Changes In Women Research Articles

Changes in Women’s Representations in Turkish Cinema from the 1980s to the Early 1990s

This article focuses on the representations of women alongside the social and historical background of Turkish cinema from the 1980s through the early 1990s. In the following section, I articulate the political events in the 1980s - the early1990s and its impacts on Turkish society and cinema. I delve into the modernist representations of women in the 1980s cinema to analyze women’s gender codes (based on social/cultural and cinematic codes). Finally, in the last section, I examine Atıf Yılmaz’s cinematic images of women in his films and analyze two of his films A Sip of Love (1984) and The Night, Angel and Our Gang (1994) in terms of gender codes.

Changes of Women's Roles in the Context of Rural Tourism Development: Case of "Beautiful South" in Nanning, China

Tourism, as an important part of modern industry, has had a great impact on the changes of women's roles in rural tourism destinations, but it has not been paid enough attention by researchers in previous studies. Taking the "Beautiful South" rural tourism project as an example, the author explores the reasons and circumstances of women's participation in rural tourism from the perspective of gender, and the impact of rural tourism on the changes in the role of local women. This study found that women's participation in rural tourism production activities is more active than men, and the reasons for their participation are diverse. The economic growth brought about by the development of rural tourism is one of the important driving forces for the changes in the role of rural women. The strict gender division in production and labor no longer exists, and the initiative and independence of local women in the economy have been improved. And there has been a trend of women transforming from passive recipients of the original life model to active pursuit of ideal life, from being a victim of the right to self-education under the pressure of family conditions and local traditions to being the leader of the right to self-education. However, it has not completely deviated from the traditional division of labor of "male leading the outside and female leading the inside". There is still a long way to go before true equality between men and women and women's complete autonomy in all aspects.

Can Weight Watchers (WW) Help Address Maternal Obesity? An Audit of Weight Change in Women of Childbearing Age and Mothers-To-Be, Referred into a Commercial Slimming Programme

ObjectivesThe scale of overweight and obesity amongst women of childbearing age or mothers to be, living in Wales, places a considerable burden on the NHS and public health. High BMI (over 30) during pregnancy increases the health risks for mother and baby. Policy advice recommends weight management services are available to help women lose weight before and whilst planning pregnancy. In parts of Wales, NHS partnerships with commercial companies provide weight management services for women considering or planning pregnancy. This study evaluates whether an established referral Weight Watchers (WW) programme, known to be effective in adults in England, can help mothers-to-be living in North Wales lose weight.MethodsAnalysis used routine data from 82 referrals to WW between June 2013 and January 2015. Participants received a referral letter inviting them to attend face-to-face group workshops combined with a digital experience. The programme encompassed healthy eating, physical activity and positive mind-set. Trained WW staff measured bodyweight before, during and at 12 weeks. On entry to the course, participants had a median age of 31.4 years (interquartile range (IQR) 28–34) with a median BMI of 36.8 kg/m2 (IQR 33.3–43.7).ResultsWomen completing the course (n = 34) had a median weight loss of 5.65 kg (IQR 0.45–10.85), equating to 5.7% (SD 3.46) of initial body weight. Intention-to-treat analysis (last observation carried forward), which included lapsed courses n = 66, showed a median weight loss of 3.6 kg (IQR − 2.53 to 9.73), equating to 3.7% (SD 3.62) of initial body weight. Overall, there was significant weight loss during the WW programme (Wilcoxon signed rank test Z = − 6.16; p < 0.001). Weight loss was significantly correlated with the number of workshops attended (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.61 p < 0.001). The proportion of all 82 participants (intention to treat, baseline observation carried forward) that achieved a weight loss of ≥ 5% initial weight was 30.5%.Conclusions for PracticeReferral of obese mothers-to-be into WW can successfully achieve short-term weight loss, at or above 5%, in approximately one third of participants. The dose–response effect supports a causal inference. Successful weight loss at this critical life stage may provide women with the necessary motivation to initiate weight loss for healthy pregnancy, however further research is required.

Investigation the Effects of Phenylephrine on Oxytocin-Induced Hemodynamic Changes in Women Undergoing Cesarean Section

