Menstrual Cycle In Women Research Articles

Non‐Invasive Skin Thermo‐Diagnosis Based on a Harmonic Wave‐Driven Wearable Sensor

AbstractSkin thermo‐diagnosis, i.e., monitoring the skin thermal conductivity, can well indicate the body health status. Non‐invasive measurement is the direction of future development for skin thermo‐diagnosis. Here, a rigid and robust wearable sensor driven by the harmonic wave is developed, which can be comfortably wrist‐worn for a long time. Its big advantage is that it can extract both the thermal conductivities of epidermis and dermis (underneath the skin surface by 1 mm or 1–3 mm), which is not implemented by other techniques, and thus can more accurately indicate the possible diseases of the body. A 30‐subject population test shows that the epidermal thermal conductivity exhibits positive dependence on the body surface temperature and the water content, and thus slightly decreased in older subjects whose skin loses its elasticity, water content and nutrients with aging. In a menstrual cycle of women, the dermal thermal conductivity on the date of ovulation is noticeably lower, owing to the significant increase in transdermal water loss and a significant decrease in skin barrier resistance due to the reduction in the cutaneous estrogens. The progress made so far would be an important step toward non‐invasive and convenient monitoring of the human daily health.

Efficacy and Pain Tolerance of Alexandrite Laser Hair Removal at Different Stages of the Menstrual Cycle.

Several different parameters play a role in the transition of hair follicles to the anagen phase, with the role of androgens, progesterone, and estrogen hormones and receptors being significant. The effectiveness of laser hair removal (LHR) and pain tolerance during procedure were investigated during 3 different phases of the menstrual cycle. Forty-eight axillae were randomly divided into 3 groups: menstruation, ovulation, and luteal. Three laser sessions were performed on each axilla at a 1-month interval. Blood hormone levels were measured in the patients. An alexandrite laser was applied during LHR sessions. Before each LHR session and 1 month after the third session, hair follicles in 4-cm2 areas in the center of the axillae were counted. Patients self-assessed the pain they felt during the laser application in each session with a visual pain scale. The average values for hair counting in the groups were as follows (M, menstruation; O, ovulation; L, luteinization): M0 = 47.6, M1 = 27.4, M2 = 16.1, M3 = 9.9; O0 = 41.8, O1 = 21.1, O2 = 13.8, O3 = 8.6; and L0 = 49.4, L1 = 27.1, L2 = 15.1, L3 = 9.8. The average values on the visual analog scale scores in the groups were: M1 = 3.94, M2 = 3.06, M3 = 1.94; O1 = 3.50, O2 = 3.06, O3 = 1.69; and L1 = 3.63, L2 = 2.50, L3 = 1.56. Statistical analysis was conducted with Tukey post hoc analysis after analysis of variance. The results of LHR are not affected by changes in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle in females. Although not statistically significant, it has been observed that pain tolerance during laser application is lower during the menstruation cycle.

Effect of an Unani Formulation on Menstrual Cyclicity in Women With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome—An Open Labelled Clinical Study

Background & ObjectivesPolycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathies among women of reproductive age affecting 2.2-26% of the population. The objective planned for the study was to evaluate the effect of an Unani formulation on menstrual cyclicity in women with PCOS. MethodologyAn open labelled clinical study was carried out in PCOS patients (n=30) aged between 20-38 years meeting the Rotterdam criteria and patients with thyroid dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, systemic illnesses, malignancy, morbid obesity, pregnancy, lactation, and those treated with hormonal pills & insulin sensitizers within 3 months of study enrolment were excluded. Decoction of 25g of research drug formulation {consisting of Aneesūn (Pimpinella anisum Linn.), Ḥulba (Trigonella foenum graecum, Linn.), Suddāb khushk (Ruta graveolens Linn.), Majeeth (Rubia cordifolia Linn.) and Lobia surkh (Vigna Unguiculata (Linn.) Walp.)} was administered orally on an empty stomach once daily for 5 days/cycle for 3 consecutive cycles, 5 days prior to last menstrual period. The primary outcome measure was the improvement in menstrual cyclicity, and the secondary outcome measures were a reduction in BMI, waist circumference, ovarian volume, and serum insulin. Results were analyzed by Student’s test. ResultsMenstrual cyclicity was achieved in 73.33% of patients and 26.67% had persistent irregular menstruation. Reduction in BMI, waist circumference, ovarian volume, and serum insulin was achieved in 13.33%, 13.33%, 53.33%, and 36.67% of patients respectively. Interpretation & conclusionThis novel trial provides evidence of improved effectiveness and safety of the research drug formulation in PCOS. Hence it can be used as an alternate remedy in its management.

