Albino Rats Of Wistar Strain Research Articles

Attenuation of Isoproterenol Induced Cardiotoxicity by Moringa oleifera Seeds

Objective: To understand the cardioprotective effect of Moringa oleifera (MO) seed powder using isoproterenol induced cardiotoxicity in albino rats of wistar strain. Materials and Methods: Hydroalcoholic extract of MO (HAMO) seeds was prepared by soxhlet method and used for the study. After phytochemical analysis, the extract was evaluated for in vivo study. Six rats were grouped. Group 1 as vehicle, group 2 as disease control, group 3 as standard, group 4 and 5 as low and high dose of hydroalcoholic extract of MO (200mg/kg, 400mg/kg) respectively. ECG parameters, cardiac markers and oxidative stress were assessed. Results: 4% yield was obtained. ST segment elevation and increased heart rate by Isoproterenol was treated by hydroalcoholic extract of MO seeds. CK-MB, LDH levels were also restored in treatment groups as compared to disease control. The endogenous antioxidant enzymes catalase and GSH activity increased in treatment groups whereas lipid peroxidation was decreased significantly. The HAMO (400mg/kg) showed better cardioprotective activity as equivalent to Terminalia arjuna tablets which was used as standard. In histology findings, HAMO (400mg/kg) showed decrease in necrosis as compared to disease control. Conclusion: The HAMO (400mg/kg) has proven to attenuate cardiotoxicity induced by Isoproterenol, confirmed by ECG, cardiac markers and histopathological findings.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of <i>Indigofera prostrate</i> on Normal and Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Albino Wistar Rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus is an ailment that affects majority of individuals in the world. The objective of the current study is to estimate the antidiabetic effect of methanol extract of Indigofera prostrata whole plant, which is cultivated extensively in India’s arid and also desert regions. Aim: The aim of the current investigation is to estimate the efficacy of methanol extract of I. prostrata (MEIP) to prevent streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in albino wistar strain rats. Methods: In current examination, methanol extracts of the whole plant of I. prostrata with the doses of 250 and 500mg/kg/b.wt (body weight) are administered through oral route to the streptozotocin made diabetic animals where n=6. We evaluated the differences in water intake, intake of food, glucose in fasting, weight of body and also the oral glucose tolerance test. When extract of I. prostrata was used for evaluating the (OGTT) Oral Glucose Tolerance Test for diabetic animals, levels of glucose were found to be pointedly lower when administered with 500 mg/kg b.wt as associated to the control group. I. prostrata had specifically reduced the elevated levels of glucose in diabetic rats. I. prostrata is a vital alternative source for managing blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus that have increased during the condition and need to be further reduced by oral medications that cause hypoglycemia. Biochemical parameters were estimated as a part of the investigation. Results: The results demonstrated that the dried methanol extract of I. prostrata (250 mg/kg/bwt and 500 mg/kg/bwt) considerably declined the levels of blood glucose during the treatment period when compared to glibenclamide (10mg/kg), enhanced the metabolism, improved the health of animals and also enhanced the oral glucose tolerance test. Conclusion: As a result, we can conclude that the whole plant of I. prostrata methanol extract contains antidiabetic activity.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Abutilon crispum on Normal and Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Albino Wistar Rats

Background Diabetes mellitus is a disorder that affects the majority of individuals in the world. Objectives The objective of the current study is to estimate the antidiabetic effect of methanol extract of Abutilon crispum entire plant, which is broadly cultivated in India’s arid and desert areas. This current investigation aims to estimate the efficacy of methanol extract of A. crispum to prevent streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in Albino Wistar strain rats. Materials and Methods In the current examination, methanol extract of the whole plant of A. crispum with doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/b.wt (body weight) is administered through the oral route to the streptozotocin-prompted diabetic animals where n = 6. We evaluated the differences in food and water intake, body weight levels, fasting glucose, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). When methanol extract of A. crispum was used to evaluate the OGTT for diabetic animals, levels of glucose were found to be pointedly lower when administered with 500 mg/kg b.wt as this is compared to the control group. A. crispum had specifically declined the levels of glucose elevated in diabetic rats. A. crispum is a vital alternative source for managing blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus that have increased during the condition and need to be further reduced by oral medications that cause hypoglycemia. Biochemical parameters were estimated as a part of the investigation. Results The results demonstrated that the dried methanol extract of A. crispum (250 mg/kg/bwt and 500 mg/kg/bwt) considerably declined those levels of blood glucose during the treatment period when compared to glibenclamide (10 mg/kg), enhanced the metabolism, improved the health of animals and enhanced the OGTT. Conclusion As a result, we can conclude that the whole plant of A. crispum methanol extract contains antidiabetic effects, as well as, hypoglycemic activities.

