Women Entrepreneurial Intentions Research Articles

The Impact of Empowerment on Women Entrepreneurial Intention in Lebanon: The Mediating Effect of Work–Life Balance

The article explores the relationships between different forms of empowerment—psychological, social, political and economic and their influence on work–life balance and women’s start-up intentions in Lebanon. The study also investigates the mediating role of work–life balance in these relationships. Utilizing a sample of 380 Lebanese women, the study employs factor analysis, reliability analysis, regression models and mediation analysis to examine the direct and indirect effects of different empowerment variables on work–life balance and start-up intentions. The study reveals statistically significant correlations between various types of empowerment and work–life balance. Work–life balance acts as a mediator between the empowerment variables and entrepreneurial intentions. The partial mediation suggests that while work–life balance plays a significant role, other factors may contribute to women’s start-up intentions. The study is limited by its sample size and reliance on self-reported data. It is context-specific to Lebanon, and the results may not be generalizable to other cultural contexts. Despite these limitations, the findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners and scholars interested in women’s empowerment and entrepreneurship. The study offers essential guidance for developing programmes and policies to empower Lebanese women to launch their businesses. By understanding the role of work–life balance, interventions can be more effectively tailored to improve entrepreneurial well-being and entrepreneurial activity.

Conceptual Framework of B40 Women’s Entrepreneurial Intention in Malaysia using Theory of Planned Behavior

Despite Malaysia's rapid economic growth, a substantial income gap persists, and women-owned businesses remain a minority. The study employs the Theory of Planned Behavior to create a conceptual framework for understanding the factors that influence B40 women's entrepreneurial intentions. It examines the effect of attitude towards entrepreneurship, family support, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy as crucial drivers of women's decisions to engage in entrepreneurship. The research methodology will involve using questionnaires that will be distributed to a diverse sample of B40 women in Malaysia. The implications of the study include contributing to Malaysia's National Entrepreneurship Policy, enhancing support for women entrepreneurs, and motivating more women, particularly those with unstable incomes, to pursue entrepreneurship, thereby fostering greater gender equality and economic development.

Espoused model of women entrepreneurship: antecedents to women entrepreneurial intention and moderating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop and propose an espoused model of women's entrepreneurship (EMWE) and test its predictive power on women's entrepreneurial intentions. Also, the authors examine the moderating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, given its dynamic nature that can be influenced by training. Design/methodology/approach Data was collected from 303 female students from undergraduate/postgraduate programs in reputed Indian higher education institutions using a self-administered questionnaire. Findings The study confirmed that all four factors – perceived entrepreneurial potential, perceived relational support, perceived educational support and perceived structural support – were positively related to the women’s entrepreneurial intentions. Simultaneously, results confirmed the moderating effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Research limitations/implications The study presents that more women may be inclined towards adopting entrepreneurship as their career based on their potential and self-efficacy if adequate educational, relational and structural support was provided. Originality/value Existing studies in entrepreneurship have focused primarily on men. This work fills this gap and not only proposes but empirically examines the EMWE in the Indian context. It also provides evidence of a significant impact of perceived entrepreneurial potential and perceived relational support on women’s entrepreneurial intentions and posits the role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy as an important moderator, unlike past studies.

ENTREPRENEURIAL SELF-EFFICACY DRIVES AND AMPLIFIES PERCEIVED OPPORTUNITY TOWARDS THE ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION OF ULOS WEAVERS GENERATION

The basic problem of family business succession planning is whether the generation intends to continue the family business, so this study aims to examine the intention of generations to continue their family's ulos weaving business based on the planned behavior theory (Ajzen, 1991). The Purposive Random Sampling method was selected and obtained as many as 131 generations of ulos weavers aged at least 15 years in North Tapanuli Regency who were collected using the snowball technique. Data analysis used the Structural Equation Model with the Lisrel program. The findings of this study indicate that entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) plays a role in encouraging perceived opportunity (PO) towards entrepreneurial intention (EI). However, the role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy (interaction with PO to become ESEXPO) cannot strengthen PO towards EI. Gender effect testing found that women's EI was higher than men's because it was related to weaving skills. The weakness of this study is the cross-sectional time dimension so the implications for future research are the longitudinal time dimension, especially for testing moderation as well as in different contexts for testing the role of moderation or results that are inconsistent with a combination of theories so as to find novelty. In addition, other predictors and controls need to be added to enrich research in the field of family entrepreneurship. The implication for family business actors is to have a succession plan long before being 'forced' or as early as possible so that entrepreneurial self-efficacy and perceived opportunity arise, as well as other factors (internal and external) that are needed by the next generation of family businesses.