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Siklus Menstruasi pada Wanita Usia Subur: Literature Review

Menstruation is associated with sexual maturity, fertility, overall health, and even changes in various parts of the body. The menstrual cycle typically remains relatively stable during the reproductive years. However, 11.7% of adolescent girls in Indonesia experience menstrual cycle disturbances. Therefore, it is essential to identify factors related to the menstrual cycle. The study was a literature review. The literature used consisted of articles from national journals published in the last five years (2018–2023). The literature sources were obtained from "Google Scholar" using the keyword "siklus menstruasi".Five articles meeting the criteria were identified. Factors influencing the menstrual cycle in women of reproductive age included fast food consumption, stress levels, overweight or obesity, sleep quality, physical activity level, and anxiety. Conclusion: Effectively managing stress, maintaining an ideal body weight, ensuring an adequate amount of sleep, avoiding excessive physical activity, and addressing anxiety could contribute to a normal menstrual cycle.

Dynamic changes in AI-based analysis of endometrial cellular composition: Analysis of PCOS and RIF endometrium

BackgroundThe human endometrium undergoes a monthly cycle of tissue growth and degeneration. During the mid-secretory phase, the endometrium establishes an optimal niche for embryo implantation by regulating cellular composition (e.g., epithelial and stromal cells) and differentiation. Impaired endometrial development observed in conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and recurrent implantation failure (RIF) contributes to infertility. Surprisingly, despite the importance of the endometrial lining properly developing prior to pregnancy, precise measures of endometrial cellular composition in these two infertility-associated conditions are entirely lacking. Additionally, current methods for measuring the epithelial and stromal area have limitations, including intra- and inter-observer variability and efficiency. MethodsWe utilized a deep-learning artificial intelligence (AI) model, created on a cloud-based platform and developed in our previous study. The AI model underwent training to segment both areas populated by epithelial and stromal endometrial cells. During the training step, a total of 28.36 mm2 areas were annotated, comprising 2.56 mm2 of epithelium and 24.87 mm2 of stroma. Two experienced pathologists validated the performance of the AI model. 73 endometrial samples from healthy control women were included in the sample set to establish cycle phase-dependent dynamics of the endometrial epithelial-to-stroma ratio from the proliferative (PE) to secretory (SE) phases. In addition, 91 samples from PCOS cases, accounting for the presence or absence of ovulation and representing all menstrual cycle phases, and 29 samples from RIF patients on day 5 after progesterone administration in the hormone replacement treatment cycle were also included and analyzed in terms of cellular composition. ResultsOur AI model exhibited reliable and reproducible performance in delineating epithelial and stromal compartments, achieving an accuracy of 92.40% and 99.23%, respectively. Moreover, the performance of the AI model was comparable to the pathologists’ assessment, with F1 scores exceeding 82% for the epithelium and >96% for the stroma. Next, we compared the endometrial epithelial-to-stromal ratio during the menstrual cycle in women with PCOS and in relation to endometrial receptivity status in RIF patients. The ovulatory PCOS endometrium exhibited epithelial cell proportions similar to those of control and healthy women’s samples in every cycle phase, from the PE to the late SE, correlating with progesterone levels (control SE, r2 = 0.64, FDR < 0.001; PCOS SE, r2 = 0.52, FDR < 0.001). The mid-SE endometrium showed the highest epithelial percentage compared to both the early and late SE endometrium in both healthy women and PCOS patients. Anovulatory PCOS cases showed epithelial cellular fractions comparable to those of PCOS cases in the PE (Anovulatory, 14.54%; PCOS PE, 15.56%, p = 1.00). We did not observe significant differences in the epithelial-to-stroma ratio in the hormone-induced endometrium in RIF patients with different receptivity statuses. ConclusionThe AI model rapidly and accurately identifies endometrial histology features by calculating areas occupied by epithelial and stromal cells. The AI model demonstrates changes in epithelial cellular proportions according to the menstrual cycle phase and reveals no changes in epithelial cellular proportions based on PCOS and RIF conditions. In conclusion, the AI model can potentially improve endometrial histology assessment by accelerating the analysis of the cellular composition of the tissue and by ensuring maximal objectivity for research and clinical purposes.