Pregnancy is considered as one of the most important events in every woman's life, which is not a pleasant event for all women, and in cases where the stages are not managed properly, it can cause a lot of stress on the mother and her family. For this reason, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of phenylephrine on oxytocin-induced hemodynamic changes. This study was conducted on a group of pregnant women referred to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital in Ilam and those undergoing cesarean section were included in the study. The objectives of the study explained to the women participating in the study, whether the participation was voluntary or not to participate in the intervention, compliance with the Helsinki and Belmont Declaration, and confidentiality of information. The women included in the study were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The checklists of the researchers were completed by observing and asking the patients from the time the patient entered the hospital until the end of the surgery. The variables expected by the researchers were evaluated before the intervention and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 minutes after the intervention. In the experimental group, 12 (30%) patients had no nausea, 18 (45%) patients had low nausea, 8 (20%) patients had moderate nausea and 2 (5%) patients had severe nausea. While in the control group, 5 (12.5%) patients had no nausea, 13 (32.5%) patients had low nausea, 14 (35%) patients had moderate nausea and 8 (20%) patients had severe nausea. Also, a significant difference was between in the experimental and control groups in terms of nausea (P = 0.02). The study results showed that using phenylephrine can be effective on improving blood pressure, heart rate, nausea and vomiting in patients, which for this reason it is recommended to use this drug to improve the health of women undergoing cesarean section.

Impact of Microcredit on Women’s Empowerment in Some Selected Villages in Bangladesh: Exploration of Change in Women’s Status and ‘Peace in the Family’

The empowerment of women has been a primary goal of microcredit programs in Bangladesh: but what empowerment is, or „should be‟, is contested terrain, as are causal relationships drawn between the implementation of microfinance and the empowerment of women. This paper explores the connection between microcredit and empowerment through analyzing data of a qualitative study. In this study data were collected from 98 adults (male=30; female=68) with age ranged from 18 to 56 years, through individual interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation for six months period of field work in three villages in Bogura, Bangladesh. The study elicited understandings of empowerment from women engaged in microcredit programs, as well as other members of their households. In the paper, we argue that exploring local contexts for, and meanings of, empowerment is crucial for assessing the criteria on which the success (or failure) of microcredit or empowerment is determined. We suggest that more sustained engagement with the local-level experience of empowerment may challenge assumptions about aims and objectives of empowering processes in development, and stand as a corrective to models of the empowered woman that may not acknowledge the extent to which empowerment is framed in, and by, social and relational dynamics and goals. Philosophy and Progress, Vol#63-64-; No#1-2; Jan-Dec 2018 P 29-64

Site-Specific Volumetric Skeletal Changes in Women with a Distal Forearm Fracture.

Purpose To assess site-specific volumetric bone and muscle changes, as well as demographic and biochemical changes, in postmenopausal women with a low-energy distal forearm fracture. Methods In a cross-sectional case-control study, postmenopausal women with a distal forearm fracture were compared with age- and gender-matched controls. In total, 203 postmenopausal women (104 cases and 99 controls), with a mean age of 65 years, were included. Measurements included peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as well as blood sampling and questionnaires. Results Forearm trabecular volumetric BMD and total BMD assessed with pQCT were significantly lower in fracture cases compared to controls (p < 0.001). Significantly higher cross-sectional area, lower cortical BMD, and lower cortical thickness were seen in women with fracture (p < 0.033, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). Postmenopausal women with fracture had significantly lower hip and spine areal BMD assessed with DXA (p < 0.001). Activity level was higher and a history of falling was more frequent in women with fracture (p < 0.019 and p < 0.001, respectively). Vertebral fracture was observed in 24 women (22%) with a distal forearm fracture. Muscle area, muscle density, PTH, and 25OHD did not differ between fracture cases and controls. Conclusion A distal forearm fracture was associated with site-specific and central bone changes. Postmenopausal women with fracture had a larger bone area in combination with a thinner cortex and lower site-specific total BMD. In addition, women with fracture had a higher activity level, an increased occurrence of previous fall accidents, and a high prevalence of vertebral fractures. Forearm muscle composition, PTH, and 25OHD were not associated with forearm fracture. Fracture preventive measures following a low-energy distal forearm fracture seem beneficial.

A Qualitative Study on Changes in Women s Perception of Beauty Care After COVID-19

A Qualitative Study on Changes in Women s Perception of Beauty Care After COVID-19

Changes in Women's Representation in Economics: New Data from the AEA Papers and Proceedings

&lt;ns3:p&gt;The shortage of women and historically underrepresented racial and ethnic groups in the economics profession has received considerable public attention in the past several years. The American Economic Association (AEA), the professional organization for economists, has been taking steps to address criticism that the economics discipline is unwelcoming to women and underrepresented minorities.&lt;/ns3:p&gt;

The Study of Relationship among Infertility Stress, Gratitude, and Couple Relationship Changes of Women Undergoing Reproductive Treatments

Purpose: We aim to assess infertility stress, gratitude, and changes in couple relationship of the women under reproductive treatments and to identify the relationships between variables. Methods: The subjects were 212 infertile women receiving reproductive treatments. The data were collected by self-administered questionnaires from June to August in 2019. The questionnaire consisted of the questions about infertility stress, gratitude and changes in their couple relationships. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, 1-way analysis of variance, and correlation coefficient were analyzed using the SPSS 26.0 Windows program. Results: The level of Infertility stress, gratitude, and changes in couple relationship averaged 3.23±0.59 (range of 1 to 6), 4.85±1.06 (range of 1 to 6), 3.03±0.55 (range of 1 to 5), respectively. Infertility stress had a negative correlation with gratitude (r=-0.322, p&lt;0.001) and changes in couple relationship (r= -0.371, p&lt;0.001). Gratitude also had a negative correlation with changes in couple relationship (r=-0.370, p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The results revealed that infertility stress has a negative correlation with gratitude and changes in couple relationship. Thus, psychological interventions that can alleviate negative emotions should be provided.

