Economic Participation Of Women Research Articles

GENDER EQUALITY IN TUNISIA: CURRENT TRENDS

Tunisia has come a long way towards achieving gender equality and remains a prominent example to other Arab countries in this experience. Meanwhile, Tunisia still takes only modest positions in international rankings on various indexes measuring gender gap. This work examines, with the help of a comparative-historical method, the formation of the women's movement in Tunisia and the development of legislation on gender equality. Then, through statistical data the author outlines the extent of women's economic, social, and political participation, and, finally, referring to the "concept of representation" by Hanna F. Pitkin (1967), the author looks at the pre-election programs of political parties that won the 2019 parliamentary elections, in order to assess the perception of the problem of women's emancipation in Tunisian society on the whole. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that, despite progressive legislative framework guaranteeing women's rights, the mass consciousness of Tunisians maintains a set of ideas and norms on gender inequality generated by Islamic tradition and fostering the discrepancy, first in the existing legislation and the objective reality, and secondly, between the rules of family law containing elements of Sharia, and the provisions of the Constitution, as well as the accepted international obligations.

Investigating the economic visibility and contribution of UK women in agriculture through a systematic review of international literature

The agricultural sector in developed countries has been experiencing a growth in the percentage of women, yet very little economic research documents the role and contribution of farm women across these countries. Through an interdisciplinary systematic literature review of 184 international peer-reviewed, English-language studies between 1970 and 2020 we investigate the economic contribution and visibility of women working in the agricultural sector in the United Kingdom (UK). Differences within farm women as a group are explored and used to develop a framework characterising the different economic classifications of farm women across a spectrum of economic contribution and visibility. A comparison of the economic contributions of farm men and women also reveals key differences between farming practices and outcomes. As such, the study reveals key barriers to women's economic participation and visibility in agriculture to be associated with access to land, education and organisations. These factors are evaluated in the context of wider policy. The outcomes of this study increase understanding of factors shaping women's economic contribution and visibility in UK agriculture and will inform further research investigating female participation in agricultural business management and decision making. As the UK formulates its own domestic agricultural acts, UK-wide research will be needed to inform policy and overcome barriers facing women in farming.

Women economic participation in novel Tentang Kamu by Tere Liye

The issue of the women’s role in the public sphere has been widely carried out in literary research. However, research on women's participation specifically on economic issues by looking at its theoretical and empirical aspects is still something that is very rarely carried out in literary research. The purpose of this study is to explore in more detail about women's participation in the economy. By using the lens of women's thinking and their participation in the economic field in the concept of women economic participation from Jacqui True, this research focuses on this issue. The method used is analyzing the content of the story that has been done by collecting data by collecting words, sentences, paragraphs related to women's participation in the economy. Furthermore, the data that have been found are analyzed using descriptive analysis methods. The descriptive method of analysis was carried out in several stages. The first stage is data collection which is done by collecting the aspects of women's participation in the economy in general in the data table. From the data table, it is classified according to the economic participation patterns found. The next stage is data analysis by dialogue data from the novel with the theory of women's participation in the economy. The results of this study indicate that women are able to get out of the crisis with their own efforts and hard work. Women also have an important role in the economic sector because they are able to create their own business opportunities so that they can improve their life.

The political implication of women and industrialisation in Africa

This study examines the effect of political implications of women on industrialisation in Africa. The results after controlling for cross-sectional dependency show that women political implication Granger causes industrialisation in Africa. Besides, the Fixed effect Driscoll/Kraay standard error estimator reveal that women political empowerment negatively affect industrialisation in Africa. These negative effects are nullified by high economic freedom and high female economic participation in the economy. The investment freedom thresholds require for the negative net effects to be nullified are 52.30469, 55.51639, 49.324895, and 55.594059 respectively for the women political empowerment index, women civil liberty, women political participation and women civil society participation interactions; while when women economic participation rates of 43.0777, 35.82, and 46.9 are attained for women political empowerment index, women civil liberty and women civil society participation respectively, complementary policies are needed for a positive effect on industrialisation. The study implores policy makers to improve on the economic freedom of the countries and to elaborate on policies that favour women economic inclusion, if policy towards political inclusion is foreseen in the industrialisation agenda.