COVID-19 Vaccination and Women's Menstrual Cycle: A Cross-sectional Study Performed

Background: After widespread vaccination against COVID-19, a number of unknown complications were reported, including changes in the menstrual cycle. Objectives: Considering the limited information available on this subject, this study was carried out with the aim of studying the prevalence of menstrual disorders in women following COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2022 on 400 women of reproductive age who had received at least 2 doses of the COVID-19 vaccines. The participants were chosen from health centers in the city of Asadabad of Hamedan Province in Iran using the convenience sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that investigated demographics and changes in the menstrual cycle. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (chi-square and Fisher's exact tests). Results: The findings showed that 36.3, 42.5, and 48.01% of the participants experienced menstrual disorders after the first, second, and third doses of vaccination, respectively. Significant relationships were observed between the number of vaccination doses and menstrual disorders (P ≤ 0.001). Furthermore, there were correlations between menstrual disorders and the type of administered vaccine in the first (P = 0.003) and third (P ≤ 0.001) doses. Conclusions: In this study, a number of menstrual complications were observed in women after the administration of the COVID-19 vaccine, and such complications were intensified by an increase in the number of vaccines administered. Since this study was cross-sectional, it cannot be said with certainty whether the administration of the COVID-19 vaccine results in menstrual disorders or not. For this purpose, there is a need for more case-control or prospective studies.

Investigation of postural sensory organization in women with and without primary dysmenorrhea in three phases of the menstrual cycle

BackgroundThe effects of the menstrual cycle in women with and without primary dysmenorrhea on phase-related postural sensory organization are controversial. Research questionThis study was carried out to examine postural sensory organization in three phases of the menstrual cycle in women with and without primary dysmenorrhea and to evaluate whether there is a difference between women with/without primary dysmenorrhea in this regard. MethodsWomen aged 18–30 years were divided into two groups as primary dysmenorrhea group (PDG, n = 14) and control group (CG, n = 15). Computerized dynamic posturography were applied to the participants on the follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Outcome measures were antero-posterior and medio-lateral Sensory Organization Test (SOT–somatosensory, vestibular and visual scores) and Limits of Stability test (LoS). The findings obtained were analyzed with the two-factor ANOVA, paired samples t test, and independent samples t test. ResultsIn the PDG, follicular phase antero-posterior somatosensory scores were lower compared to luteal phase (p = 0.002). Follicular phase antero-posterior and medio-lateral vestibular scores were lower than ovulation (p = 0.003, p = 0.004, respectively) and luteal (p = 0.005, p = 0.001, respectively) phases. Follicular phase LoS scores were lower than ovulation (p = 0.001) and luteal (p = 0.002) phases. In the CG, ovulation phase antero-posterior somatosensory scores were lower than follicular phase (p = 0.003). Follicular phase LoS scores were lower than ovulation phase (p = 0.002). The PDG had lower follicular phase antero-posterior somatosensory (p = 0.019), vestibular (p = 0.031), and medio-lateral somatosensory (p = 0.019) scores than those of the CG. The PDG had lower luteal phase antero-posterior somatosensory scores than those of the CG (p = 0.029). The PDG showed lower follicular phase LoS scores than those of the CG (p = 0.009). SignificanceThis study revealed that primary dysmenorrhea impairs postural sensory organization. Decreased sensory organization may predispose women to injury. The risk of injury should be investigated and necessary precautions should be taken.

Вторичные мессенджеры инсулина при синдроме поликистозных яичников и методы его патогенетической коррекции

The study of new mechanisms of insulin resistance (IR) formation is a prerequisite for the development of new pathogenetically-oriented therapies of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the treatment of associated disorders of carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Important regulators of insulin signaling are its secondary messengers, namely myo-inositol (MI), D-chiro inositol (DCI), and α-lipoic acid (ALA), which mediate various effects of insulin. Consequently, MI induces cellular glucose uptake and enhances glycolysis, whereas DCI stimulates glycogenesis and regulates energy metabolism. The physiologic MI/DCI ratio for oocytes is crucial for oogenesis, steroidogenesis, and the regulation of the menstrual cycle. ALA provides insulinomimetic effects through the induction of glucose translocation into cells, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on pancreatic cells, and the suppression of lipolysis and the reduction of triglyceride levels. A wealth of evidence from large-scale studies, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews has demonstrated the crucial role of MI, DCI, and ALA in the treatment of PCOS. A multitude of studies, including those conducted by the authors, have demonstrated that the administration of these substances results in a reduction in HOMA, levels of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, and body mass index. This, in turn, has been shown to restore ovulation and the menstrual cycle in women with PCOS, as well as to reduce the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, including diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease KEYWORDS: polycystic ovary syndrome, inositol, myo-inositol, D-chiro inositol, alpha-lipoic acid, insulin resistance, fat metabolism, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease FOR CITATION: Ivanov I.A., Tabeeva G.I., Smetnik A.A. Secondary messengers of insulin in polycystic ovary syndrome and its pathogenically- oriented treatment. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2024;7(2):135–143 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2024-7-2-8.

