Role Of Women In Society Research Articles

Gender Conflict and its Effect on Women before and after the World War II

Purpose: Women and men are completing each other, this is nature, and the conflict of women and men is historical, they both have the right in living, enjoying and producing, humans love power naturally and always seek for their rights. Both men and women are struggling to stand and make remarkable things to show their abilities to each other and to take a role in life.
 The purpose of this article is to discuss this historical conflict between the two genders and show the effect of this conflict on women before and after World War II by discussing the A Room of One’s Own by Virginia Woolf and The Homecoming by Harold Pinter. There are many faces of this conflict but this article will discuss two of them, the educational and the sexual ones as they are the main two faces of this gender conflict.
 Methodology: The problem that has no name is in fact the rights of women, the role of women in society, and the conflict between gender equality. Women were killed, raped, left without education, abused only because of their gender, from birth her parents teach her not to ask about her rights or think of herself but to obey her husband, father and brother, just like a salve, educated women present threaten to the patriarchal society for this reason they insisted not to educate women to keep the power in men’s hand. Although women conditions were very hard and they needed a long time but they also could make some change (Doolittle n.p)
 After the end of the Second World War there were emerging issues concerning the role of women in the society, whether they should be part of the small society inside their homes or start working and engage with the large society outside. Such significant issues of women's role in the society escalated conventional notions of male and female roles and responsibilities in the society. The identity of women started developing and emerging as a topic started taking its role in the society. The role-played by women themselves in constructing these identities and the insights gained into the ambivalence of the female role in the 1950s, lead her to urge a re-evaluation of 'consensus' politics and a redefinition of what we mean by work (Shaw).
 Findings: After a long struggle through decades asking about their rights women had a great role in the civil society in the 1950s. In the Second World War they found themselves in front of a big challenge, either they survive and defend their homes, country and families, or they lose them. Women start filling the missing part of men who went to war. They involved in different sectors, Industry, Agriculture, Army and others to stand up for the country. After the war ends women tried hard to keep their jobs but many of them were forced by men to leave their jobs and go back home that the society did not give the role of woman the value it deserves (History At a Glance: Women in World War II).
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study presented a highly negative image of the society and ignored the presence of virtue and ethics in both American and English societies, which resulted in an unrealistic and flawed depiction of both men, and women in that era. Therefore its recommended that more studies should be done to resolve the conflict of gender roles and dominance in the society.

The Legal Status of Women in Islam

The gender difference fueled throughout our history as a species a series of inequalities that were transposed into society in the form of a hierarchical system in which political, economic and religious power was under the auspices of male gender representatives, and social and family relationships were outlined around the concept of subjugation of women, the so-called „patriarchal society” in which roles in society were clearly defined, and deviations from archaic norms were sanctioned with public opprobrium. The role of women in society is a topic that has been intensely debated in the last century, especially in the West, where the cultural model of the obedient housewife has been supplanted by the feminist view that men and women are intellectually and spiritually equal. and are in equal positions in society, and the archaic roles are no longer admissible in a context where a unitary evolution of society is desired, an evolution that cannot be achieved by maintaining a discriminatory system, inconsistent with the fundamental principles of human rights. On the other hand, in certain areas of the East, archaic social and family models dominated by men are still preserved. The issue of women's rights in Islamic society is a current topic, the Islamic feminist movement catching echoes in most Muslim states, but also in the West, where equality activists have brought to the attention of international public opinion the situation of respect for women's rights.

Portret bohaterki lirycznego cyklu Дурнушка Siemiona Nadsona w świetle inspiracji literackich

The subject of research in this article is Semyon Nadson’s informal lyrical cycle Дурнушка. The research method is the classic analysis of poems. The aim of the work was to show the most important, in my opinion, sources of literary inspirations that influenced the formation of the image of the lyrical heroine of the cycle. Inspiration from the romantic tradition comes to the fore (including ideal female characters embodying physical and spiritual beauty, themes of loneliness, alienation, conflict with society, unrequited love). The great realistic Russian prose of the 19th century also left a clear mark, from which the writer drew themes of social injustice, beauty, suffering, the motif of an unhappy childhood, family, and the role of women in society. Nadson creatively used the types of literary heroes existing in Russian literature at that time, such as “Turgenev’s maidens”, “superfluous man” and representatives of the progressive youth of the 1860s. The socially engaged tradition of Nekrasov’s poetry was also close to him. Despite the variety of inspirations and literary influences affecting him, Nadson managed to retain the original element of his personality in his poetry, as well as the independence of poetic thought, which was expressed in questioning traditional aesthetic assumptions and attempts to interpret existing themes and motifs on his own.