English

This article assesses the link between the four pillars of gender equality and extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Accordingly, the objective of the paper is to empirically examine whether the four pillars of gender equality, namely women’s health, women education, political participation of women and economic participation facilitate extreme poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa. Data were collected from the World Bank development indicators and World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Index for 25 sub-Saharan African countries whose data appear on both indexes for three years into the SDGs era. Th e paper applied a quantitative approach with secondary data on poverty gap index drawn from the World Economic Forum Poverty Gap Index for sub-Saharan Africa. Data for twenty-fi ve sub-Saharan African countries were analysed using the fi xed-eff ect panel data regression approach using the Hauseman model selection test. Findings from the analysis indicate that, ceteris paribus, an increase in the threegender equity variables namely economic participation of women, education of women and political participation and leadership of women in sub-Saharan Africa has a signifi cant potential to reduce extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa within the sample of study. Since the fi ndings of this study have shown that extreme poverty can be reduced through increased women participation in economic activity, education and leadership, the SDG of poverty alleviation can be improved in sub-Saharan Africa through better government provision of economic, educational and leadership opportunities for women such as providing women with free-interest small business start-up funds, free education for women and supporting women to ascend and survive in political and leadership positions in sub-Saharan Africa through a balanced quota for female leadership positions. Given that the women’s health variable did not prove to be signifi cant on extreme poverty, further research is recommended to separate the health variable into rural health and urban health variables in order to examine the possibility that either of the health clusters might contribute signifi cantly to reducing extreme poverty. Th is paper contributes to existing literature by providing an empirical evidence to show that gender equality in sub-Saharan Africa is a viable policy strategy for achieving the SDGs 2030 Agenda of extreme poverty eradication in sub-Saharan Africa; the paper also provides empirical model for future study.

Does Gender Status Translate into Economic Participation of Women? Certain Evidence from Kerala

Many indicators of gender inclusiveness show that Kerala has been much ahead of other states in ensuring the welfare of females. It needs to be reiterated that in both education and health, women in Kerala stand quietly at the receiving ends as the beneficiaries rather than the agents of economic and social change. The women’s inclusive way of progress does not necessarily confine itself to the widening of education and health opportunities for women. Still, it largely and more positively depends on the effective participation of women in economic activities. It is disheartening that if we probe into the status of women from these yardsticks of ‘active’ economic participation, the picture of gender equality appears more discouraging in Kerala, which has been acclaimed as a ‘model’ for not only other states in the country but also for other countries in the world. A secular decline in the Work Participation Rate for women in the labor market clearly shows that education does not aid women to add themselves to the labor market. Economists and sociologists offer many plausible explanations for this absconding nature of educated and skilled women from the labor market. The real gender inclusion and women empowerment will be fulfilled only when women start actively engaging in productive fields using their knowledge and entitlements.

Examining the Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on Female Economic Participation in Pakistan

This study is an attempt to investigate the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) development on the participation of women in economic activities in Pakistan. Data for the period 1991-2017 was used for this research work and regressed on female economic involvement and ICTs development and another set of control variables like GDP, FDI and trade liberalization. Data sources are the WDI, IFS, and ESP. Johansen cointegration test, VECM and Granger causality tests were used to estimate data. Estimation techniques were applied after checking the properties of time series data. Results indicate the positive and significant relationship of dependent variable female economic participation and independent variables ICTs development and macro-economic variables in the long run. The study findings indicate that female economic participation has increased with the increase in ICTs in Pakistan. However, the rate of women's economic participation was not found as increasing as in other developed countries, and it is not as rapid as technology developed in the last decade.

