Women Missionaries Research Articles

New Social Variables and There Relationship to Women's Commission of Crime

The paper dealt with the issue of the new social variables and their relationship to women's attitude towards crime, and it aimed to know the nature and type of contemporary social variables and how this affected the push of women to crime. Crime and the development of digital means and technologies resulted in the difficulty of detecting and tracking the perpetrators, and it was explained through the study the tendency of women to crime, which the technical means contributed to its commission and what was newly called electronic and digital crimes , In its methodological aspect, the paper was used to describe and analyze social variables and their impact on women's commission of crime in particular, and the study reached a number of results. The pattern and form of the crime changed according to contemporary changes and its dependence on the technical and computer offenders. The study showed the difficulty of discovering crimes of a technical nature, as well as prosecuting their perpetrators. The development of crimes into intercontinental crimes, which increased their rates. The need for security and police agencies to keep up with the new crimes and know how to deal with them and control them. Establishing high-tech electronic monitoring so that all suspicious movements are monitored, tracked technically, and reduced.

The Contribution to Language Translation of Baptist Women Missionaries

ABSTRACT While the contributions of Baptist women missionaries in the nineteenth century were viewed primarily through lenses of domesticity, both men and women who served as missionaries recognised the need to communicate in the language of the indigenous people. This article looks at the work of several female missionaries who published grammars, translated hymns and Bible stories and contributed to the translation of Scripture.

Empowering Women in Ecclesiastical Spaces: Insights from the World Council of Churches

This study delves into the responses of women amidst the dynamic shifts within the ecumenical movement from 1910 to 1948. Two pivotal developments marked the burgeoning presence of women in missions during the early 20th century. The Edinburgh World Missionary Conference of 1910 emerged as a cornerstone event within the ecumenical movement, attracting numerous women missionaries representing diverse missionary societies and church mission boards. Concurrently, the Woman's Missionary Jubilee (1910-11) underscored the fostering of camaraderie among women across First World and Third World churches. These events catalyzed the integration of women into the fabric of Protestant missions, leading to the formation of women's communities and their significant contributions to church establishment, development, and expansion. However, the establishment of the World Council of Churches (WCC) in 1948 ushered in a period of diminished opportunities for women's participation. The predominant presence of male policy makers within the WCC, particularly within the influential Central Committee, which steered the Council between assemblies, reflected a systemic gender disparity. This shift prompted women to devise strategic approaches to bolster their roles within both churchand society. Consequently, this paper aims to delineate the strategic initiatives undertaken by pioneering women leaders of the early 20th century to enhance the status of women leaders within the ecclesiastical and societal domains.

Cold War Sisterhood: The Women's Africa Committee, 1958–1968

Abstract: During the late 1950s, prompted by the US State Department, an interracial group of national leaders of women's organizations in the United States formed the African Women's Committee to reach out to their African counterparts in the wake of successful independence movements throughout the continent. After consulting with numerous African women and leading experts on Africa, the committee initiated a program that brought groups of African women to the United States for short training programs designed to strengthen their leadership skills through both coursework and immersion in women's organizations. This article examines the assumptions both groups of women brought to their interactions and the ways the program changed during this period as a response to racist encounters in the US, new teachers in the classes and African women's evaluations of their experiences.

Periodikas avoti kā liecība par pirmo Latvijas sieviešu misionāru darbu

Mission work in the 19th century was one of the rare opportunities that gave women the possibility to respond to God’s call. The archive of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia (ELCL) was destroyed in 1944, and its collection have been lost. Many missionary letters are in archives in Germany. However, evidence of the mission work of the first women has been preserved in printed sources published in the territory of Latvia. The article aims to review the printed sources in the territory of Latvia as evidence of the work of the first Latvian women missionaries, especially the work of Hildegard Prozell (1898–1909), Auguste Weetneek (1899–1910) and Anna Irbe (1924–1940), about whom there are significant testimonies both in Latvian and German languages – Rigasches Kirchenblatt, Misions-Flugblatt, Jaunākās Ziņas, Ārmisija and other sources. The National Library of Latvia, the ELCL library, and the Estonian Literary Museum in Tartu are the main repositories for the sources used for this paper. The article analyses the content of these sources and the evidence of whether and how this missionary work left an impression on the society in the homeland. The first printed sources on the territory of Latvia about mission work in the 19th century are examined to provide the historical context. The study concludes that there is an expansive amount of information about Prozell, the first missionary from the territory of Latvia, and Irbe, the first ELCL missionary. They describe their service and trips to mission places, nature, geography, folk customs, etc. Also, these sources testify to the increase in support for mission work in the homeland. Missionaries who could be considered a minority, for example, Latvian women who went to serve through an unpopular mission society in Latvia, received much less or almost no attention from the printed press. This research enables discovering and preserving information about these women’s experiences at mission work, journeys, descriptions of nature and geography, folk customs and other important aspects. It not only contributes to and promotes understanding of the role of women in the mission work of the Latvian Church but also broadens the understanding of how this work affected society at home. Thus, this important cultural aspect is preserved and respected by researching and documenting periodical sources, supplementing and enriching Latvia’s national heritage.

