women's well-being and gender equity across the globe.

Peran gender diversity dewan perusahaan dalam menentukan kebijakan dividen di Indonesia

Dividend policy becomes very important especially with the presence of gender diversity on the company's board. This study aims to empirically examine the role of women's gender on the board of commissioners and the board of directors in determining dividend policy. The research sample uses companies that pay cash dividends listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2015-2019 period. Data analysis using SEM-PLS method with WarpPLS 8.0 application. The results showed that the gender diversity of the board of commissioners had a negative effect on dividend policy. The results of the analysis show that the negative effect of the gender diversity of the board of commissioners on dividend policy is non-linear which has a U-curve pattern. Meanwhile, the gender diversity of the board of directors has a positive effect on dividend policy. In general, the research results are in line with the agency theory which uses an increase in dividend payments to reduce the occurrence of agency problems.

الغزل العذري: أدب نسوي في العصر الأمويPLATONIC LOVE POETRY: FEMINIST LITERATURE IN THE UMAYYAD ERA

Readers of Platonic Love pieces, that were popular in the Umayyad era and spread in Arab society until almost a century after its demise, observe its uniqueness in terms of presenting the personalities of poets in a distinguished way as to men in that time in respect of cultural features. The stories also include extraordinary events that drive them away from the real framework, which critics used to believe, and puts them in an artistic framework that seeks to present a possible reality that is not achieved in actuality. Perhaps this is due to the reasons; one of the most important being the need of the Arab society to receive this kind of narration. This need goes back to the Free Arab woman who belongs to the middle class in society. This class, made up of the majority of the population of Hijaz cities in the Umayyad era and Iraqi cities such as Basra, Kufa and Baghdad at the beginning of the Abbasid era, formed the time of prevalence of this art. As to the delivery of this artistic message, it was done by narrators who have taken for themselves specific places such as bars, or people gathered in the evening near their homes, to present the stories of poets and their poems that were sung or chanted. The narrators have formulated or developed this news, they also added events in poems in order to meet the needs of women for this kind of art at that time, where women's gender identity contributed greatly, and indirectly to the formulation and dissemination of Platonic Love stories, regardless of its existence on a real basis or not. Interest in this art declined only with the change of material and cultural ways of life in the Abbasid society, cross-pollination of Arabs with non-Arabs, and the free exit of women from their social shell through methods invented by themselves; some being under the titles of maliciousness, deception, provocation and others. So other stories began to invade the Abbasid Arab society, such as the stories of One Thousand and One Nights, which replaced love stories in both of its genres. Other tales that are not closely related to women continued to be the news of heroes and their stories, such as the biography of Antara bin Shaddad, Al-Zeer Salem and other news of heroism and wars that served to emphasize masculinity and its authority in society at that time.

Subcultural Identification, Penetration Practices, Masculinity, and Gender Labels within a Nationally Representative Sample of Three Cohorts of American Black, White, and Latina/o LGBQ People.

Most quantitative research about lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) people's sexual subcultures and sexual practices has used non-probability samples due to data limitations. This paper used the Generations study, a national probability sample of LGBQ Americans in three age cohorts, 18-25 (n = 510), 34-41 (n = 294), and 52-59 (n = 425), who also identified as Black, white, or Latina/o. This paper analyzed men (n = 590) and women (n = 639) to answer the following sets of research questions: (1) What is the prevalence of subcultural identification as bear, leather/kink, twink, and jock among men, and how does it differ by cohort, race/ethnicity, and sexual identity? (2) What is the prevalence of men who describe themselves as a top, versatile top, versatile, versatile bottom, and bottom? What is the relationship between penetration practices and masculinity? (3) What is the prevalence of gender labels among women as femme, androgynous, and butch? How does the prevalence differ by cohort, race/ethnicity, and sexual identity? (4) What is the relationship between women's gender labels and masculinity? Penetration practices were fairly evenly distributed among men, and there were few differences in masculinity based on penetration practices after controlling for demographics and subcultural identification. Most women did not use gender labels, but butch identities were more common among lesbians and femme labels were more common among Black women and Latinas.