Investigating the Impact of Economic Participation Rate and Women's Education on Economic Growth in (2002-2017) Case Study: South Asian Countries

The economic participation rate and education for women as a part of the human fund and human learning force can affect the economic growth of the country, that it mostly attracts the attention of investigators. To consider the importance of this issue; we have evaluated the effect of the economic participation rate and education for women on economic growth in the south of Asia. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between economic participation rate and women's education level on economic growth in 7 South Asian countries (Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and Nepal) during 2005-2017. To achieve the purpose of the research, the method of random effects has been used. The results show that during the study period, the rate of women's economic participation in South Asian countries had a negative impact on economic growth. The coefficient of this variable -2.920470 - shows that by increasing the economic participation rate of women by one percent, economic growth decreases by 2.92 percent. The coefficient of the intersection of women's education rate on women's economic participation rate is positive and significant so that the coefficient of this variable (2.153211) shows that with a one percent increase in women's education rate and its effect on women's economic participation rate, economic growth increases by 2.15 percent finds. Furthermore, the exchange rate with a coefficient (1.802102) has a significant effect on economic growth, that a one percent increase in the exchange rate, can increase economic growth by 1.8 percent. But the variables of inflation and the degree of trade openness do not affect economic growth.

Dualing discourse: Democracy, gender equity and discursive politics in rural Morocco

Feminist scholars have long been interested in the ability of grassroots organizations to meet both the practical and strategic gender needs of women in developing economies. One point of contention is the role of the neoliberalist framework, which prioritizes women's economic participation over the creation of political institutions that foster gender equality, in democratic projects. Drawing on feminist, development, and social movement literatures, we show that neoliberalism interacts with local socio-religious contexts to provide a complicated – and gendered – set of discursive opportunities for grassroots activists. Drawing on a three-month participant observation with “The Association of Women” in Ouarzazate, Morocco, we illustrated how gender constrains the discursive politics of a male and female organizational leader. The male leader regards neoliberalism as a legitimate challenge to gender inequity, and uses it to highlight the connections between economic opportunity, gender equity, and democracy. The female leader, in contrast, employs neoliberalism and traditional notions about women's roles in Ouarzazate to maintain her relationship with her male colleague, build bridges between her and women in the community, and to create a space where women can cultivate their gender consciousness. We conclude with a discussion of the promises and pitfalls of discursive politics and argue that scholars need to give the discursive politics within local organizations more empirical attention, particularly if they are concerned with the strategic gender needs of women.

Gender equality in science and technology: A critical issue for sustained economic growth and development of Japan

Advances in science and technology drive the economic growth of a nation. In order to ensure continued economic growth, a workforce that is well-trained and highly-skilled in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) is needed. For a society like Japan where the population is decreasing and ageing at a rapid rate, securing such a workforce in sufficient numbers is a critical issue. In Japan, it is anticipated that by 2030 the working-age population (15–64 years of age) will be 63% of that of 2015. Currently, the economic participation of women in Japan is 59.5% of that for men. In the field of STEM, the ratio of women among total STEM workers is 16% in 2017, which places Japan at the bottom of 23 developed countries. Further, data show that Japanese women have the talent and qualifications to pursue STEM careers that are equal to men. It seems clear that increasing the participation of women in STEM goes a long way to mitigate the anticipated workforce shortage needed to sustain Japan’s economic growth. There are a number of factors that are preventing full participation of women in STEM. These factors include both conscious and unconscious biases toward women’s ability to pursue scientific careers, and the separate roles for men and women assigned by society. These factors existed/exist in many countries, but some countries have made efforts to increase the participation of women in STEM with success. This article introduces three such efforts: US National Science Foundation’s ADVANCE Institutional Transformation; EU Horizon2020; and UK’s AthenaSWAN. It is hoped that learning best practices from these successful approaches may provide Japan a way forward to break out of the current situation before it is too late.