Mapping the landscape of female entrepreneurship in Africa: trends, networks and hot topic through text mining techniques

PurposeThe study examines the characteristics and development trends of female entrepreneurship publications, cooperation networks between countries, journals and individuals, intellectual structure of female entrepreneurship studies in Africa and hot research topics. Future comparative studies in different contexts and interdisciplinary collaboration can enrich the understanding about female entrepreneurship research.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used text mining to analyze 130 peer-reviewed articles published from 1975 to 2022 for keywords and classify them into eight main classes: (1) Paradoxical space and informality, (2) work–family conflict, (3) women's entrepreneurial identity and networking, (4) rural women's entrepreneurial activities in the agricultural sector, (5) religious belief and women's entrepreneurial practice, (6) financial trap and environmental challenges, (7) women's entrepreneurial intentions and capacity building and (8) women in cultural entrepreneurship.FindingsFemale entrepreneurship publications develop significantly. Since 1975, African female entrepreneurship study has grown. Results show 130 publications from 1975 to 2023, with two papers published yearly in 2006–2011 and 23 in 2023, indicating growing interest. Paradoxical space and informality, work–family conflict, women's entrepreneurial identity and networking, religious belief and practice, financial trap and environmental challenges and entrepreneurial intentions and capacity building were hot topics identified by topic modeling analysis.Practical implicationsFemale entrepreneurs have looser intellectual networks. Nation, organization and researcher communication is inadequate. Collaborating researchers from different universities and countries may develop the field.Originality/valueThis study is more data-driven and less biased than earlier reviews because it is based on thousands of citation data rather than a small number of papers pre-selected by the researchers. Displaying the field's structure and evolution enhances previous reviews.

Examining the factors linking the intention of female entrepreneurial mindset: A study in Pakistan's small and medium-sized enterprises

BackgroundIn contemporary times, women have gained recognition as accomplished entrepreneurs who make substantial contributions to economic development by virtue of their perseverance, excellence, and expertise. The concept of women's entrepreneurship encompasses the undertaking of creating novel enterprises, with the individual's intention to assume the role of an entrepreneur serving as a pivotal factor in this developmental trajectory. The underperformance of female entrepreneurs is alarming for developing nations. Purposefully, exploring the factors correlating female entrepreneurship intention is highly regarded, and a timely research is needed, thus this study explores the context of Pakistan considered a developing country. Hence, we collected data from listed small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in the country by means of structured questionnaires. Using SPSS and Smart-PLS software, we developed a conceptual model and performed analysis. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) constitutes a robust psychological framework applicable to understanding and anticipating various human behaviors, first and foremost, entrepreneurial intention. When applying the TPB to the area of women's entrepreneurial intentions, several crucial factors come into play, including motivation, self-confidence, personality traits, and adaptability. The results indicate that factors such as the will to start a business, willingness, personality traits, adaptability, and background factors, including education and experience, impact entrepreneurial intention. Also, their professional careers make them able to launch a business. Based on our findings, we recommend that the Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority (SMEDA), policymakers, and practitioners may provide various incentives and support systems related to these factors to encourage their own company launches. Prior research has examined various factors that impact the entrepreneurial mindsets of women. However, our study focuses specifically on closely associated aspects that have received limited attention, particularly in the context of Pakistan. This study makes a valuable contribution to the extant body of literature by providing empirical evidence in the aforementioned domains.