Reagan’s Gun-Toting Nuns: The Catholic Conflict over Cold War Human Rights Policy in Central America by Theresa Keeley

Reviewed by: Reagan’s Gun-Toting Nuns: The Catholic Conflict over Cold War Human Rights Policy in Central America by Theresa Keeley Joseph P. Chinnici Reagan’s Gun-Toting Nuns: The Catholic Conflict over Cold War Human Rights Policy in Central America. By Theresa Keeley (Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 2020. Pp. xii, 352. $49.95. ISBN: 9781501750755.) Awarded the John Gilmary Shea Award by the American Catholic Historical Association in 2021, Reagan’s Gun-Toting Nuns is an important work. It richly illuminates multiple dimensions of post-conciliar divides in the Catholic community in the United States: the movement away from the Cold War alliances with conservative political structures in Latin America; the emergence in the 1960s of a leftward critique of U.S. foreign policy; the importance of missionary experiences and international exchanges as shaping internal divisions within the American Catholic community; the mirroring in the United States of polarized views on the presence of the Church in society, and different implementations of the Council in the 1980s. All of this is done through a singular focus on developments in El Salvador and Nicaragua (with some reference to other Latin American countries) and the role of the Maryknoll sisters. The bulk of the work covers the period from the murder in El Salvador of Maryknoll nuns Ita Ford and Maura Clarke, the Ursuline Dorothy Kazel, and the lay missionary Jean Donovan (December, 1980) to the murder of the members of the Society of Jesus and their co-workers in November, 1989. After a very comprehensive and summary Introduction, Keeley breaks the period up into chapters. Chapter One describes the evolution of the missionary vision and its alliance with the option for the poor, while Chapter Two covers the opposition in Nicaragua between the Maryknoll congregation and U.S. backed strong man and the familial consortium of Anatasio Somoza. The third, fourth, and fifth chapters describe developments in El Salvador leading up the killing of Archbishop Romero and the strong alliance between the missionaries, liberation theology, and the Sandinistas. Here, the politically driven divide between the Reagan administration and its support by conservative Catholics fuels the domestic image campaign against allegedly pro-communist, radical religious women, liberation theology, and left-wing Catholicism. Politics and theology begin to blend as the various sides take different approaches to liturgy and the understanding of the “people’s Church.” Chapter 6, entitled “Real Catholics versus Maryknollers,” details the alliance between Tip O’Neill and the sisters. In doing so, it brings the divisive picture into particular sharpness by analyzing the gender bias of the conservative campaign when it paints a picture of the relationship between developments in Nicaragua and the role of women in society and Church. The last two chapters (7 and 8) cover the Nicaraguan Iran-Contra affair and the murders in El Salvador. The epilogue moves beyond the careful attention to documented historical data that marks the whole work and attempts to identify analogous divisions in the debates over the Catholic Church and the government’s health-care directives in the second decade of the twenty-first century. [End Page 221] The author is to be congratulated for providing a close analysis of how presidential policies, international developments, and religious perspectives crisscrossed and enabled the solidification of political Catholicism in the United States. While the argument is for the most part sound, it is also provocative and probably awaits modification. Attention to the economic disparity in Latin America is hinted at but never treated as a component part of the right-left divide. Relying on newspaper reports, the interpretive methodology offers little critique of the virtual reality created by the press, both left and right, for its own purposes. The analysis may also be modified when other archival depositories become available: the religious and political interventions of the Holy See, the discussions among the bishops, government sources that remain untapped. Still, this reviewer recommends Reagan’s Gun-Toting Nuns for all students of contemporary Catholicism and its divides. Joseph P. Chinnici Franciscan School of Theology at the University of San Diego Copyright © 2023 The Catholic University of America Press ...