Assessment of prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in patients taking antipsychotic drugs in a tertiary care hospital in eastern India

Background: Researches done over different parts of the world show that hyperprolactinemia in psychotic patients is dependent on many factors such as age, gender, any thyroidal abnormality, drugs such as antipsychotics or antidepressants, psychological stress, and genre of psychosis. In patients taking antipsychotic treatments, prolactin blood levels may rise up to 10 times the normal values. It is very important to differentiate between prolactin-secreting tumor in pituitary and antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. There has been fewer researches on this topic in Eastern India, so it aims to properly estimate the amount of prolactin rise; a patient has to face after taking anti-psychotic medications and might also help the psychiatrists to adjust the dosage of anti-psychotics or to add some other drugs to lower the prolactin level along with the anti-psychotics in Eastern India. Aim and Objectives: The aims and objectives of the study are to estimate serum prolactin in diagnosed psychiatric patients taking antipsychotic drugs for at least 3 months and to study the difference in serum prolactin between recently diagnosed psychiatric patients taking antipsychotic drugs for at least 3 months and age and gender-matched mentally healthy patients without any psychiatric complication and without any history of in taking antipsychotic drugs. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 4 months at Central Laboratory, Dept of Biochemistry, MCK. Before the conduct of the study, informed consent was taken. Patients diagnosed with psychiatric illness and consuming at least one antipsychotic drug for at least 3 months were enrolled after going through inclusion–exclusion criteria. Serum prolactin was measured with help of CLIA (ADVIA CENTAUR). Results: As per our study done in Eastern Indian population, in the female group of psychiatric patients (aged between 18 and 45 years) taking antipsychotics, the prolactin level was 23.6 ± 4.5 ng/ml, and in age-matched control female group, prolactin level was 9.2 ± 3.1 ng/mL, the difference is statistically significant (P &lt; 0.001). Moreover, in male psychiatric patients (aged between 18 and 45 years) taking antipsychotics, the prolactin level was 14.3 ± 1.7 ng/mL, and in age-matched control male group, prolactin level was 8.5 ± 1.5 ng/mL, the difference is statistically significant (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: As per our study, psychiatric patients of both gender taking antipsychotic drugs had higher serum prolactin level than age and gender-matched mentally healthy persons not taking antipsychotic drugs. Though the limitation of this study was small sample size and another issue that must be taken into consideration is the fact that prolactin levels can also be dependent of menstrual cycles in women, and in our study, there were 40 (57%) females who were still menstruating.

The effects of green tea tablets and metformin on ovulation and menstrual cycle regularity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common cause of oligo-ovulation and anovulation among women of reproductive age, contributing to infertility. This study aimed to compare the effects of green tea tablets and metformin on ovulation, menstrual cycle regularity, and antioxidant biomarkers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this clinical trial study, 94 women with PCOS were randomly assigned to three groups: green tea (n = 33), metformin (n = 29), and control (n = 32). Menstrual status and oxidative stress parameters, including total antioxidant capacity, thiol, and lipid peroxidation, were compared before and 3 months after the intervention among all three groups. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software version 22 and employing the analysis of variance and paired t-tests. Following the intervention, the mean menstrual cycle duration in the green tea, metformin, and control groups was 32.22 ± 12.78, 48.72 ± 37.06, and 48.53 ± 31.04 days, respectively (P = 0.040). There was no statistically significant difference between the three groups in terms of biochemical, hormonal, and antioxidant indices before and after the intervention (P > 0.05). The intake of green tea tablets was associated with better outcomes in regulating the menstrual cycle in women with PCOS.