기업가정신 교육이 창업의도에 미치는 영향

By using data from the Korea Entrepreneurship Foundation's 2022 Entrepreneurship Survey, this study examines the effect of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions by focusing on the gender differences. The results show that entrepreneurship education has a significant positive effect on entrepreneurial intention. When analyzing the moderating effect of gender, there is no significant difference between men and women in the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention. When analyzing only the female sample, entrepreneurship education has a significant positive effect on women's entrepreneurial intentions, and the moderating effects of network and entrepreneurial experience are significant in the relationship between entrepreneurship education and women's entrepreneurial intentions. In the case of men, the main effect of entrepreneurship education was significant, but the moderating effects of network and entrepreneurial experience were not significant. These results suggest that women's entrepreneurship education needs to be diversified. Implications for policy makers were discussed, and areas for future research outlined.

The effect of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial intention of different college students: Gender, household registration, school type, and poverty status.

Entrepreneurship education (EE) is a crucial link to promoting college students' entrepreneurship, which reduces unemployment, economic development, and poverty. Based on a sample of Chinese college students, this study uses a logistic model to investigate the effect of EE on entrepreneurial intention (EI). It focuses on evaluating the impact of EE on the EI of different groups of college students from the perspectives of gender, household registration, school type, and poverty status. Benchmark regression results show that EE has a significant positive impact on the EI of students. The heterogeneity analysis has the following findings. First, EE has a more significant impact on women's EI, which can reduce the entrepreneurial gap between women and men. Second, EE is more effective in improving the EI of urban students, which will further widen the gap between urban and rural students in entrepreneurship. Third, EE has increased the EI of students from private universities, which represent application-oriented universities. This shows that public universities, which represent research-oriented universities, need to increase the training of talent in practical applications to narrow the gap with private universities in entrepreneurship. Fourth, after receiving EE, the EI of nonpoor students improved more than that of poor students. Equal EE increases the gap between poor and nonpoor students, which can easily lead to an intergenerational cycle of poverty in entrepreneurship. This study provides empirical evidence from college students' entrepreneurship in relatively underdeveloped western China, which supports the development of EE and entrepreneurial activities.

Gender stereotype perception, perceived social support and self-efficacy in increasing women's entrepreneurial intentions

PurposeWomen play an essential role in entrepreneurship because they have been able to make social and economic contributions in many countries. However, women continue encountering numerous difficulties when engaging in entrepreneurial activities, particularly from a societal perspective. Therefore, it is necessary to study the underlying factors influencing women's entrepreneurial intentions that lead to their success in entrepreneurship. This study examines gender stereotype perceptions, perceived social support and self-efficacy in women's entrepreneurial intentions in Batik micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in West Java, Indonesia.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a quantitative method by randomly distributing questionnaires to women entrepreneurs in the MSME sector in the batik craft industry in the Trusmi area, West Java, Indonesia. The research questionnaire was completed by 150 female entrepreneurs, and a structural equation model-partial least squares (PLS) was employed to examine the hypotheses proposed in this study.FindingsThe findings of this study revealed that gender stereotype perception and perceived social support have a positive and significant effect on self-efficacy. Gender stereotype perceptions affect women's entrepreneurial intentions, both directly and mediated by self-efficacy. Meanwhile, perceived social support has a significant effect on women's entrepreneurial intention only when it is mediated by self-efficacy.Originality/valueThis study presents empirical evidence on how gender stereotype perception, perceived social support and self-efficacy affect women's entrepreneurial intentions and establishes a novel conceptual framework for women's entrepreneurship in emerging economies. This study provides academic and practical implications by identifying the entrepreneurial intentions of women who have carried out entrepreneurial activities. This study also provides direction for policymakers to encourage women's entrepreneurial intentions.