МОДЕЛЬ ЕМАНСИПОВАНОЇ ЖІНКИ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ТА ПОЛЬСЬКІЙ ПРОЗІ ДРУГОЇ ПОЛОВИНИ XIX СТОЛІТТЯ

The article examines the image of an emancipated woman in the works of Ukrainian and Polish writers of the second half of the 19th century using the methods of literary analysis and cultural approach. The main sources of the study are novels, short stories and novellas that reflect new stereotypes and ideas about a woman who fights for her right to equality and self-determination in society. The article highlights the process of forming the image of an emancipated woman in the literature of the second half of the 19th century and its impact on the development of society. In particular, it is found out what values and ideas were reflected in the image of the emancipated woman, what role was assigned to women in society and how social barriers that stood in the way of her emancipation were reflected. New approaches to the modelling of emancipated women’s images are considered, creating a feminine model of positivism that depicts emancipated women as individuals who want to get an education, expand their knowledge, participate in political life and fight for the idea of gender equality and women’s rights. This model was especially relevant for women writers, who became more actively involved in public activities and the struggle for their rights. The article also draws attention to the relationship between literature and society, namely, what social problems and trends were reflected in the image of the emancipated woman and how this image influenced public thinking. The author examines literary works with images of emancipated women that had an important impact on the formation of new stereotypes and ideas about the role of women in society. Thus, the article is a relevant study that allows us to better understand the role of literature in shaping social consciousness and developing gender equality in the history of Ukraine and Poland. In studying the works of Ukrainian and Polish positivists, the methods of textual analysis, comparative literature, and historical and cultural approach are used. These works form the theoretical and methodological basis of the study and are also a source of factual material.

The effectiveness of integration of emotion regulation therapy and compassion therapy on the mental well-being of women with domestic violence experience

Objective: Domestic violence against women by their spouses is a severe violation of human rights and a public health concern, recognized by the World Health Organization as a hidden global epidemic. The present study investigated the effectiveness of the integration of emotion regulation therapy and compassion therapy on the mental well-being of women who have experienced domestic violence. Method: The current research was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The target population of the current study was all women aged 20 to 40 affected by domestic violence who were referred to psychological and counseling clinics and legal, medical centers in Mashhad. Twenty people were selected by voluntary sampling and randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. Keyes and Magyar-Moe's (2003) mental well-being questionnaire was used to collect data. The intervention experimental group received emotion-oriented integrated therapy based on compassion in 10 sessions of 60 minutes. Finally, the research data were analyzed by multivariate covariance analysis. Results: The research findings showed that combining emotion regulation therapy and compassion therapy has increased mental well-being in women who have experienced domestic violence. Conclusion: Based on the research findings, taking into account the critical role of women in society and families and the need to pay attention to their mental health, it is necessary to hold training workshops in the field of compassion therapy and emotion regulation therapy in counseling and rehabilitation centers.

Saúde mental: onde se colocam as questões de gênero? Os papéis das mulheres cisgêneras

ABSTRACT The article discusses how workers in the psychosocial care network and activists in the anti-asylum struggle understand issues related to gender hierarchies and their possible implications for comprehensive mental health care aimed at cisgender women. Considering that the asylum served to isolate and control female bodies, and the transformations proposed by the psychiatric reform, which allowed free care based on respect for human rights and the promotion of citizenship, we sought to analyse how stereotypes about the role of women in society permeate care practices in the approach to motherhood and situations of violence experienced by women in the psychosocial care network. In despite of the recognition of gender hierarchies and the need to transform practices in the mental health services, from the interviews emerge a hegemonic discourse about women stereotypes.