For Peculiarities of Representation of Women's Roles and Their Changes in Women's Magazines: Case of the Magazine Moteris

For a long time, the patriarchal tradition of portraying a woman as stereotypical has been established, confining her to traditional roles in the family and society. Media publications often become the main source of constructing attitudes and beliefs in society. The peculiarities of portraying women in the media are an important means of constructing women's self-awareness. The purpose of this article – to introduce the research conducted to investigate the peculiarities of representation of the women‘s roles in the women's magazines and their transformation. For implementation this research it has been chosen the largest monthly magazine for the Lithuanian women „Woman“ and the issues have been chosen published in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2018 to fulfill the qualitative and quantitative content analysis. The transition from the Soviet system to the capitalist society is characterized by transformation of values, the search for national identity, the establishmen the new models of relations in the society, the establishmen to the lifestyle characteristic to the capitalist society, etc. The images presented in the media draw the attention of individuals and shape the public's perception of what a woman should be and what responsibilities are assigned to her.

Introduction to the special issue “Towards understanding changes in Women’s status: The economic approach at work”

Introduction to the special issue “Towards understanding changes in Women’s status: The economic approach at work”

The More Fertile, the More Creative: Changes in Women's Creative Potential across the Ovulatory Cycle.

Creative thinking is a defining human feature. It provides novel solutions and as such undoubtedly has contributed to our survival. However, according to signaling theory, creativity could also have evolved through sexual selection as a potential fitness indicator. In our study, we tested one implication of this theory. Specifically, we hypothesized that if creativity can serve as a signal of women’s fitness, then we should observe an increase in creative thinking in the fertile phase of the ovulatory cycle compared to other non-fertile phases. In our study (N = 751), we tested creative potential throughout the ovulatory cycle. We found a positive correlation between the probability of conception and both creative originality and flexibility. Importantly, we also tested the mediating role of arousal in the relationship between the probability of conception and creative thinking. The results of our study are discussed in terms of signaling theory, through which women advertise their fitness with their creativity.

Lifestyle and Weight Change in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome During COVID19 Pandemic

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex disorder associated with obesity, sleep apnea, and disordered eating. We aimed to assess whether COVID19 related social isolation affects lifestyle and weight control in women with PCOS. We performed an online survey including 232 women with PCOS and 157 healthy controls on isolation characteristics, weight alterations, physical activity, sleeping and eating patterns by validated questionnaires. Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-18), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF) were used. PCOS-related quality of life questionnaire (PCOSQ) was also completed by patients. During over 14 weeks of isolation, 48.5% participants gained weight, 13.9% participants’ weight was stable, and 37.6% participants lost weight. The patient and control groups did not show any difference in weight alteration (p=0.44). Physical activity was reduced (p<0.001 for both), eating patterns did not show a significant change in both groups, whereas sleep quality was reduced in PCOS group only (p<0.001). Within the weight gainers, increase in BMI was more prominent in PCOS group (1.3±1 kg/m2) than controls (1.0±0.6 kg/m2) (p=0.01). In weight gainer group, delta BMI values showed positive correlations with delta PSQI scores (r = 0.24, p=0.004), delta sleep induction time (r=0.25, p=0.001) and delta TFEQ-18 scores (r=0.25, p=0.001). Weight changes during social isolation are similar in women with PCOS and healthy women. However, the increase in BMI of weight gainers is higher in PCOS and is mainly related to sleep quality and eating habits rather than reduced physical activity.

A Study on Changes in Women's Makeup Interest and Use Patterns Before and After the Outbreak of COVID-19

A Study on Changes in Women's Makeup Interest and Use Patterns Before and After the Outbreak of COVID-19

A Study on Changes in Women's Makeup Interest and Use Patterns Before and After the Outbreak of COVID-19

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate through empirical analysis how the outbreak of Corona 19 has changed women's interest in and use of makeup in domestic women in their teens to 40s. Methods: A survey was conducted on women in their teens to 40s residing in Seoul from the third week to the fourth week of September 2020, and statistical processing of the collected data was analyzed using the SPSS 26.0 program. Results: The overall interest in makeup was found to have been lower after the outbreak of Corona 19. This means that the overall interest in make-up, the need for make-up, product purchase, and appearance satisfaction have decreased after the outbreak of Corona 19 compared to before the outbreak of Corona 19. In addition, lip-oriented makeup such as lip makeup and lipstick appeared to have decreased compared to before the outbreak of Corona 19, which was found to affect women's use of cosmetics. Conclusion: It has been shown that the mandatory use of masks reduces the purchase of cosmetics and also reduces makeup for beauty purposes by women. In addition, it was found that instead of minimizing makeup on the part (lips) that is not exposed when wearing a mask, makeup on the part (eyes or face) exposed when wearing a mask is rather more interested.