Views at Variance: Korean Women Disrupting and Subverting the Narrative of Protestant Missionary Women Through Moments of Difference, 1884–1910

Abstract: During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, missionary women from North America went to Korea expecting to become role models that Korean women would see, be impressed with, and want to follow. While the voices of missionary women can be easily heard through their own plentiful writing, the points of view of the Korean women with whom they interacted remain almost entirely unheard. This article extracts the views of Korean women from the writings of missionary women by examining moments of difference, showing that silence does not always mean agreement. The unease of missionary women in reaction to the stares of Korean women demonstrates the power of the return gaze, while moments of forgiveness allude to a previous breach between women. Finally, the existence of Christian Korean women who sought careers instead of motherhood shows that the goals of Korean women were not always the same as those of missionary women. This article argues that Korean women often understood their interactions differently than did missionary women and, although they cannot speak with their own voices, these moments of difference show the autonomy of Korean women buried within the missionary text and their ability to subvert missionary expectations.

Missionary Women, Leprosy and Indigenous Australians, 1936–1986 by Charmaine Robson (review)

Missionary Women, Leprosy and Indigenous Australians, 1936–1986 by Charmaine Robson (review)

CABARAN MUSLIMAT DALAM PENGIMARAHAN MASJID DI BANDAR ILMU PUTRA MAHKOTA

The mosque serves as the center of activities for the Muslim community. The concept of a balanced and holistic mosque plays a critical role in shaping a harmonious, ethical, and competitive Islamic society in the modern world. The significant role of this mosque requires the energy and commitment of both men and women in its planning. However, the involvement of Muslim women in mosque development is minimal compared to men, even though the contributions of Muslim women are also essential in mosque development. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the challenges faced by Muslim women in mosque development. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach with a case study design. Three mosques and three suraus in the Bandar Ilmu Putra Mahkota area were selected as the study's samples. Study informants were chosen from among the mosque women's committee members to ensure that the study objectives were achieved. This study used a focus group discussion protocol as the interview instrument. The discussion data were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis with the Atlas.ti software. The study's results indicate that Muslim women face challenges in terms of self, knowledge, and time management when it comes to mosque development involvement. From this, it is hoped that this study can provide guidance to stakeholders in providing support to Muslim women in mosque development.

Modern missionary work and Chinese women’s literacy: Amy Moore in China 1930–1949

ABSTRACT This article analyses the early work of the Australian missionary Amy Moore, who worked for the China Inland Mission for twenty years. Moore aimed to develop local Christian women leaders who would contribute to China’s spiritual and moral evolution, under the continuing guidance of the colonialism of the European powers. Moore was critical of much of the colonial interventions of Britain and others, but she did not consider that China had yet reached a state of spiritual and cultural maturity, particularly in its treatment of women. Her plan was to improve adult women’s literacy, combining her evangelical passion with influences from international movements for women’s emancipation, and campaigns to improve the condition of Chinese women. Moore’s work was also framed by international and progressive changes in the world mission movement in the interwar years. At the same time Moore responded to modernising changes within contemporary China. Improvements in health, education, and gendered relations for rural women influenced missionary women’s work. Moore shared many life experiences as young woman with Chinese colleagues and friends, yet always the bonds of affection and emotion were cut through by colonial and racial divides.

Effect of Women’s Existence in Corporate Governance and Educational Background on Company Performance

This study aims to determine the influence of women in corporate governance and educational background on company performance. The data of this study include women (female commissioners, female directors, female audit committees), educational backgrounds (commissioners, directors, audit committees) to be independent variables, while the dependent variable is the performance of companies that use ROA. This study also uses control variables namely company size and leverage. This research data is in the form of secondary data obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Determination of the sample using the purpose sampling method and obtained as many as 2137 samples. The hypothesis in this study was multiple regression analysis. The results of this study include the first, female commissioners have negative value on the company's performance. Second, positive career women towards company performance. Third, the women's audit committee is experienced in the company's performance. Fourth, educational background Positive commitment to company performance. Fifth, the educational background is called negative towards company performance. Sixth, the background of the audit committee education does not affect the company's performance

Apostolate of women according to Blessed Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński

In the article, the author dealt with the teaching of Bl. Primate Stefan Wyszyński on the apostolate of women. In the first part, he presented the tasks and mission of women in the Church and society, and in the second one, their baptismal vocation to the apostolate. He included a summary of the presented content in the conclusion. The author developed the issue by analyzing, on the one hand, the public statements of the Blessed Primate regarding women and the apostolate, and on the other hand, his teaching addressed to the members of the Secular Institute of Helpers of Mary of Jasna Góra, Mother of the Church, commonly known as the ‘Eights’. The article shows, among others, that Blessed Stefan identified the vocation of women to the apostolate with the vocation of men, however, he pointed to its specificity resulting from the conditions of the woman’s nature and her tasks in the Church and society.

Protection of Human Rights Against Women in an International Legal Perspective

Violations of human rights against women are still a serious debate, because there are still many women who experience acts of human rights violations, even though the National Human Rights Commission and the National Women's Commission have been initiated, it is not a guarantee that human rights violations against women will not occur. Sexual violence in international law develops according to the circumstances when acts of violence occur. sexual, where the act of sexual violence occurs. This occurs in conditions of armed conflict or in conditions where there is no armed conflict, namely in domestic life and at work. Sexual violence International law is regulated in many cases, including the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 1974, which classifies sexual violence as the most serious crime. Apart from that, it is also regulated in the general agreement to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women, if the regulations are stricter, preventive measures related to protection against sexual violence are in accordance with this Convention. The National Commission on Violence Against Women has also classified gender-based violence

Prototype of Sexual Violence A Cognitive Linguistic Study

Sexual violence is a social issue that still occurs in Indonesia. Responding to this issue, social activists urged the government to ratify the Draft Law on the Elimination of Sexual Violence proposed by the National Women’s Commission in 2016. However, as of August 2021, the Draft Law on the Elimination of Sexual Violence changed its name to the Draft Law on the Sexual Violence Crime, and there were cuts of 85 articles and from 9 to 4 categories of sexual violence. Even though it was passed on May 9, 2022, along the way, there has been controversy over the process of making this law. One controversy is the differences in the views categories between the National Women's Commission and Commission VIII DPR RI. Then by using prototype theory, we can find the categories of sexual violence in society to equalize perceptions. Data analysis uses mixed methods, which analyze data quantitatively and qualitatively. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that there were ten classifications of sexual violence prototypes from 20 respondents, with a total of 61 data samples. The prototypes that best represent the concept of sexual violence are rape and sexual harassment, with 17 data each. Furthermore, sexual harassment and rape, the prototypes of sexual violence with each of the 17 data, are spread almost evenly across all age ranges.

Determinants of Banking Sector Audit Report Lag: Evidence from Indonesia

The main purpose – This study aims to examine the influence of audit committee characteristics, reputation of public accounting firms, and the COVID-19 crisis on the Audit Report Lag (ARL) of the banking sector in Indonesia..Method - This study uses annual panel data from 40 banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2014-2021 period. The analytical method used in this study is the Random Effect Model.Main Findings – The results show that the frequency of audit committee meetings and the reputation of the public accounting firm have a negative effect on the ARL of the banking sector in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the COVID-19 crisis had a positive effect on the ARL of the banking sector in Indonesia. However, the research failed to prove the influence of the size of the audit committee and women's audit committee on the ARL of the banking sector in Indonesia.Theory and Policy Implications – This research contributes to the development of corporate governance literature on the relationship between the characteristics of audit committees and the reputation of public accounting firms and the ARL of the banking sector, in times of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This research adds insight for bank regulators, investors, and other business people about the factors that affect the ARL of the banking sector in Indonesia, which allows them to control the ARL more effectively.Novelty – This study is one of the first to consider women's audit committees, the reputation of public accountants, and the COVID-19 crisis in relation to the ARL of the banking sector, particularly in Indonesia. Keywords - Audit report lag, audit committee characteristics, public accounting firm reputation, COVID-19 crisis, Indonesian banking sector.

From Gender Equity to Gendered Assignments? Women and Cabinet Committees in Canada and the United Kingdom

Abstract This article explores women's access to ministerial power in an important but understudied arena of executive politics: cabinet committees. Specifically, we analyse the gendered patterns in the distribution of cabinet committee assignments in two ‘typical’ Westminster cases, Canada and the United Kingdom, and under two prime ministers, Justin Trudeau (2015–2021) and David Cameron (2010–2016), who both made explicit gender-equity pledges. Informed by previous research into gendered allocation of ministerial portfolios, we investigate the overall extent of women's committee assignments, the gendered dimensions of these assignments and the status of assignments, namely the ‘prestige’ of committee remits, whether committees were chaired by the prime minister and the allocation of chairing responsibilities across committees. In both cases, overall assignment broadly matched shares of women ministers at the cabinet level, but less so during the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition in the UK (2010–2015). Women's shares of committee assignments were likely to be lower on ‘masculine’ and ‘high-prestige’ committees compared to ‘neutral’, ‘feminine’ and ‘low-prestige’ committees, but commitment to gender equity is more evident in the Canadian case. While our aim is exploratory and descriptive, we offer several explanations for these patterns, including the supply of women ministers, departmentalism, party branding and the low public profile of cabinet committees.