Factors affecting students’ entrepreneurial intentions and their differences based on gender, tribe, and parents’ occupation: a cross-sectional study

Background: This study examines the effect of entrepreneurial knowledge and self-efficacy in increasing entrepreneurial intentions and whether self-efficacy moderates entrepreneurial knowledge's effect on entrepreneurial intentions. Analysis of differences in entrepreneurial intentions based on gender, ethnicity, and parent's occupation. Methods: The data used in this study were collected from a survey conducted by distributing questionnaires electronically to students of the Economics education Study Program, Faculty of Economics, Medan State University semesters 3,5, and 7, totaling 307 and 260 willing to fill in. The analytical test used is the PLS-SEM test, as well as Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis (non-parametric test. This study examines the effect of entrepreneurial knowledge and self-efficacy in increasing entrepreneurial intentions and whether self-efficacy moderates entrepreneurial knowledge's effect on entrepreneurial intentions. Analysis of differences in entrepreneurial intentions based on gender, ethnicity, and parent's occupation. Results: Entrepreneurial knowledge and self-efficacy positively and significantly increased entrepreneurial intentions. Self-efficacy was not proven to act as a moderating variable, and there was no difference in entrepreneurial intentions between genders, tribes and parents’ occupations. Conclusions: This research implies that it is necessary to organize entrepreneurship education with an innovative active approach to increase women's entrepreneurial intentions and reduce gender inequiality in entrepreneurial activities. Further research is needed on the role of culture-based families in preparing their sons and daughters to become entrepreneurs.

Entrepreneurial intention of sports students in the higher education context - Can gender make a difference?

Entrepreneurship has been indicated as a fundamental approach to solve a number of social and economic problems. For that reason, it is important to understand the factors that influence the entrepreneurial intention, particularly at moments in life when people have to make decisions about their careers. This study aims to analyse the entrepreneurial intention of higher education students, particularly in the area of sport, and analyse whether this entrepreneurial intention is affected by gender. A quantitative study was carried out, by applying a questionnaire to 332 students on Sport degree courses provided by higher education institutions in Portugal. The results indicate that students have confidence and are positive regarding their entrepreneurial capacities and competences, they are greatly attracted by this career option and are willing to take on the risks associated with entrepreneurial activity. Analysing entrepreneurial intention according to gender, male students show greater interest in being entrepreneurs, and more confidence in their entrepreneurial skills and competences than females. Concerning the value society gives to the entrepreneurial career, this dimension is found to have a negative influence on women's entrepreneurial intention. This result is no surprise, as society does not yet look favourably on female entrepreneurs, the idea persisting that this is a career for men. Therefore, the study suggests reflecting on entrepreneurship education and the need to update curricula in the field of sport, aiming to contribute to higher rates of entrepreneurship, particularly among women.

Exploring the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Women in the Context of Digital Entrepreneurship Ecosystem

The presence of women entrepreneurs in the digital marketplace revolutionizes the way we construct our understanding of entrepreneurship way back. Perhaps, this argument could lead to a better impression that entrepreneurship was once a male-dominated profession. This study was designed to generate a causal model on entrepreneurial intention among women entrepreneurs in the context of entrepreneurship, opportunity, alertness, and motivation. A mixed methods design, particularly an explanatory sequential approach, was utilized, and a total of 423 women digital entrepreneurs in the Davao Region participated in this research. Structural equation modeling was utilized to test the hypothesized causal model. Findings indicated that entrepreneurial motivation significantly influences alertness, opportunity, and intention; alertness influences opportunity, but entrepreneurial alertness and entrepreneurial opportunity have no significant influence on entrepreneurial intention. Generally, the hypothesized regression model described 67% of the aggregate variance in entrepreneurial intentions, which was statistically significant. The quantitative results were validated by the informants in the qualitative phase. As to the generated model, the informants concurred with the focal role of entrepreneurial motivation in women's entrepreneurial intentions. The emerging themes: personal will, entrepreneurial screening and seizing, social media presence, and stakeholder support substantiated the results in the model. This leads to connecting-merging-confirmation as the natural integration. Keywords: Entrepreneurial Intention; Entrepreneurial alertness; Entrepreneurial Opportunity; Entrepreneurial Motivation; Gender Empowerment.

