Economic Participation Of Women Research Articles

Equal Sharing of Domestic Responsibilities as A Mean of Enhancing Woman’s Economic Participation in Jordan

This paper explores how equal sharing of domestic and family responsibilities can have positive impact of women’s economic participation in Jordan. Jordanian women’s capabilities and potential were manifested during the past three decades in the areas of education and health where women achieved advanced positions and often surpassed men. Nevertheless, this excellence did not reflect on women’s engagement in the labour market. Recent statistics indicate that the economic participation of Jordanian women in the labour market lies in its lowest level and this is why national polices and legislation need to be revisited to make the concept of sharing of family and domestic responsibilities between spouses a realistic and viable matter Keywords: Jordan, Women Economic Participation, equal sharing of domestic responsibilities, CEDAW. DOI : 10.7176/JLPG/86-16 Publication date :June 30 th 2019

The Demographic Transition and Women's Economic Participation in Tamil Nadu, India: A Historical Case Study

ABSTRACTThis study analyzes the co-evolution of economic, social, governmental, and gender systems; the demographic transition; and women’s extra-domestic productive opportunities in Tamil Nadu, India. It examines how gender norms for women’s extra-domestic productive and domestic reproductive (motherhood) roles interacted with other upheavals in demography, society, and economy, and how these interweaving trends were reflected in women’s actual participation – and gender gaps – in higher education and employment. The study finds that higher education and employment for women at peak productive and reproductive ages rose as fertility declined, likely aided by Tamil Nadu’s history of social activism and investment in educational and economic infrastructure. However, motherhood remained a primary responsibility even after fertility declined, moving from a focus on childbearing to a focus on childrearing. Thus, traditional gender norms continued to prioritize women’s investment of time, income, and effort in their children over extra-domestic productive opportunities.

Globalisation and Female Economic Participation in Sub-Saharan Africa

This study assesses the relationship between globalisation and the economic participation of women (EPW) in 47 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1990–2013. EPW is measured with the female labour force participation and employment rates. The empirical evidence is based on panel-corrected standard errors and fixed effects regressions. The findings show that the positive effect of the overall globalisation index on EPW is dampened by its political component and driven by its economic and social components, with a higher positive magnitude from the former or economic globalisation. For the most part, the findings are robust to the control for several structural and institutional characteristics. An extended analysis by unbundling globalisation shows that the positive incidence of social globalisation is driven by information flow (compared to personal contact and cultural proximity) while the positive effect of economic globalisation is driven by actual flows (relative to restrictions). Policy implications are discussed with some emphasis on how to elevate women’s social status and potentially reduce their victimisation to male dominance.

Globalisation and Female Economic Participation in Sub-Saharan Africa

This study assesses the relationship between globalisation and the economic participation of women (EPW) in 47 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1990-2013. EPW is measured with the female labour force participation and employment rates. The empirical evidence is based on Panel-corrected Standard Errors and Fixed Effects regressions. The findings show that the positive effect of the overall globalisation index on EPW is dampened by its political component and driven by its economic and social components, with a higher positive magnitude from the former or economic globalisation. For the most part, the findings are robust to the control for several structural and institutional characteristics. An extended analysis by unbundling globalisation shows that the positive incidence of social globalisation is driven by information flow (compared to personal contact and cultural proximity) while the positive effect of economic globalisation is driven by actual flows (relative to restrictions). Policy implications are discussed with some emphasis on how to elevate women’s social status and potentially reduce their victimisation to male dominance.

Inequality and the Economic Participation of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Empirical Investigation

This study investigates the effect of inequality on female employment in 42 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2004-2014. Three inequality indicators are used, namely, the: Gini coefficient, Atkinson index and Palma ratio. Two indicators of gender inclusion are also employed, namely: female employment and female unemployment rates. The empirical analysis is based on the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM).The following main findings are established. First, inequality increases female unemployment in regressions based on the Palma ratio. Second, from the robustness checks, inequality reduces female employment within the frameworks of the Gini coefficient and Palma ratio.