Virtualization of pregnancy: game and reality

Technology is changing human life in every possible way. However, bearing a child came under their influence only in the 20th century, which, together with the changing role of women in society, led to a rethinking of the phenomenon of pregnancy. The article considers how the development of reproductive technologies and their promotion paved the way for the separation of motherhood from bearing children, which began to be understood as a technical process. An analysis of the representation of pregnancy in computer games was also carried out, an emphasis was placed on the desire to ignore or reduce the process of bearing a child, both on the part of the creators of the game and the players. Despite the fact that raising a baby outside the body of a future mother becomes possible due to progress in the field of biomedical technologies justification for this phenomenon is largely due to the increasing virtuality of existence. Introduced in 2022, the EctoLife project integrates the latest reproductive and digital technologies, preparing society to accept virtual play pregnancy, where the baby is raised in an artificial capsule. In a digital society, it is natural to ask for a controlled pregnancy, which occupies a strictly defined place in life, like a capsule in the corner of a room, or in smartphone application, which you can turn to when there is a desire to remember the future baby. As a result, the technical finally replaces the natural: childbearing is built into the technocratic process with unpredictable consequences.

Hegels sittlicher Geist Eine kritische Analyse zum Verhältnis von Geschlecht und Gerechtigkeit

The aim of this essay is to offer an analysis of the conflict between two ethical principles presented by Hegel in the chapter of his Phenomenology of the Spirit titled “The True Spirit, Ethical Life.” One is the principle of the state of the ethical life; and the other, of family loyalty or “divine ethical law.” According to Hegel, these two principles are paradigmatically exemplified by the characters of Creon and Antigone (respectively) in Sophocles’ Antigone. The question to be addressed here is how and why Hegel understands the conflict between the two principles to be necessary. The thesis of this paper is that Hegel, in this case, already employs the modes of argumentation that he would only thematize explicitly half a decade later in his Science of Logic. We argue further that a close examination of the relationship between these texts sheds an important light on some key passages in Hegel’s Elements of the Philosophy of Right, especially concerning the role of women in society, and shows the limitations of his interpretive approach.

Kobiety i kobiecość w twórczości literackiej Wandy Maleckiej

Wanda Malecka’s literary work remains a proof of her gradual acknowledgment of woman role in society. In the 1810’s and 1820’s she was experimenting with different Enlightment era literary genres, such as dialogue, fable and anecdote. The representation of femininity portrayed in those works was consequently mocking. The romantic poem “Wyjątek z historycznego poematu Wanda” marks the second phase, as it brings heroic lead female character, attributed with male features and desires. In the 1830’s the author focused on short sentimental novels, where the issues concerning gender inequalities were most visible.

Bosnian Sephards in the Works of Laura Papo Bohoreta

In this paper, we will look into the work of Laura Papo Bohoreta, a Sephardic author who lived and created in the first half of the twentieth century. Given that all her works are written in her native Jewish-Spanish language, our goal in this work is to point out the specifics of her creativity, in order to bring it closer to a wider readership. We especially aim to emphasize her enlightening role, and the role of guardian of tradition, culture, and language which she created and inherited. A particularly important segment on which her overall creativity is based is the role of women in society at that time. With this work, we will show how Laura Papo, through her female characters and their struggle, paved the way for Sephardic women to achieve their intellectual development and the process of affirming a woman outside her home.

HERMENEUTIK FEMINIS TERHADAP NARASI KITAB RUT 1:16; KARAKTER, PERKATAAN TINDAKAN DAN KESETIAAN

This paper intends to find out Ruth is a woman of character and integrity in various perspectives in terms of words, actions and loyalty as a daughter-in-law and a foreigner (Moab), (Ruth 1:16). With the struggles and challenges of life's journey as Naomi's daughter-in-law and a foreigner (Moab), Ruth remains committed in words and actions that reflect a person of integrity. The author executes Ruth 1:16 as a hermeneutic validation text and the inspiration for the exposition. The method used in writing this paper is a descriptive qualitative method with a correlated library, literature, published journal approach to examine the subject matter to explore the feminist hermeneutics of the narrative of the Book of Ruth: characters, words, actions and loyalty. This paper presents a theological study of women's contributions through feminist hermeneutics, while still upholding the respect and authority of the Bible. By reflecting on the feminist hermeneutics of the narrative of the Book of Ruth: character, words, actions and fidelity to the role of women in society, ministry in the church and life in the home.