The Impact of the Woman in two Selected Novels of Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre and Kate Chopin's The Awakening

The study deals with the impact of women writers who used feminist studies as a medium for advocating improvements and support for women's unequal roles in society. The study concerns two female writers, they are Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre and Kate Chopin's The Awakening. They show that women conquered barriers to achieve control and independence before getting married. In Kate Chopin's The Awakening, the protagonist has changed her attitude toward the mother's role as well as the wife in a traditional Victorian marriage. She refuses the assigned positions. By closer analysis of the general perception of women writers and the popular concepts used by Chopin and Bronte to demonstrate the narrowness of patriarchal culture and its absence, the novels raise awareness about women's exploitation and help to create a road to women's long overdue emancipation and gender equality, concerning their fundamental human rights to freedom during this time. The study sheds light on similarities between the two novels, which portray Victorian society.

Women's work and wages in the sixteenth century and Sweden's position in the ‘little divergence’

AbstractWe use a unique source from the Swedish royal demesnes to examine the work and relative wages of women in sixteenth‐century Sweden, an economic laggard in the early modern period. The source pertains to workers hired on yearly contracts, a type more representative of historical labour markets than day labour on large construction sites, and this allows us to observe directly the food consumed by workers. We speak to the debate on the ‘little divergence’ within Europe, as women's work and gender differentials in pay is a key indicator of women's relative autonomy and seen as a cause for the economic ascendency of the North Sea region during the period. We find small gender differentials among both unskilled and skilled workers, indicating that Sweden was a part of the ‘golden age’ for women. We argue that despite superficial equality, women's economic outlooks were restrained in many other ways – including their access to higher‐skilled work and jobs in the expanding parts of the economy – adding important nuance to the discussion about the relationship between women's social position and economic growth in the early modern period.

Peran Pembentukan Komite Sosial Kesetaraan Gender Perempuan dalam Isu Stereotip

The issue of gender inequality in the work environment such as gender stereotypes often occurs, one of which is at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IV Bah Butong Tea Business Unit, where the workers were completely unaware of this action. This gender inequality arises because companies operating in industries or factories where the dominant workforce is male, thus causing gender inequality to be avoided. Employees must be able to balance position and power like male employees in every part of the job. In this study, the researcher uses a qualitative approach where Sugiyono (2016: 9) argues that qualitative research methods are used to examine proportional objects and the role of researchers as the main instrument in the research conducted. Gender inequality in the world of work does not see the position in the agency. Gender inequality cannot be overcome only by relying on position, work competence, or physical strength. The women's gender equality social committee was formed in order to provide impetus for change and address these issues. The company provides broad opportunities and fairness for women to develop their careers. Through the women's gender equality social committee forum, efforts for gender equality in the work environment continue to maximize and provide full support for the careers of female employees.

The Gendering of Women in the Discourse of Politics: A Case of Political Talk Shows in Pakistan

The Gendering of Women in the Discourse of Politics: A Case of Political Talk Shows in Pakistan

The Role of Women in Supporting the Economic Condition of the Poor: An Analysis of Gender Issues on Farming Families

Basically everyone agrees that women and men are different. Women and men in the household are generally subject to the division of labor. This division of labor led to the development of limited social roles for both sexes and the creation of power differences in some respects that were more favorable to men. This role is seen in poor families in Padang Bolak Tenggara District. Thus, research was carried out to find out more about the role of women in supporting the economy of poor households in farming families in the District of Padang Bolak Tenggara, the profile of women (farmer's wives) who worked, the time spent required by farmers' wives, and what gender issues arose due to the involvement of the farmer's wife in supporting the family's economy. This paper is a gender perspective. The essence of gender perspective research is a study that clearly seeks to express women's experiences and gender relations according to a central issue that needs attention. Data collection methods using observation and interviews. In conducting data processing and analysis, researchers use Harvard analysis techniques. This technique is often referred to as Gender Framework Analysis (GFA), which is an analysis used to look at the gender profile of a social group and the role of gender in development. Based on observations in the District of Padang Bolak Tenggara of the farming family, it is known that the farmer's wife is very involved in helping the family economy. The profile of women (farmers' wives) in the District of Padang Bolak Tenggara can be seen from the average age of 40-50 years, 65% have a junior high school education background, only 3 people who have makeup/salon and sewing skills, besides farming. The intensity of time spent by women (farmer's wives) working outside is quite high at around 8-10 hours per day. This still does not include homework, i.e. doing homework and caring for children. This makes the workload and working time span of farmer's wives much longer than men. Thus, the gender issue that arises is injustice in the division of labor.