Revisiting the Trends of Female Labour Force Participation in Indonesia

<p>There are two problems that often emerge in public discussions about the recent trends in the level of participation of the female labor force in Indonesia. The first is the low Indonesian female labour force partipation rate (FLFPR) compared to other ASEAN countries. The second is the trend of stagnation of Indonesian FLFPR—at around 51%—over almost three decades. By reviewing cross-country data from the Global Gender Gap Index and the International Labor Organization, this article rests on the argument that the two features of Indonesian FLFPR are not merely bad news, and should be read in the context of large economic growth and social change in Indonesia. But a more critical and thorough interpretation of the trend of this indicator does not deny the fact that there is still wide room to improve women's economic participation and opportunity in Indonesia.</p><p> </p>

Status of Wonder Women: Challenges for Young Future Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan

Women entrepreneurs in Pakistan face numerous difficulties in their successful business career and poses unusual status and intensity. These challenges affect women entrepreneurs differently depending on diverse situations. This study aimed is to shed light on the challenges affecting women to get success in business and to point out the issues faced by them while being entrepreneurs. It highlighted the challenges confronted by Pakistani business women and to open discussion which may empower researchers to get the clear scenario of occupations and industry down to the four-digit code. Gathering secondary data from Labor Force Survey-2014-15, UN Women (2016), Pakistan Bureau of Statistics 2015, the little data book on financial inclusion 2015, Women Economic Participation and Empowerment Status Report, (2016-2015), this study provides recommendations assisting the federal and provincial agencies to introduce women friendly laws to reduce gender biases as well as to take note on gender specific measure to ease the business environment for women in Pakistan.

On the Relationship between Globalisation and the Economic Participation of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa

This study assesses the relationship between globalisation and the economic participation of women (EPW) in 47 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1990-2013. Two indicators are used to measure EPW, namely, the: female labour force participation and employment rates. The empirical evidence is based on Panel-corrected Standard Errors and Fixed Effects regressions. The findings show that the positive effect of the overall globalisation index on EPW is dampened by its political component and driven by its economic and social components, with a higher positive magnitude from the former or economic globalisation. For the most part, the findings are robust to the control for several structural and institutional characteristics: varying conditioning information sets, changes in the growth of urban population, government consumption, legal systems, resource wealth, health, technological advancement, political strife and conflicts, income levels and levels of industrialisation. An extended analysis by unbundling globalisation shows that the positive incidence of social globalisation is driven by information flow (compared to personal contact and cultural proximity) while the positive effect of economic globalisation is driven by actual flows (relative to restrictions). Policy implications are discussed.

SOCIAL INCLUSIONS AND GOVERNANCE – A STUDY OF ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN IN ASSAM

Social exclusion happens when people or places suffer from a series of problems such as unemployment, discrimination, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime, ill health and family breakdown. In Assam, women section of the society suffers from different types of social exclusion for which women are not able to achieve empowerment to its fullest. Inclusion demands goals and polices that avoid separating people. Inclusion occurs when everyone lives with purpose, dignity, and satisfaction. Economic empowerment of women is a process by which women become independent and self-confident and thereby they can enlarge their choices. Social inclusion of women is a powerful instrument for gender mainstreaming and integrating women into the development process. Social inclusion through various social sectors and social development provides women the necessary space and support for promoting economic self-reliance, developing self-confidence, overcoming exploitation and taking effective steps towards achieving greater control over their lives. The present paper makes an attempt to study the role of cooperatives, NREGA, NGOs, SHGs, Micro-credit programmes etc. as economic agents that provides women economic participation, developing leadership qualities, promoting financial and social inclusion, and ultimately leading to women’s empowerment by giving them the ability to make strategic choices in their lives.