Bibliography

Bibliography

Socio-Economic Implication of Political and Economic Participation of Women in Nigeria

This paper examined social-economic impacts of economic and political empowerment of women in Nigeria between 1990–2018. To achieve our main objective, we employed a trend analysis and ARDL technique with data sourced from the WDI (2019) and various issues of National Bureau of Statistics. We observed that the growth of women (between age 15 and 64) in labour force participation in Nigeria is trending downwardly during the period under consideration. While the proportion of female representation in the parliament has been on the increase since the advent of the fourth Republic in 1999. Finally, we unsurprisingly, discovered that despite the huge resources committed to advocacy for women’s empowerment, the social costs in terms of the increased crime rate among youth and the level of insecurity in the country significantly overwhelmed the economic benefits in term of increased economic growth. Consequently, we inter alia recommended that the governments together with these advocacy groups should channel the same amount of resources devoted to campaigns for women empowerment into reversing the ugly trend of juvenile delinquency if the level of insecurity in Nigeria is to be curtailed. And, the proposed bill by the National Assembly and the 36 state Houses of Assemblies to increase the maternity leave from its current level of 3 months to 6 months should be fast-track and duly implemented across board in both public and private organizations.

Contributing factors of women entrepreneurs' business growth and failure in Pakistan

Women entrepreneurship is considered as a leading building block of economy as it plays an important role in job creation, self-development and pay back as economic progress of country. Pakistan being a developing country is in initial phase of entrepreneurship and female participation in economic activities is low. A report by the Global Economy (2016) stated that women's economic participation and opportunities in Pakistan ranked 143 out of 144. A qualitative study was conducted in twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad and 25 female entrepreneurs were interviewed. The findings revealed that complex governmental policies and financial institutions procedures are the main reason of their failure to achieve their entrepreneurial objectives. The main obstacles faced by women entrepreneurs are lack of confidence, less education, market awareness, dual role, low bargaining abilities and mobility constraints. The study will be useful for policy makers to formulate the policies and strategies in order to promote women entrepreneurship.

The Social Issue of ESG Analysis

This report studies the issue of ESG analysis and the multi-faceted approaches of measuring and assessing the dimension. After reviewing the huge array of literature on inequalities, our analysis focuses on the main social which include economic, health, gender and education aspects as the predictors of structural inequality. Moreover, we compare the risk with the environmental risk to emphasize their relative interconnectedness. An important challenge concerns the measurement puzzle of the pillars, since there are many conceptual and empirical metrics to measure the risk at country and corporate levels. Nevertheless, we observe an existing gap between the two fields of analysis, implying that some coherency differences may exist between macro-economic and micro-economic approaches of welfare analysis. Finally, the last section of this report is dedicated to the quantitative analysis of the impact of inequalities on government bond yield spread. In particular, we test four variables: (1) Gini index of income inequality, (2) universal health coverage, (3) women's economic participation and opportunity, and (4) access to primary education. Using a panel regression model, we found a statistically significant relationship between the Gini index and the cost of borrowing of OECD members between 2015 and 2018. The relationship is no more significant once sovereign credit ratings are included in the regression though. From this result, we split the analysis between the investment grade (IG) category and the high yield (HY) category. We finally confirm the relationship between the two variables for the IG sovereign bond category while we cannot conclude on the relationship regarding the HY category. Overall, the variables related to the health, gender and education aspect of the S pillar are not integrated in sovereign ESG, either in the pricing of the sovereign bonds or in the monitoring of the sovereign risk.

Contributing factors of women entrepreneurs' business growth and failure in Pakistan

Women entrepreneurship is considered as a leading building block of economy as it plays an important role in job creation, self-development and pay back as economic progress of country. Pakistan being a developing country is in initial phase of entrepreneurship and female participation in economic activities is low. A report by the Global Economy (2016) stated that women's economic participation and opportunities in Pakistan ranked 143 out of 144. A qualitative study was conducted in twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad and 25 female entrepreneurs were interviewed. The findings revealed that complex governmental policies and financial institutions procedures are the main reason of their failure to achieve their entrepreneurial objectives. The main obstacles faced by women entrepreneurs are lack of confidence, less education, market awareness, dual role, low bargaining abilities and mobility constraints. The study will be useful for policy makers to formulate the policies and strategies in order to promote women entrepreneurship.