Covid-19 Krizi Sürecinin Kadınların Kayıt Dışı İstihdamına Etkileri

Covid-19 krizi sürecinde kayıt dışı çalışan kadınlar gelir ve istihdam kayıplarından en olumsuz etkilenen grup olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, ilgili literatür ışığında Covid-19 krizi sürecinin kadınların kayıt dışı istihdamdaki etkileri toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı boyutları çerçevesinde tartışılmaktadır. Araştırmanın temel bulgularına göre, kadınlar istihdama katıldıkları kayıt dışı çalışma biçimlerinin (ev işçiliği, sanayiye yönelik ev eksenli işler gibi) hem ataerkillik, toplumsal cinsiyetten beslenen özelliklerinden kaynaklı kırılganlığı hem de bu işlerin yüksek düzeyde karantina önlemlerine duyarlı olması nedeniyle büyük istihdam ve gelir kayıpları yaşamışlardır. Salgın önlemlerinin hafifletildiği süreçte ise ortaya çıkan eğilimler Covid-19 krizinin kadınlar için iş gücü piyasasında adeta bir kayıt dışına katılım döngüsü-çıkmazı yaratma potansiyeline işaret etmektedir. Bu ise kayıt dışı istihdama katılımın kadın için daha da artacağı anlamına gelmektedir. Covid-19 kriz süreci kadınların kayıt dışı işlerdeki kötü çalışma koşullu işleri ve toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğini kalıcılaştırmaktadır. Kayıt dışı istihdama yönelik olarak, çalışanların istihdam biçimlerinin yasal düzeyde tanınması; çalışma biçimlerinin, sosyal güvence kapsamına alınması, ücret güvencesi gibi tüm çalışma koşullarının yasal çerçevede düzenlenmesi acil bir gerekliliktir. Kadınlar özelinde bu politika ve programlar, aynı zamanda kadınlara karşı toplumsal cinsiyetçi tutumları dönüştürme, ücretsiz bakım-ev işlerinin ve kadınların iş gücü piyasasında üretim etkinliklerini toplumsal yaşamda daha görünür ve değerli kılacak ilke ve uygulamalar çerçevesinde tasarlanmalıdır.

Ankara’da Ev İşçisi Kadınların Toplu Taşıma Deneyimleri: Zorluklar ve Stratejiler

Beyond the activity of carrying passengers from one point to another, transportation is an area, cut by social categories such as gender, class, age and disability, shaped by government policies and dominated by social codes. This study concentrates on the public transportation experiences of domestic workers, emphasizing that it is inevitable to approach transportation from a gender lens. Basically, this research focuses on the meanings attributed to public transport by women domestic workers, the challenges faced by the women in public transport as being women, and the strategies of coping with these challenges. The empirical basis of the research is semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted with 10 women domestic workers in Ankara in 2020. The study considers the public transport journey as a set of social relations that are not independent from the relations women establish with the vehicle itself, the driver, and other passengers, and approaches it as a process from the moment the passengers leave the home to the moment they arrive at their destination. In this study, it is argued that women's gender relations outside the home transformed their public transportation experience into a necessity rather than a choice and that the difficulties the women experience in public transportation get a multidimensional form by the articulation of problems based on gender inequalities with the class-based challenges.