Assessment and Designing the Rural Women Participation in Domestic Occupations, According to Shirley Aniston ladder: Application of Structural Equation

Extended Abstract 1. INTRODUCTION Women are involved in various production activities and play an important role in family and the national-level economic. One of the important aspects of women's economic activity is domestic occupations. Domestic occupation is an occupation that launching with family members in the residential space. It is defined as an important strategy for creating jobs and incomes especially for women, around the world. 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This research draws women participation in domestic occupations according to Sherry Ernestine ladder. In this research, the levels of participation is categorized based on the Sherry Ernestine ladder then past studies and structural equation model has been paid to study the factors affecting women's participation in domestic occupations. According to the Sherry Ernestine ladder of participation, there are eight types of or 8 steps; each step shows the strength of people in decision making. The first step of participation ladder is Manipulation and the second step is Therapy. These two-steps actually represents the lack of participation in decision making The third step of participation ladder is and fourth step is called Consultation and the fifth step of participation ladder is called Placation. Step 6 of participation ladder is called partnership the participants to be able to negotiate a deal with the government agencies. The seventh step is Delegated and the eighth step is called control. 3. METHODOLOGY This research is a quantitative and applied. In this research, descriptive-correlation method was used. The population was formed of rural women around the Kangavar city who used the self-employed loans to set up a domestic occupation. Census method was used based on a sample size. The main tool for research in the field was questionnaire that was made based on theoretical basis. Cronbach's alpha was used to estimate reliability. The rate of this index was 0.82 – 0.93, that shows we have a reliable questionnaire. A total of 168 questionnaires were filled out perfect. After completing the operation coding data, information extraction and transfer it was done on a computer. Statistical analysis (descriptive and inferential) was performed, after the data processing, by using SPSS and AMOS software. 4. DISCUSSION Ranking of the respondents was performed based on the Friedman test. Finding indicated that therapy, Informing and manipulation were in better condition among the other rural women participation components, while other elements of participation among rural women is declining and risky and women can be vulnerable in this area. The results showed rural women’s views and significant positive relationship between the external components like: socio-cultural, professional individual, institutional management, and economic participation of women in domestic occupations. The independent variables effects indicated that socio-cultural factors have the greatest positive effect in women participation (0.44) and economic factors have the least effect (0.14) on the dependent variable. Moreover, other relationship assessment show that economic and socio-cultural variables with the value of 0.45, have the greatest variance. This indicates that there is a significant positive relationship between the economic power of a person and his attention to social and cultural issues. In addition to the direct effects, the results indicate that socio-cultural and economic factors have a direct impact on the apparent participation rate and institutional - management has the greatest indirect effect (0.41). So, that in total variables involved in the model explained 76% of the participation variance. 5. CONCLUSION Based on the findings, the current plan is top-down decision without considering the real needs of rural women. Therapy is the first priority. There was a positive significant relationship among independent variables and participation and path analyses results show that economic, socio - cultural, professional and institutional - management components explain a total 76 percent of the women participation in domestic occupations. According to the results some recommendations presented: 1. Based on the findings, authorities and practitioners in the field of agricultural development and rural planners should be pushed to reduce this problem with the right planning and need assessment. 2. Promotion of society culture towards acceptance and expansion of women's participation in the development process of rural economic activities, especially domestic occupations planning, development projects and programs of rural development in the economic sector based on the rural women needs and priorities and encouraging them to participate in economic projects and reduce legal and institutional obstacles for them and legislation supported laws about women's participation in rural economic processes. 3. recommended to understand the real needs of rural women in the field of economics and management and engage them to participate in these programs by purposively needs assessment through focus groups. 4. According to the participation in step, recommended to launch domestic occupations associations in rural communities to produce programs in mass media, particularly for women, in order to meet their technical and technological needs.