Women and Employment in Tunisia

Tunisia's legacy of “state feminism” and its strong civil society—including human rights, labor, and women's rights organizations—have placed Tunisian women in advance of their Arab sisters, and women are present across an array of professions and occupations. Still, most Tunisian women remain outside the labor force, face precarious forms of employment, or are unemployed. This article examines women's employment patterns, problems, and prospects in the light of an untoward economic environment, conservative social norms, and feminist advocacy. Drawing on interview and documentary data, and informed by feminist political economy and institutionalism, it highlights the importance of institutional supports for working mothers and improved work conditions to encourage more female economic participation and stronger labor-force attachment and thus to weaken patriarchal attitudes and values. The paper points to the need for both class-based and gender-based policies with respect to women's economic participation and rights.

ANALISIS GENDER PERAN WANITA SEBAGAI STIMULATOR EKONOMI KELUARGA NELAYAN DI PESISIR KABUPATEN SIDOARJO

Coastal women play an important role in supporting the creation of value-added fishery products that become the main work of her husband (Istiqomah, 2015). The role of women in the coastal district of Sidoarjo as the wife of fishermen, the wife of the fish pond owner, and the wife of the fish processor; Proven to be able to move the economy on the coast by processing and adding value to the fishery resources.The purpose of this study is to find out how big the contribution of women to create economic empowerment in coastal district of Sidoarjo from catch fishery sector, aquaculture fishery and processed. The research was conducted in the village of Banjar Kemuning Sedati sub-district, which is the center of catch fishery, in Sawohan village, Buduran sub-district as a center of aquaculture, and Penatar Sewu village, Tanggulangin sub-district as a processed fishery center; During the year 2016 -2017.The research method is terrestris survey by using questionnaire tool. Data were obtained from closed interviews on selected respondents intentionally (purposive sampling) based on information from local fisheries figures. Survey results are analyzed by using shift share method compiled with Ishikawa Effect based on Balanced Score Cards.The results show that women are able to increase income and economic empowerment of their families. The contribution of women to the increase in family income is very fantastic ranging from 42% to 115% compared to if women in the family do not make productive business. The economic participation of women has proven to be able to improve the educational achievement of their children better and wider thinking. Husbands who work well together in terms of productive business with his wife can open jobs for others, and have a wide opportunity to develop other productive businesses for husbands during the season there is no fish.

An Estimation of the Effect of Women's Employment on the Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence in Mexico.

Female labor force participation is important for women, children, and societies, but also may have unintended impacts including an increased risk of intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV is a global health, human rights, and development problem with far-reaching economic and societal consequences. Mexico has a very high prevalence of IPV: 43.9% of Mexican women have reported experiencing IPV at the hands of their current partner. The literature on women's economic participation reveals mixed evidence on whether women's employment is associated with higher levels of IPV or whether it is protective against IPV. As the effect of women's work operates differently across contexts, we aim to estimate the effect of women's employment on their risk of experiencing IPV in rural and urban Mexico. Utilizing the nationally representative 2016 Mexican National Survey on the Dynamics of Household Relationships (ENDIREH), we employ propensity score matching (PSM) to address the potential selection bias between women who are employed and/or receiving a cash transfer with women who are not. We additionally implement inverse probability weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) to explore this relationship and compare the results with the PSM findings. Three different measures of women's economic participation are analyzed: whether they had engaged in any productive work outside of the home in the past year, whether they received conditional cash transfers through Mexico's Prospera program, and whether they received Prospera and worked. Given the high levels of IPV in Mexico and the greater levels of economic participation borne of an increased number of women in the workforce, our results have important potential implications for targeting support to survivors of violence who receive cash transfers and undertake employment in both urban and rural areas.