Женщины в церковных хорах: дискуссия в периодической печати рубежа XIX–XX веков

The purpose of the article is to consistently analyse the statements of contemporaries about the reform of church choirs in the Russian church and secular periodicals of the early 20th century, which have not been previously involved in musicological studies. At the beginning of the 20th century, the question of the role of women in society was considered in various publications, including periodicals on art. They discussed the position of women in musical professions and keenly debated the topic of women being involved in liturgical singing in the choir. Adherents of patriarchal views defended the inadmissibility of female singers in church, whereas innovators advocated their participation. The reform of church choirs in Russia was carried out gradually, under the influence of transformations in the structure of church life, the growth of social freedoms, and the spread of humanistic ideas in society related to the condemnation of child labour. Public discussion in the music and church press began in 1906. The topic of the church choir reform was raised at the All-Russian Congress of Church Singing Leaders in Moscow in 1908–1909, but the issue of women’s participation in liturgical singing in the choir was finally resolved only at the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1918.

Review: The New Female Antihero: The Disruptive Women of Twenty-First-Century US Television, by Sarah Hagelin and Gillian Silverman

Review: <i>The New Female Antihero: The Disruptive Women of Twenty-First-Century US Television</i>, by Sarah Hagelin and Gillian Silverman

Gender, American Identity, and Sexism

SOCIAL SCIENTISTS LONG HAVE BEEN INTERESTED in explaining why individuals vary in their beliefs about national identity and what citizens think it means to truly belong to their nation. Research to date has provided many insights into the determinants and consequences of emphasizing different elements of American national identity. Understanding why different individuals emphasize particular dimensions of national identity is important because these beliefs predict a wide range of political and social attitudes, including views of cultural minorities, support for policies designed to increase economic and social equality, political trust for key democratic institutions, opinions about how immigrants should be treated, and even a person's subjective well-being.1 While scholars have documented large gender differences across a wide range of political behavior and attitudes, researchers have yet to closely examine the relationship between gender and what individuals see as being most important to being an American.2 We also do not yet understand how persons' views about national identity may shape their views of gender equality. These oversights are puzzling, given the robust body of research showing that patriarchy has been a defining feature of the conceptualization of American national identity since the beginning of the nation, with men and women continuing to experience what it means to be American in distinct and unequal ways.3 Our study contributes to both this scholarship and the larger body of research looking at gender gaps in political attitudes by examining the extent to which contemporary beliefs about America's national identity differ by gender, as well as—and perhaps more importantly—the consequences of such beliefs on attitudes toward women. Specifically, we test whether men and women differ in their conceptions of what it means to be fully American. Then, we investigate how variations in conceptions of national identity shape individuals' attitudes about the role of women in society generally. Finally, we examine the extent to which gender moderates the consequences of individuals' beliefs about Americanness on their level of sexism.

LACK OF LEGAL PROTECTION FOR FEMALE MODELS IN THE FASHION INDUSTRY OF SRI LANKA

Throughout history, women have been subject to a lot of marginalization, consequently, their role in society has been severely distorted. This paper takes a closer look at the role of women in society within the fashion and modeling industry. It will be noticed as the paper unfolds, that women are playing a leading role in this field. In fact, the first thing that comes to mind is how lucrative the mention of fashion and modeling is as a profession. However, this paper does not exclusively aim to explore the fashion industry from all dimensions but rather seeks to analyze the legal protection of female models in the fashion industry in Sri Lanka. As the reader glues his or her eyes on this paper it will be noted that this study argues vehemently that there is a lack of sufficient legal protection for female models in the Sri Lankan legal system. Therefore, this is the core of this work, to explore how the lack of legal protection impacts the rights of female models and the challenge it poses for the fashion industry. Identifying the loopholes in the Sri Lankan legal system will not be sufficient to make this research successful, thus, the paper will further propose steps and solutions that can be taken to remedy all the challenges to be discussed. In short, the ambit of this article is to advocate for the legal protection of female models in the Sri Lankan legal system

Role of Women Empowerment in achieving social transformation and sustainable development