Effects of the COVID-19 Infection on Women's Menstrual Cycle: A Retrospective Study at Latifa Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all of us in one way or another.The menstrual cycle is a reflectionof the female reproductive system, and it is influenced by various factors includingstress and infections. Although there is little information available about how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected women's reproductive health, it has had a significant impact on women. Objective The main objective of our study is to identify if there are any menstrual disturbances following COVID-19 infection in women. Study design Our study is a retrospective study wherein 700 women recovering from COVID-19 infection were asked about any new menstrual disturbances after the infection. We collected the data using questionnaires and analyzed the data using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS, version 26) (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY). Results Our study showed no dysmenorrhea in 90% of the participants, 81% reported no change in menstrual flow rate, a vast majority (93%) denied experiencing amenorrhea, only 4% reported a new onset of intermenstrual bleeding, and 1% reported postmenopausal bleeding. Conclusion There was no significant change in the participants' menstrual cycle following COVID-19 infection.

Inositol - why should it be in the spotlight for women in a reproductive age?

Introduction and purpose: Inositol exists in the form of nine isomers, two of which are dominant - myo-inositol (MI) and D-chiro-inositol (DCI). It is a naturally occuring sugar involved in many biological pathways. Due to its insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, inositol has been suggested as a novel treatment agent in prevention and treatment of reproductive disorders. The paper presents currently available data regarding the impact of oral supplementation of inositol for fertility of women and men, reproductive outcomes among subfertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and its effectiveness on preventing and treating gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).&#x0D; Material and methods of research: The search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholarship databases available to November 2023. &#x0D; Results: Although the evidence is still insufficient, it is suggested that inositol may be beneficial for subfertile women, also those undergoing assisted reproductive techniques and in vitro fertilization. Moreover inositol can positively influence sperm quality. Myoinositol supplementation was also effective and safe for pregnant women with GDM and their children. In these women lower HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment – Insulin Resistance) and reduction of fetal macrosomia were observed. Myoinositol also seems to be favorable for overweight or obese women in GDM prevention and treatment. Current findings indicate the positive impact for hormonal changes and restoration in menstrual cyclicity in women with PCOS, improving reproductive disorders in these patients.&#x0D; Conclusions: Overall, although findings are encouraging, further trials for this promising intervention are still required to support oral supplementation of inositol.

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and its impact on body weight and menstrual cycle in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objectives. Our study evaluated the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) from Suceava, Romania, and the effects of this diet on their body weight and regulation of the menstrual cycle, respectively. Methodology. Data collection for the cross-sectional study was performed using the PREDIMED questionnaire, which provided information about the adherence to the Mediterranean diet of 30 women (mean age=37 years old; SD±7.7) diagnosed with PCOS, from Suceava County, Romania, monitored between December 2020 and April 2021. Results. PREDIMED scores in 30 PCOS patients showed 43.3% of patients with low (≤5) and 56.7% with moderate (6-9) adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Higher MD adherence correlated with a lower BMI (r=-0.4; p=0.0255; 95% CI; -0.6 to 0.05) and lower mean body weight (62 kg versus 69 kg). No significant differences were found regarding age, residence, alcohol/smoking habits, or menstrual regulation based on MD adherence. Risky behaviors didn’t impact menstrual cycle, except for olive oil consumption. The preference for using oil in the diet and, especially, the daily intake of at least four tablespoons correlated negatively with cycle regulation (r=-0.38; p=0.0325; 95% CI; -0.73 to -0.03; and r=-0.56; p=0.0013; 95% CI; -0.76 to -0.25, respectively). Conclusions. Our results showed that the Mediterranean diet is beneficial in terms of body weight management in women with PCOS, but not in regulating menstruation.

Examining the effect of COVID-19 vaccines on the menstrual cycle: A study from Turkey.

Concerns about a possible relationship between vaccination against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and menstrual disorders have been raised in the media. In addition, different studies have shown that the COVID-19 vaccine may be associated with menstrual changes. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of COVID-19 vaccines on the menstrual cycle in women. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between August 16 and September 17, 2021. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire via an online form sent to the participants through social media. Data of 586 women were included in this study. A total of 82.4% (n = 483) of the participants were aged between 31 and 50 years. The BioNTech vaccine (2 doses) was administered to 75.8% (n = 444), Sinovac (3 doses) to 9.0% (n = 53) of the participants. 53.1% (n = 311) of the women experienced changes in their menstrual cycles. The most common menstrual changes after vaccination were delayed menstruation (n = 176; 30.0%) and prolonged menstrual duration (n = 132; 22.5%). Menstrual delay, prolonged menstrual duration, heavy bleeding, and early menstruation were more common in women than prior to receiving the vaccine (P < .05). More than half of the women experienced menstrual cycle changes after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. Women experienced significantly higher rates of menstruation delay, prolonged menstrual duration, heavy bleeding, and early bleeding compared to before vaccination.