The Government Support on Women Entrepreneurial Intention Affected by Layoffs in Tourism Industry

This study discusses the model of local government support to generate entrepreneurial intentions for women who have been laid off due to the Covid-19 pandemic. There are four government support as the intervention variable tested, financial support, assistance in design and production, supply chain coordination, and marketing and sales support. While the research object context is the internal locus and external locus of control, acting as exogenous variables. The survey used a questionnaire designed using a 5-point Likert scale. Questionnaires were distributed to women affected by layoffs who live in Minahasa Utara Regency, Sulawesi Utara Province, Indonesia, a total of 75 questionnaires were answered completely. Data analysis using Smart PLS. The results of data analysis show that, without government support intervention, women with an internal locus of control are more interested in becoming entrepreneurs than those with an external locus of control. Government support has a significant impact in generating entrepreneurial interest in women with internal and external locus of control. Women with an external locus of control are more motivated to become entrepreneurs, especially if they receive financial support, while women with an internal locus of control are more motivated to become entrepreneurs if they are supported in supply chain development. Government support for coordinating supply chains adds to the literature on external factors that have an impact on entrepreneurial intentions. The managerial implication of the findings of this study is the importance of the government's role, especially in financial support for women with external locus of control and supply chain support for women with internal locus of control.

“Think entrepreneur – think male”: the effect of reduced gender stereotype threat on women's entrepreneurial intention and opportunity motivation

PurposeEntrepreneurship, which traditionally has been a male occupation, still attracts fewer women than men. Challenging gender stereotypes within entrepreneurship is one avenue to increase women's entrepreneurial intention and promote women entrepreneurship. This study adapts the “think manager – think male” leadership perspective to the entrepreneurship context and explores gender stereotype's implications for both entrepreneurial intention and motivation to become an entrepreneur.Design/methodology/approachA total of 902 Spanish non-entrepreneurs, both male and female, were randomly asked about the representation of successful entrepreneurs (no-gender-mention), successful men entrepreneurs or successful women entrepreneurs (reduced stereotype threat condition vs no-gender-mention or men entrepreneurs' conditions). Then, female participants' entrepreneurial intention, its antecedents (i.e. attitudes toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms and entrepreneurial self-efficacy) and necessity vs opportunity motivation were measured and compared to their male counterparts' scores in those three conditions.FindingsFemale participants reported higher entrepreneurial intention, self-efficacy and opportunity motivation when assigned to the successful women entrepreneurs' condition. Younger participants – compared to older ones – also exhibited higher entrepreneurial intention and opportunity motivation, more positive attitudes toward entrepreneurship and higher scores in subjective norms. Furthermore, findings suggest a woman entrepreneur seems to be less accessible (or more counter-stereotypical) to male participants than to female participants and, thus, the “think entrepreneur – think male” bias is more noticeable in male participants. Therefore, reducing negative stereotype threat for women in entrepreneurship may increase women's entrepreneurial career aspirations. This is of utmost importance to optimize training courses and mentoring programs to strengthen women's self-efficacy in their entrepreneurial skills and capabilities.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature about gender, entrepreneurial intention and motivation by adapting a leadership paradigm (“think manager – think male”) to entrepreneurship (“think entrepreneur – think male”). These findings shed new light on the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention and motivation and have implications for policy measures. Acknowledging that exposure to successful women entrepreneurs as role models potentially facilitates entrepreneurship among women, governments should provide tailor-made incentives and support for women entrepreneurs in the form of awareness raising, networking and in the mass media.

Entrepreneurial intention among women: A case study in the Portuguese academy

AbstractA growing interest in academic entrepreneurship has characterized the past few years. Young university students are increasingly encouraged to create their companies to boost their region's social and economic development. In this regard, women entrepreneurs have been playing a decisive role. They have been increasing in number, becoming of key importance due to their status and significance for the gender impact on entrepreneurship. This research evaluates women's entrepreneurial intention in the Portuguese academy, denoting which entrepreneurial intent is influenced by environmental factors such as closer valuation and social valuation and motivational factors such as attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. For this purpose, a quantitative methodology was used. A questionnaire was applied to 731 female students of higher education in Portugal. The analysis of the results allowed us to perceive which variables under study influenced the entrepreneurial intention. The findings will reinforce the literature, thus, contributing to strengthening the theoretical framework on entrepreneurial intentions in women and launching clues for action within public decision‐makers, universities, and civil society, allowing to adopt practices that will increase entrepreneurship in women. To our knowledge, this research is one of the few studies on female entrepreneurial intention in academia in a peripheral region of Europe such as Portugal.