On the Analysis of Change in Women’s Perception of Eyebrow Makeup Since the Outbreak of Covid-19

On the Analysis of Change in Women’s Perception of Eyebrow Makeup Since the Outbreak of Covid-19

The Independent Role of Body Mass Index (BMI) and Severity of Depressive Symptoms on Biological Changes of Women Affected by Overweight/Obesity.

Background: Both obesity and depression are medical conditions associated with severe disability and biological abnormalities. Our aim was to study associations between Body Mass Index (BMI), depression and biological changes in women affected by overweight or obesity. Methods: Depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) questionnaire in 200 women affected by overweight/obesity (mean age of the sample 52.7 ± 12.9 years, BMI 33.8 ± 5.5 kg/m2). A blood sample was obtained for evaluation of biochemical (oxytocin and vitamin D), inflammatory and epigenetic (methylation of clock genes) parameters. Multivariable linear regression models were used to study the association between BMI or severity of depressive symptoms (BDI-II scores) with different biomarkers. Results: BMI was found to be associated with severity of depressive symptoms (p = 0.050). Severity of obesity resulted to be associated with lower plasma levels of oxytocin (p = 0.053), vitamin D deficiency (p = 0.006) and higher plasma levels of IFN-γ (p = 0.004), IL-6 (p = 0.013), IL-7 (p = 0.013), TNF-alpha (p = 0.036) and chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) (p = 0.013, R2 = 0.03). Severity of depression was significantly associated with more methylation of clock genes CRY1 (p = 0.034, R2 = 0.16) and CRY2 (p = 0.019, R2 = 0.47). More severe depression together with higher levels of IL-8 strongly predicted lower methylation of CLOCK gene (p = 0.009); Conclusions: Different biological abnormalities have been found to be independently associated with BMI and severity of depressive symptoms in women affected by overweight/obesity. The complex interplay between overweight, depression and biological changes will have to be better clarified by future studies.

Hemodynamic Changes in Women With Symptoms of Supine Hypotensive Syndrome

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020;99:631–636) Supine hypotensive syndrome (SHS), while lacking a clear universal definition, is sometimes defined as a drop in systolic blood pressure from 15 to 30 mm Hg or an increase in heart rate of 20 bpm when in the supine position. Inadequate collateral venous circulation has been thought to explain the etiology of SHS but this has not been well-studied. This study aimed to measure blood flow in women with symptoms of SHS, in both the supine and left lateral positions with particular attention to the azygos vein, and compare these to measurements in asymptomatic women.

Incentives to Reduce Salt Intake Resulting From Women's Experiences: A Qualitative Study.

Over consumption of salt adversely affects health and is associated with some diseases. Salt over consumption has been reported to be higher in Asian countries including Iran. This research aimed to identify the facilitative factors of reduced salt consumption among 20-65 year-old women to develop effective educational interventions. Methods: This research used qualitative content analysis. We included 42 (31 women aged 20-65 years residing in Hamidia, Yazd and 11 healthcare providers) using Purposeful sampling method. Data were collected through focal group discussions (three groups of 6) and in-depth semi-structured individual interviews with 24 Participants. Data analysis was done using Graneheim and Lundman's approach. Results: Motivators and facilitators were extracted. The former consisted of sub-categories: physical fitness and healthcare, obtaining others' approval, family cooperation and support, internal motivators, contextual motivators and healthcare staff support. Sub-categories of the latter were gaining more information from different instructions, willingness to acquire self-protection skills and nutritional advice. These factors affected to reduce the salt intake among women. Conclusion: In the light of the qualitative results of motivating and facilitating factors, it is essential to enhance internal motivators and increase access to information via different communicative channels in community including schools, medical care providers and public associations. It is also necessary to pave the way for more family and medical staff support, provide appropriate educational and advertising programs, raise women's awareness and change their attitude and behavior with this concern.

Human Rights and Wrongs: 50 Years of Struggle and Change for Women

This keynote was delivered at the 78th annual conference of the International Council of Psychologists Annual Meeting on December 4, 2020 via Zoom and presents a personal and professional analysis of the successes and failures of feminist psychology as a liberation movement in the last 50 years. I also suggest promising future directions and the work still to be done by future generations.