Isometric and isokinetic strength of lower-limb muscles in female athletes during different phases of menstrual cycle: a causal-comparative study

BackgroundMuscle strength is affected by different stages of the menstrual cycle in women. Since the strength of the lower limb muscles plays a significant role in the occurrence of anterior cruciate ligament injury, it seems necessary to study the strength of the lower limb muscles at different stages of this cycle to take preventive measures. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the isometric and isokinetic strength of lower limb muscles in female athletes at different menstrual cycle stages.MethodsThe present study is of a causal-comparative type. Thirty-seven female athletes in anterior cruciate ligament injury high-risk disciplines participated in this study. Isometric and isokinetic knee extensors and flexors muscle strength status, including the traditional hamstrings/quadriceps (H/Q) ratios, were recorded at different stages of the menstrual cycle (follicular, ovulatory, luteal) by Biodex isokinetic dynamometry system 4. Then, the obtained results were analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance.ResultsAnalysis of variance with repeated measures showed isokinetic and isometric strength in the knee flexor and extensor muscles at an angular velocity of 60˚/s in the ovulatory phase are higher than the follicular and luteal ones. The strength of the muscles declined during the follicular and luteal phases (p ≤ 0.05).ConclusionsDue to the negative effect of the follicular and luteal stages of the menstrual cycle on the strength of the flexor and extensor muscles of the knee, the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury may increase during this period. Therefore, it is recommended that all female coaches and athletes take preventive measures during this period.

A review of factors influencing sensitive skin: an emphasis on built environment characteristics.

Sensitive skin (SS) is a condition characterized by hyperreactivity. Impacting around 37 percent of the worldwide population and exerting an influence on the quality of life for affected individuals. Its prevalence rate has increased due to factors such as elevating stress levels and deteriorating environmental conditions. The exposome factors influencing SS have extended from demographic, biological attributes, and lifestyle to external environments. Built environments (BEs) have demonstrated as root drivers for changes in behaviors and environmental exposure which have the potential to trigger SS, but the review of the associations between BEs and SS is currently lacking. This review aims to achieve two primary objectives: (1) Examine exposome factors that exert influence on SS at the individual and environmental levels. (2) Develop a theoretical framework that establishes a connection between BEs and SS, thereby offering valuable insights into the impact of the built environment on this condition. An extensive literature search was carried out across multiple fields, including sociology, epidemiology, basic medicine, clinical medicine, and environmental research, with a focus on SS. To identify pertinent references, renowned databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI were utilized. SS is the outcome of interactions between individual attributes and environmental factors. These influencing factors can be categorized into five distinct classes: (1) demographic and socioeconomic characteristics including age, gender, and race; (2) physiological and biological attributes such as emotional changes, skin types, sleep disorders, and menstrual cycles in women; (3) behavioral factors, such as spicy diet, cosmetic use, alcohol consumption, and physical exercise; (4) natural environmental features, including climate conditions and air pollution; (5) built environmental features such as population density, green space availability, road network density, and access to public transportation, also have the potential to affect the condition. The importance of interdisciplinary integration lies in its ability to ascertain whether and how BEs are impacting SS. By elucidating the role of BEs in conjunction with other factors in the onset of SS, we can provide guidance for future research endeavors and the formulation of interventions aimed at mitigating the prevalence of SS.

The Relationship Between Nutritional Statuses and Stress Levels on The Menstrual Cycle in Adolescent Woman at SMAN 3 Sidoarjo