Brecha de género en los países miembros de la Alianza del Pacífico

This article aims at studying the gender gap in Latin America. It was focusing on identifying, with an analysis of variance (ANOVA), which variables influence the gap between men and women in the countries of the Pacific Alliance to contrast them with the rest of Latin America. The information was extracted from the World Economic Forum database. It was found that only one variable ‘the economic participation of women’ has a significant difference between this group of countries compared to the rest of Latin America. Also, it was identified that the variable ‘political empowerment’, presents an important difference which is also analyzed. It is concluded that the Pacific Alliance presents lower indicators in this variable, therefore it is important to promote and increase the participation of women in economic and political activities in this group of countries.

Where are the Women When the Tourists Arrive?: Bodies, Space, and Islamic Femininity in Rural Zanzibar

Abstract Since the 1980s, tourism has risen to become the most important source of foreign income for the islands of Zanzibar. This case study of a previously subsistence village that now hosts transnational tourists reveals how intersecting ideas about gender and ethnicity influence work choices made by individual women. Labor choices are a balance between production and identity, and most women's work choices maintain spatial boundaries between local people and tourists. Women's work thus serves as a site of resistance against cultural imperialism by mainland Tanzanian elites and the West. Women's bodies are sites of contestation between local and outsider identities. The discursive role of women's bodies in response to potential cultural domination results in significant limits on women's economic participation in tourism.

Sexual Conflict and Gender Gap Effects: Associations between Social Context and Sex on Rated Attractiveness and Economic Status.

Human mate choice research often concerns sex differences in the importance of traits such as physical attractiveness and social status. A growing number of studies indicate that cues to social context, including other people who appear in stimulus photographs, can alter that individual’s attractiveness. Fewer studies, however, consider judgements of traits other than physical attractiveness, such as wealth. Here we manipulate the presence/absence of other people in photographs of target models, and test the effects on judgments of both attractiveness and earnings (a proxy for status). Participants (N = 2044) rated either male or female models for either physical attractiveness or social/economic status when presented alone, with same sex others or with opposite sex others. We collectively refer to this manipulation as ‘social context’. Male and female models received similar responses for physical attractiveness, but social context affected ratings of status differently for women and men. Males presented alongside other men received the highest status ratings while females presented alone were given the highest status ratings. Further, the status of females presented alongside a male was constrained by the rated status of that male. Our results suggests that high status may not directly lead to high attractiveness in men, but that status is more readily attributed to men than to women. This divide in status between the sexes is very clear when men and women are presented together, possibly reflecting one underlying mechanism of the modern day gender gap and sexist attitudes to women’s economic participation. This adds complexity to our understanding of the relationship between attractiveness, status, and sex in the light of parental investment theory, sexual conflict and economic theory.

The effects of women's economic activity participation in the local levels on the children's school achievement : Focusing on the gender differences

The effects of women's economic activity participation in the local levels on the children's school achievement : Focusing on the gender differences

Customary and contemporary resources for women's empowerment in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, dramatic social and economic changes are transforming historical forms of patriarchy with various impacts on pathways to women's empowerment. We hypothesised contemporary resources would be more strongly associated with women's empowerment, as reflected in their influence in family decisions. In cross-sectional analysis, we found the contemporary resources of employment and membership in NGOs were most strongly and consistently associated with women's influence in family decisions. Education was only modestly associated, as were customary resources, including age and fertility. Programmatic efforts to enhance women's empowerment should consider the rapidly changing environment and the importance of women's economic participation.

Assessing the Socio-economic Determinants of Women Empowerment in Pakistan

Women empowerment is one of the most important that has been discussed in developing countries. In this paper, an attempt is made to explore the determinants that have an influence on women empowerment in Pakistan. Sample consisted on 200 female respondents from two renowned universities in Lahore. The empirical results showed that the content of education, economic participation of women, poverty and economic opportunity available for women increases their empowerment. In this study, apart from conventional variables, a variable, Women having a bank account was also tested which showed a extreme significant positive impact on women empowerment. This supports the economic opportunity available to the woman increases their power. Finally, it is concluded that these significant factors influences empowerment of women, so one can focus on these determinants to increase and enhance women's role in our society.