The Factors Affecting the Entrepreneurial Intention of Women in Thai Nguyen Provice

This paper studies the factors affecting the entrepreneurial intention of women with survey data of women aged 18-40 years old in Thai Nguyen province. From survey data of 205 women in the area, the authors evaluated factors through techniques including: Cronbach's Alpha coefficient analysis, exploratory factor analysis EFA, regression analysis and hypothesis testing. Research results show that there are six factors affecting women's entrepreneurial intention, including: Attitudes towards money; Government support policy; Achievement needs; Perceived behavioral control; Entrepreneurship education; Attitudes towards entrepreneurship. The research results suggest some implications for women intending to start a business, local policy managers.

How to Empower Women Modelling the Factors Increasing Women's Entrepreneurial Intention

How to Empower Women Modelling the Factors Increasing Women's Entrepreneurial Intention

The Factors Affecting on Women's Entrepreneurial Intention: A study on Sudanese Entrepreneurial Women

The purpose of this study was to: (1) to describe the effect of Entrepreneurial Attitude (2) Risktaking propensity and creativity on entrepreneurial intention in Sudanese entrepreneurial women. the study been a doped the theory of planned behaviour to investigate the phenomena. the survey population was the data collection tool from the a non-probability sample size of Sudanese entrepreneurial women in Khartoum state with sample size 251entrepreneurial women. In this study, the data used are: (1) the primary data include: (1) secondary data in the form of literature studies, journals, literature relating to the cases, and internet. The technique of collecting data by questionnaire, testing instrument with validity and reliability, tested by constructing a structural model, SPSS; software AMOS, confirmatory factor analysis, and multiple regression. The result, entrepreneurial intention in Sudanese entrepreneurial women are being affected by one dimantion (Entrepreneurial Attitude).

The Moderating Role of Resource Accessibility to the TPB Components; A Study of E-entrepreneurship Intention among Saudi Women

E-entrepreneurship has received significant attention in the 21st century as entrepreneurial activities anchor on creativity and innovation. Seeking to change from a petroleum-based to a service-based economy, the government of Saudi Arabia considers entrepreneurship as a critical option. This study investigates the influence of the TPB components (attitude towards entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy) on the e-entrepreneurial intention of Saudi women. Five hundred thirty-four female undergraduate students from different universities in Saudi Arabia completed survey questionnaires to understand the moderating role of resource accessibility in influencing entrepreneurial intentions. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test the model. The study reveals that attitude towards entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial self-efficacy are significantly related to e-entrepreneurial intention, while the subjective norm was insignificant. The moderation role of resource accessibility (RA) positively impacted the relationship between the TPB components and e-entrepreneurial intention. The findings of this study develop a base for supporting women's entrepreneurial intention through resource accessibility. Keywords: Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Entrepreneurship, E-Entrepreneurial Intention, Resource Accessibility.

Should I Start My Own Venture? Moderating Effect of Pull Factors on the Relationship of Push Factors with Women Entrepreneurial Intentions

Abstract Extant literature of women entrepreneurial intention (EI) has not studied the interplay of push and pull factors well, creating a lacuna in literature. In this paper, we explored how barriers within their professional careers, i.e. push factors led to women EI, and how interpersonal motivators and contextual pull factors moderated that relationship. Adopting the push-pull framework and analyzing survey-based responses from 302 working women using structural-equation-modeling, we find that the need for recognition (NFR) and the glass ceiling (GC) effect have positive relationships, whereas family support (FS) has a negative relationship with EIs. Moreover, the NFR and FS moderate GC-EI relationship. Our study contributes towards the women entrepreneurship literature by focusing on the interplay of push and pull factors. The paper also provides important managerial and policy implications for organizations and policy makers.