Pedagogy of the “secluded” women and changing femininity in colonial India, 1830s–1930s

ABSTRACT Women missionaries who came to India with a superior Protestant religious imaginary were keen on critiquing Hindu cultural practices that created divergences and transfigurations. They blatantly proclaimed that the deep-rooted custom of women’s “seclusion” was a stumbling block to education, evangelisation and modernisation. This study demonstrates how missionary construction of “secluded” women’s femininity through civilisational, religious and pedagogical pretentions created conflicting emotions among a section of the orthodox Hindu and converted Christian women who defied the controversial missionary narratives that depicted women’s seclusion in a rather poor light. Nonetheless, the continued missionary encounters through education impelled a section of the secluded Hindu women to be critical of what is conveniently referred to by missionaries as orthodox femininity. This article takes a close look at and critiques how missionaries negotiated with both the conflicting emotions and orthodox femininity by constructing an alternative narrative – Christian femininity that sought to confront gender stereotypes in a more nuanced manner. It argues that the changing femininity in colonial India needs to be understood largely through missionary education, character-building zenana pedagogy and normative construction of femininity.

Pushing against Gender Barriers

AbstractThis article presents the case study of Lilija Otīlija Grīviņa's calling to China. Her ministry is one example of how the practice of mission facilitates self‐identification, as a person responds to the call of God regardless of their gender. The major sources of the study are archive materials from the Liebenzell Mission and the Latvian Lutheran Church, as well as Grīviņa's newsletters published in Chinas Millionen. To provide theological background for the missionary service of women, the study also looks at the work of German missiologists Gustav Warneck and Theodore Christlieb. The research uses a main historical comparative methodology to uncover the development of thought of women missionaries in the specific historical context.

American Female Missionary Victims of Epidemics

Epidemics have always played an important role in human history and have deeply affected the individual, social and economic lives of states, communities and people. The communities located at the crossing point of civilizations and being on trade transition routes have been more affected by epidemics due to the intensity of interaction. This is probably why Anatolia has always faced epidemics from past to present. One of the time periods when these epidemics are intense is the process from 1820 to the end of the World War I. It is known that the American Board missionary organization was operating in the Ottoman lands during these epidemic times. For this reason, it is seen that the effects of the epidemic were voiced by missionaries, and even became the subject of American Board reports. 
 This study is about the female missionaries (married or single) who worked on behalf of the American Board organization, who left their country for an ideal, came to the Ottoman lands and lost their lives due to some epidemics. First of all, the subject of the study will be revealed through the information in the documents of the American Board, the articles in the Board’s publication called "The Missionary Herald". In the light of the aforementioned documents, the aim of the study is to both reveal the identities of the women missionaries who lost their lives in the Ottoman lands due to some epidemic diseases and also to relate which disease they died from, and thus to make some contributions to the literature.

NEW SOCIAL VARIABLES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE WOMEN'S COMMISSION OF CRIME

The paper dealt with the issue of the new social variables and their relationship to women's attitude towards crime, and it aimed to know the nature and type of contemporary social variables and how this affected the push of women to crime. Crime and the development of digital means and technologies resulted in the difficulty of detecting and tracking the perpetrators, and it was explained through studying the tendency of women to crime, which the technical means contributed to its commission and what was newly called electronic and digital crimes, in its methodological aspect, the paper described and analysed the social variables and their impact on women's commission of the crime in particular, and the study reached some results.
 - The pattern and form of the crime changed according to contemporary changes and its dependence on the technical and computer offenders.
 - The study showed the difficulty of discovering crimes of a technical nature, as well as prosecuting their perpetrators. The development of crimes into intercontinental crimes increased their rates.
 - The need for security and police agencies to keep up with the new crimes and know how to deal with them and control them.
 - Establishing high-tech electronic monitoring so that all suspicious movements are monitored, tracked technically, and reduced.

Gender Politics at Home and Abroad: Protestant Modernity in Colonial-Era Korea

Gender Politics at Home and Abroad: Protestant Modernity in Colonial-Era Korea