Inequality and the economic participation of women in sub-Saharan Africa

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of inequality on female employment in 42 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) for the period 2004–2014.Design/methodology/approachThree inequality indicators are used, namely, the: Gini coefficient, Atkinson index and Palma ratio. Two indicators of gender inclusion are also employed, namely: female employment and female unemployment rates. The empirical analysis is based on the generalised method of moments.FindingsThe following main findings are established. First, inequality increases female unemployment in regressions based on the Palma ratio. Second, from the robustness checks, inequality reduces female employment within the frameworks of the Gini coefficient and Palma ratio.Originality/valueStudies on the relevance of income inequality on female economic participation in SSA are sparse.

Gender inequality, reproductive rights and food insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa – a panel data study

Purpose This paper aims to suggest that gender inequality plays a significant role in explaining the prevailing magnitudes of food insecurity in the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. It provides empirical evidence for the underlying hypothesis that removing discrimination against women, particularly, with respect to their reproductive health and rights, depicted in high adolescent fertility rates and maternal deaths, will be an important pre-condition for addressing the hunger and undernourishment challenge in the region. A theoretical linkage has been conceptualised and supported through findings from panel data analysis of a set of 20 countries in the region, over a period of 16 years (from 1999 to 2015). The key result is that the relative impact of health inequality on food insecurity is higher and significant, in comparison to disparities in education and economic participation of women. A unit increase in adolescent fertility rate leads to an increase in undernourishment by 19.4 per cent, depth of food deficit by 1.15 per cent and a decline in average dietary energy adequacy by 0.21 per cent. Design/methodology/approach In the paper, time series data set for 20 countries of Sub-Saharan Africa is generated by using world development indicators (World Bank) of gender inequality and food security statistics of Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Data set involves trends in variables over a period of 16 years (1999 to 2015). A panel regression analysis with fixed effects is undertaken for testing the underlying hypothesis. To capture the linkage in a detailed manner, the author has fitted four models for each of the three measures of food security. First model captures the specific impact of gender differences in secondary school enrolment on food security in the region. Second model assesses the impact of gender inequality in labour force participation, and the third model explores the impact of health inequality in terms of adolescent fertility and maternal mortality on food security indicators. In the final model, the relative impact of all the four gender inequality indicators on magnitude of food insecurity in the study region is assessed. Findings The findings from panel data analysis provide empirical support to our hypothesis that gender disparities prevailing in Sub-Saharan Africa have an adverse impact on the level of food security in the region. Individually, increase in both, gender parity in secondary education and ratio of female to male labour force participation rate, has a negative influence on prevalence of undernourishment and depth of food deficit in the region. But, when the relative impact of gender inequality in education, economic participation and health are considered together in a single model, adolescent fertility rate, followed by maternal mortality ratio became the two most important indicators negatively influencing the magnitude of food security in SSA. A unit increase in adolescent fertility rate, leads to an increase in undernourishment by 19.4 per cent, depth of food deficit by 1.15 per cent and a decline in average dietary energy adequacy by 0.21 per cent. Research limitations/implications Scarcity of continuous time series data for the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa limits the scope of analysis. Social implications Government policies and programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa must focus on successful implementation of sexual and reproductive health and rights of women, as underlined in Goal 3 of sustainable development goals (SDGs). This would require deeper levels of interventions aimed at transforming gender roles and relations through involvement of men and boys as partners. Elimination of sexual and gender-based violence against women and girls, and ensuring easy and affordable access to sexual and reproductive health services, particularly in fragile and conflict affected areas, are some of the important measures which may facilitate movement of the countries in the region, towards the target set by SDG 3. Originality/value Indisputably, women play a key role in a nation’s food economy, not only as food producers and income earners but also as food distributors and consumers. Nevertheless, they face discrimination in every dimension and phase of life, which hampers their ability to successfully fulfill this responsibility. The paper provides a theoretical linkage and empirical evidence on the underlying hypothesis that targeting various forms of gender disparities in the African sub-continent, particularly those relating to reproductive health and rights of women will pave the way for reducing the magnitude of hunger and food insecurity in the region of Sub-Saharan Africa. Few papers in my knowledge have explored the linkage between gender inequality and food insecurity, but none have empirically emphasised the reproductive health dimension of this association.