Psychological factors, hormonal disorders, genetics, organic disorders and nutritional status. Nutritional status is a very influential factor in a woman's menstrual cycle. Inadequate nutritional intake causes menstrual irregularities in most adolescent girls. In addition, the stress level factor is the cause of menstrual disorders. Excessive secretion of stress hormones can damage cells, tissues, and other organs. One of the most visible effects of stress is menstrual cycle irregularities in adolescent girls. Prove the relationship between nutritional status and stress levels on the menstrual cycle in adolescent girls at SMA Negeri 3 Sidoarjo. Type of survey analytical research with a cross sectional approach using Propotional Random Sampling sampling techniques with inclusion criteria, a total of 88 respondents with a division of 28 respondents from X grade, 29 respondents in class XI and 31 respondents in class XII. The analysis used to assess variables is the chi square and logistic regression statistical test.In this study, an SPSS statistical test using chi square obtained the results of the correlation analysis of the relationship between nutritional status and the menstrual cycle obtained ρ &lt; α results (0.000 &lt; 0.05), while the correlation of the relationship between stress levels and menstrual cycles obtained ρ &lt; α results (0.002 &lt; 0.05), so it means that H1 accepted means that there is a significant relationship between nutritional status and stress levels with the menstrual cycle of adolescent girls in SMA 3 Sidoarjo.

Estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder

The interplay between ovarian hormones, stress, and inflammatory markers in developing premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) remains inadequately understood. This study investigated the associations of dynamic changes in the levels of estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with PMDD during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. A total of 58 women with PMDD and 50 healthy women were recruited in this study. These women's estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, BDNF, and VEGF levels were evaluated during the preovulation (PO), mid-luteal (ML), and late-luteal (LL) phases. Furthermore, the severity of P MDD symptoms, depressive symptoms, perceived stress, inattention, craving for sweet foods, and fatigue was assessed. The findings revealed that women with PMDD with higher levels of progesterone during the ML or LL phase or a greater increase (ML−PO) or higher sum (ML + LL) of luteal progesterone level exhibited a greater increase in PMDD symptoms during the luteal phase than did the healthy controls. Furthermore, women with PMDD exhibited higher cortisol levels during the LL phase than did the controls. The BDNF level was negatively correlated with PMDD severity. Furthermore, BDNF and VEGF levels were negatively correlated with inattention and craving for sweet foods among women with PMDD. These results suggest an association between progesterone and the exacerbation of PMDD symptoms during the LL phase. Women with PMDD have relatively high cortisol levels during the LL phase. Future investigations with experimental designs or larger sample sizes are warranted to verify the roles of progesterone and cortisol in the development of PMDD.

Factors Used by Mobile Applications to Predict Female Fertility Status and Their Reported Effectiveness: A Scoping Review.

Family planning, whether for pregnancy prevention or conception, is of pivotal importance to women of reproductive age. As hormonally driven methods, such as oral contraceptive pills, are widely used but have numerous side effects, women often seek alternative non-hormonal, non-invasive options, including fertility-tracking mobile applications (apps). However, the effectiveness of these apps as a method of contraception and conception planning has not been extensively vetted. The goal of this scoping review is to identify the various factors used by apps marketed as a method of contraception and/or family planning to predict a woman's fertility status, as well as their documented effectiveness. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, a literature search was performed in CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Alt HealthWatch databases for articles published between October 1, 2017, and October 4, 2022. Quality assessment of eligible full-text articles was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. A total of 629 articles were screened. Overall, 596 articles were excluded and the remaining 33 articles underwent full-text review. Seven articles were included in the final analysis, yielding data on the following five apps: Natural Cycles, Ava Fertility, Clearblue Connected, Ovia Fertility, and Dynamic Optimal Timing (DOT). Data supporting the effectiveness of these apps is limited. All apps provided predictions on fertility status throughout a woman's menstrual cycle using proprietary algorithms, biometric data, and self-reported menstrual cycle data. Further research, particularly independent research following a randomized controlled design, on the efficacy of these apps is needed to produce more robust results.

Genetic Doping in Sports: A Biological and Legal Examination!

Doping is commonly perceived as a moral and ethical violation. This matter is of global significance. Doping is the illicit use of certain substances and methods to enhance sports performance and stamina. This is accomplished by consuming these medications, which enhance the body's ability to supply a larger quantity of oxygenation to the muscles. However, the ingestion of these chemicals has a multitude of detrimental effects on an individual's well-being, encompassing but not restricted to infections, allergies, cardiovascular diseases, ischemic stroke, pulmonary embolism, hypertension, acne, male erectile dysfunction, and disturbances in women's menstrual cycles. Therefore, doping can directly impact sporting events. The ongoing development of novel drug delivery techniques presents a formidable obstacle to the battle against doping, rendering it progressively arduous for experts to detect these chemicals and medications. The government must remain updated on the latest advancements in chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and implement steps to regulate their usage to ensure fair competition. This article aims to comprehensively examine the practices of gene doping in athletics, with a specific emphasis on their biological and legal examination.