Identifying and Dismantling Patriarchy and Other Systems of Oppression of Women

Identifying and naming Coming from Latin America and as a feminist theologian, I have learned that the ability or the capacity to name the reality, or to read the context, is a first step in the process of doing theology. Theology emerges from context, and naming or identifying where we stand is one important step in moving forward into the next important stages in the process of building awareness. A second step is the mediation of theological or sociological elements that help us to discern the reality. This discernment is an impulse toward the final step in the methodological spiral, which is to achieve change--to implement the action of change and transformation. I am going through this methodological spiral as a reminder that what we really want to achieve through our theological reflections and praxis is change! Our final aim is not just solid theological analysis, but ultimately to see transformation in the lives of women and men. Naming and discerning are important then not just to learn more, or to increase our store of knowledge, but in the end to taste in our daily lives the dream that we pray for in this assembly theme: God of life, lead us to justice and peace! A quick look at women's daily realities gives us a sense of the challenge we face: 70 percent of the poor people in the world are women, and women occupy 52 percent of the most vulnerable workforce. Moreover, while 80 percent of food in the world is produced by women and they constitute themselves as guardians of biodiversity in agriculture, unequal salaries are still the reality in all countries. For example, in Switzerland we find an 18.4 percent pay gap between women and men; in Germany, a 21.6 percent pay gap; and in France, a woman must work 54 days more than a man to make an equal salary (2011). According to the World Economic Forum Gender Gap Report the reality for women in Korea is also quite challenging: It ranks 111th among 136 countries surveyed and dropped down three notches from last year, despite the election of the nation's first female president in December 2012. The report is based on four categories of women's economic participation and opportunities available to them; educational attainment; health and survival and political empowerment. The overall score for Korea is 0.635, while Iceland topped the list with 0.873, with the runner-up Finland at 0.842. The data shows that women in Korea have been provided with good educational opportunities, with a score in this category of 0.973, but the political participation and distribution was 0.504 and 0.105, respectively. (1) This affirms that while the issue of poverty and exclusion is sometimes blamed on lack of education, providing education is not solving the issue of participation. The solution depends on an intersection of elements and improvements that include education, economic opportunities, and cultural changes--which means we must address the content of teaching. Indeed, education can serve to limit the empowerment of women instead of empowering them. This quick overview of statistics shows that in daily life the supply or lack of access of resources is linked to the distribution of power that condemns the masses to the margins. The rigid social and cultural models and gender roles assigned to women limit their access to power and situate them as the underprivileged in the social division of labour. Access to and use of land and other social economic resources is also governed by these cultural constructions of gender that privilege men. All of this is despite the fact that, according to the most recent report of the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), "Giving women the same access as men to modern seeds, fertilizer and tools could increase production on women's farms in developing countries by 20 to 30 percent--enough to feed up to 150 million more of the world's hungry people. …

Evaluation Gender Policy in Romania: The Balance between Professional and Family Life