Educated women have a high level of morality, a high potential for earning, and live life with a lot more confidence and courage to face any challenging situation. They might grow into an independent businessperson who can maintain the family's financial independence. They can maintain good health and hygiene for the family members. If there exists a lack of education for women the entire society will face a lot of setbacks in terms of development. Even today in rural areas there is a low acceptance of girl children in society. The paper will discuss the Women empowerment and different ways of boosting the women empowerment. There are a lot of studies that talk about the crucial role of educated women in bringing about socioeconomic and political progress in our country. Thus, the empowerment of rural women plays an important role in building up the economic and social pillars of sustainability. It is essential to empower women to achieve gender equality in order to secure the country's sustainable development. Education not only provides women with economic empowerment but also helps to solve issues like gender inequality and removes poverty to foster inclusive economic growth. This paper will bring out the positive outcome that due to education, there has been a changing role of women in society and the family, economic independence, changing attitude, increasing confidence, and the gradual rising of their social and economic status. The paper will also bring out the discussion on challenges faced by women. The paper will also attempt to discuss future suggestions for facilitating women with education and empowerment of women.

A long way to liberalization, or is it? Public perceptions of women empowerment in the Middle East and North Africa

This paper explores the question of what explains public opinion of women empowerment in the Middle East and North Africa. Muslim societies have often been accused of conservatism toward empowerment, stripping women of equal access to education and opportunities. However, many predominantly Muslim societies in the MENA region seem to be on the way to implement change to provide women with more rights. Prior research points to exposure to diversity as a contributor to the acceptance of a more egalitarian role of women in society. This article analyzes different mechanisms of the exposure hypothesis and whether they contribute to predicting positive public perceptions of women empowerment in the region. The empirical analyses rely on public opinion data collected by the Arab Barometer in 2018–19. The descriptive findings suggest attitudinal differences across countries, but also significant gender gaps and divergences across core explanatory factors found under the umbrella of the exposure hypothesis, such as diverse urban living, keeping religion a private matter, and connecting with the world via social media. These factors seem important to shift people's minds and to pave women's long way to liberalization.

Representation of Women: A Corpus-based Analysis of Pakistani English Newspapers

This study investigates the use of gendered lexical items and collocates to deconstruct the patriarchal social system of Pakistan with the help of corpus tools. Media frame the mind and thinking of people with its repetitive announcements. Women being a part of the society are also part of media news but they are underreported by reporters and editors as most of the news are male- filtered news. Pakistani English newspapers are one of the popular sources of getting information across Pakistan. The local social system and male dominating mindset have influenced all types of media in Pakistan. It is observed that like all other fields of life, women are marginalized in Pakistani English newspapers too. It is hypothesized that male are over represented as compared to female and women related news are written by female writers and reporters. A corpus of 270 Pakistani English Newspapers has been selected from The News International, The Dawn and Daily Times with 90 articles from each paper. A corpus-based analysis has been carried out to identify gender discrimination and gender stereotypes in Pakistani society. All collocate of women and men are kept in attention in this work. The results reveal that women are represented as a minority and marginalized victims by male dominating society. On the contrary, the modern writers raise their voices to support and highlight the role of women in society. The study is the first attempt of its kind for an amalgam of corpus-based and CDA approaches.&#x0D; Keywords: representation, corpus-driven analysis, newspapers, women, marginalized, minority

Attitudes towards and perceptions of females who sexually offend against children: a comparison between students and professionals

ABSTRACT Research has identified that male and female perpetrators are viewed differently. The aim of the study was therefore to (a) explore attitudes towards and perceptions of females who sexually offend against children, and (b) compare these attitudes and perceptions between a sample of students and professionals. Ten students, who had not previously studied theories of sexual offending or the management of child sexual offenders, and ten professionals, who work with females in a therapeutic capacity, took part in the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, transcribed and analysed using Thematic Analysis. Three themes were identified, namely the “facilitating role of women in society”, “why women offend”, and “what should happen to women who offend”. There was a tendency to minimise sexual offending by females. Across the two samples, there were similarities in terms of perceptions around why women offend, and differences in terms of attitudes around what should happen to women who offend. PRACTICE IMPACT STATEMENT The current study builds on our existing understanding of the attitudes and perceptions held by both students and professionals towards females who sexually offend against children. It highlights how attitudes and perceptions inform decision-making in regard to treatment and supervision, including how personal factors, such as being a parent or working with victims of sexual abuse, may facilitate this in professionals. It is important to further develop our understanding of the impact of attitudes and perceptions on decision-making, especially in professionals, given the role therapeutic alliance plays in promoting treatment efficacy.