Introduction: Classical Philology, Otherhow

Introduction:Classical Philology, Otherhow Emily Greenwood Philology is restless. It travels in the wake of the languages that are its subject, object, and medium, it travels as history moves, and it travels with theory.1 Sometimes, as Victor Klemperer put it, it goes into exile.2 Our branch of philology, classical philology, also shifts as part of the larger "diasporic and dynamic condition of classics."3 This two-part special issue is a field report from some of the less documented travels of classical philology in the United States. In a journal founded by Basil Gildersleeve, the itinerary covered here might seem wayward, if only because of the monocultural horizons that Gildersleeve set for American classical philology.4 The version of classical philology explored in this project aims [End Page 187] to be omni-American in its horizons.5 The works included in this volume represent trends in the study of Classics typically associated with classical reception studies and cultural studies, presented here as part of, not apart from, classical philology. The context for this special issue is the expansion of the journal's purview, set out by its editor in March 2019, in recognition of the historical situatedness of classical philology in North America and the veil of ignorance that descends in pretending otherwise.6 Following this reimagining of the scope of AJP, in the past two years the journal has featured a series of guest editorials whose authors have encouraged the wider disciplinary community to think more self-critically and ambitiously about what an expanded field of classical philology might look like.7 This special issue takes up this theme, exploring what it might mean to do classical philology "otherhow," to use Rachel Blau DuPlessis' adverb. DuPlessis coined this word, initially the title of a poetic essay, as a way of disrupting the norms of representing women's gender in poetry, remarking, "Many poems look too much alike. They sometimes act and sound alike. They repeat. They repeat the relations and they repeat the exclusions. They repeat the satisfactions."8 In using the term "otherhow" I want both to invoke DuPlessis' critique of unreflective traditions, and to use this unsettled word to reflect on philology's other. Too often the discussions about diversifying classical philology paradoxically retrace its boundaries, by approaching philology otherhow as an exercise in disciplinary inclusion, in which a field relaxes its border controls to let in scholars from under-represented backgrounds with overlapping interests in different interpretative traditions.9 We could [End Page 188] call this diversity as ethnographic fallacy. Instead, following Nathaniel Mackey, we ought rather to attend to our role in constructing the cultural identity of classical philology and in othering cultural approaches and work that we do not recognize as part of this tradition. As Mackey wrote in the seminal article "Other: From Noun to Verb," "We need instead to highlight the dynamics of agency and attribution by way of which otherness is brought about and maintained, the fact that other is something people do, more importantly a verb than an adjective or a noun."10 Recent metacritical and pataphilological discussions have rightly foregrounded these questions of agency and responsibility in the orientation of classical philology and there have been excellent studies of the rhetorical structures and habitus of classical philologists in classical reception studies.11 In turn, this work echoes a metacritical turn in comparative philologies, most notably Sheldon Pollock's articulation of Philology as "the critical self-reflection of language" and "as the language of the book of human being."12 But, as Gayatri Spivak has asked of the field of Comparative Literature, "Who slips into the place of the 'human' of 'humanism' at the end of the day?" (2003). Why do some cultural references fly in classical philology and others sink or offend, what cultural norms prescribe what is or not germane to classical philology and classical scholarship tout court and how do these cultural norms relate to the somatic norms of the discipline? Dan-el Padilla Peralta spelled out all this and more in his trenchant blogpost in January 2019.13 In classical philology we are simultaneously in at the ground floor of western humanism and...

A Situational Analysis of Women’s Leadership in South African Politics

Abstract Women are under-represented in South African’s political decision-making structures and processes. The literature review explores various factors responsible for suppressing women’s participation in the political context, such as social (stereotypical mindset) and economical (financial dependence), which are deemed the most dominant ones. However, the lack of political will is a factor that cannot be ignored. This shows in election manifestos of various political parties where the gender mainstreaming aspect is missing. Drawing from the empowerment approach of the feminist theory, the findings revealed that women's participation in local government politics is still to be achieved due to limited opportunities for women, and negative attitudes toward politics, including the politics of patronage. The conclusions derived from the desktop study indicated the need for gender diversity and inclusivity in government departments that include courts, executive and parliament. Allowing women to define their destiny in the political sphere helps ensure women's representation and gender equality. Recommendations are offered to the government of South Africa to raise awareness of gender equality and empowerment, which is crucial for creating women's participation in local government politics and vital for attaining inclusive communities.

Analysis of Female Body Writing Criticism in the 1990s

Chenran and Linbai’s describing of female body and the life experience is exquisite and bold, not only highlights the women's gender awareness, with a strong color of female subject, and becomes the important basis of women's discourse. Their body writing triggered heat debate, related criticism has become a hot issue in the 1990s.