Abstract The paper will be focus on a general evaluation of the institutional and legal framework of gender equality in Romania focused on woman employment policies taking into account the harmonization between the woman professional life with the private/family one. In this respect, one of the most important /main issues of the women employment policy in Romania is closed related to the child care facilities /services. In Romania the public system of child care services is still underdeveloped, whereas the private one is randomly developed (E Zamfir & Zamfir, C 1996, Marginean, I and Cojocaru, S- coord. 2006, Zamfir, E 2009 , ). They tend to exclude the people that are living in the rural area and also in extreme risk of poverty or very isolated and poor areas (as gipsy communities) (Zamfir, E and Zamfir,C 1993, E Zamfir 2012 ). Besides, there is an inefficient way of evaluation and monitoring of both, the results of the child care facilities and women employment policies, too (Zamfir,E and Zamfir, C, 2000, Zamfir, E 2010-3 ) ). For this reason, during the last 10 years, the concrete achievements in improving child care services related to women professional life are less visible at the implementation level. There is, however, a lack of pragmatic solutions to transform the objectives and the directions of action into concrete measures which could assure the real changes in daily women life. In fact, good intentions must be supported by efficient practical means/instruments, by constant monitoring and evaluation process of the adopted solutions. In spite of fact that the issues of harmonizing work/professional, private and family life within the current gender policy are characterized by adopted an adequate legal, modern framework- as a good policy initiative, the status of this policy initiatives remains much more at the announced stage and enacted levels(Zamfir, E.2010- 1). Very few initiatives have been implemented or evaluated in time. The process of monitoring and evaluating the actions in this frame of gender policy is still underdeveloped. The gender Policy in Romania follows very contradictory and sinuous trends: increase in women economic participation, increase in professional status but, also still remain signs of degradation in the private/family life. On the one hand, in some period of time, in Romania the gender equality policy, under international pressure, became visible at the legal frame and at the structure of institutions, too. On the other hand the degradation of women private/life is happened due to the lack of economic and financial resources which most affected the quality of social services and moral values for family and child protection. A partially positive aspect which can be mentioned in Romania, in the last 8 years, refers to development of some special child care facilities under the EU financed social inclusion programs. Some of them were good and stable in establishing a network of social services support facilities for children within the communities which could help significantly to increase the rate of women employment (Cace, S 2006, Zamfir, E, 2010-2 , Stanescu, S Cace, S – coord. 2011). In the same time, the gender employment policies appear as an objective of the reform in all strategic sectors of our Society, being a constant element to eliminate social exclusion and gender marginalization. At the present the Ministry of Labour, Family, Social Protection and Elderly, through the Agency of Equal Opportunities between Men and Women and Equal Opportunities, is in the process to develop the draft for the National Strategy for Equality between men and women for 2014-2017 with a General Plan of Actions. The project will be promoted by Government Decision, currently being in the process of public consultation.

자살과 사회경제적 요인과의 관계에 있어서 한국과 다른 OECD 국가들과의 차이

Objectives: This study aimed to examine how the relationship between socioeconomic factors at the macro level and suicide mortality rate of Korea was different from that of other OECD countries. Methods: We created OECD panel data of 29 OECD countries from 1985 to 2006 and analyzed the relationship between socioeconomic factors and suicide mortality rate for separate age and sex groups using a fixed-effect model. Economic factors included per capita GDP, per capita GDP growth rate, unemployment rate, and women's economic participation rate. Social factors included birth rate, alcohol consumption, and the percentage of population 65 and older. Results: Unemployment rate had a positive relationship with suicide in other countries but it had a negative relationship in some groups of Korea. Women's economic participation rate was both positively and negatively related with suicide in Korea but it did not relate to suicide in others. The negative relationship of birth rate and the positive relationship of alcohol consumption with suicide were evident in Korea, which were not found in other countries. The percentage of population 65 and older was negatively correlated in some female groups in Korea, while no significant relationship was found in other countries. Conclusions: Korea was substantially different from other OECD countries in the relationship between socioeconomic factors and suicide mortality rate.

The glass ceiling that refuses to break: Women directors on the boards of listed firms in China and India

This study uses quantitative analysis to build as complete a picture as possible of the gendered-nature of boardrooms in major listed firms in China and India. Data were collected and analysed to understand where women hold boardroom positions across the range of company sizes and types in both countries. In particular, data were analysed to establish the extent to which board size, company size (market capitalisation), workforce size, industry sector and/or firm ownership type are related to the presence of women on the board of a company. It was discovered that women do better than average in firms from within the financial services sector, and in firms with a larger work-force size. State-owned firms do comparatively better in India than in China, possibly reflecting the fact that women's political empowerment in India is more advanced than in China, and much more advanced than women's economic participation in India.