Shatadhauta Ghrita and Panchavalkala Prevent Wound Healing In Vivo

Background: Wounds disrupt the integrity of skin or mucosa, causing significant cellular and vascular damage. Historical and modern research aims to improve wound healing through effective management strategies and therapeutic applications, particularly within traditional systems like Ayurveda. This study evaluates the efficacy of Shatadhauta Ghrita (SDG) combined with Panchavalkala Siddha Ghrita (PSSG) for wound healing, assessing their potential as modern treatments. Methods: Thirty mature Wistar strain albino rats were divided into five groups, including a control and treatment groups receiving SDG, Go-Ghrita (GH), and PSSG. Standardized excision wounds were created, and healing was monitored through wound contraction measurements over 21 days. Results: The control group showed a wound contraction of 91.53% after 15 days, increasing to 95.23% by day 21. The GH group exhibited 93.67%, while the SDG group had 87.95%. Notably, the SDG group demonstrated a contraction of 98.67% by day 21, outperforming both control and GH groups. Conclusion: SDG’s superior wound healing efficacy suggests it may serve as an effective topical treatment, supported by traditional Ayurvedic practices. This research emphasizes the importance of integrating traditional knowledge with scientific validation, advocating for further studies on SDG's biological properties and potential applications in modern medicine.

Trigonelline, a Fenugreek Bioactive compound protects Heart tissue against alcohol intoxication: An in-vivo study focusing on antioxidant perspective

BackgroundTrigonella foenum-graecum, commonly known as fenugreek and it is used as a spice. It has antioxidant, anti-diabetic, antilipedemic and other pharmocological properties. ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to detect the cardio protective activity of Trigonelline (TG) a bioactive compound of Trigonella foenum-graecum (TF) in alcohol intoxicated rats. Material and methodsThe young wistar strain albino rats are divided in to 5 groups and treatment was given as per the experimental protocol. Antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels are estimated in cardiac tissue of all experimental groups. Cardiac markers creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), troponin-T (TT), troponin-I (TI), myoglobin (MG) and serum markers alanine transaminase (AAT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are estimated. Free radical scavenging activities like 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical are estimated in ethanolic extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum. ResultsSOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GSH activities are depleted and MDA, CK-MB, TT, TI, MG and AAT, AST, ALP activities are elevated in alcohol intoxicated rats. Trigonelline supplementation to alcoholic rats for 30 days elevated antioxidant enzymes, depleted MDA, cardiac markers and serum markers in alcohol intoxicated rats. Free radical scavenging assay also reported that Trigonella foenum-graecum possess free radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, our histopathological evidence also proved that TG protected the cardiac tissue from alcohol induced toxicity in all the experimental rats. ConclusionOur study concluded that TG may be useful to the alcoholic and myocardial infarction subjects.

The nutritional value and health properties of tahini and tahini-based products

Tahini is an oily paste made from mechanically hulled, roasted and ground sesame, which is used as an ingredient in many traditional Middle Eastern recipes. It is rich in MUFAs, PUFAs, polyphenols, minerals and vitamins. Literature about the health effects of tahini consumption is limited since only two studies in human population and one study in animal model are available, so far. A 6-week supplementation with 28 g tahini in T2DM patients led to lower TG and hs-CRP and higher HDL-C levels. Additionally, consumption of 50 g tahini decreased plasma glucose and increased total phenolic content, urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2a and flow-mediated dilatation in healthy individuals postprandially. Moreover, in 40 male albino rats of Wistar strain, sesame butter decreased glucose and malondialdehyde and increased HDL-C and total antioxidant capacity compared to control. Hummus is a dip or spread made from boiled chickpeas, blended with tahini, lemon juice, olive oil, garlic and salt. It is rich in vitamins, minerals and different bioactive compounds including phytic acid, tannins, carotenoids, sterols, and other polyphenols. Hummus consumption has been positively related with weight management and glucose-insulin response. Halva is a low-moisture confectionery that contains tahini, sugar, citric acid and Saponaria officinalis root extract and its consumption has been found to ameliorate glycemic control. In conclusion, tahini could be beneficial regarding diabetes-induced inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial function. Since more research is needed in order to confirm the aforementioned properties, tahini and tahini-based products seem to be a healthy choice, aiming at promoting healthy dietary patterns.

Effects of high dose of long-term ethanol exposure on oxidative damage of spleen in experimental rat model

Background: Alcoholic beverages have been used in human societies at least since the beginning of recorded history. Research has demonstrated sufficiently to our understanding of the relation of drinking to specific disorders, and has shown that the relation between alcohol consumption and health outcomes is complex and multidimensional. Methods: In this study we had demonstrated the role of oxidative stress in long-term ethanol induced spleen damage in 16-18 week-old male albino rats of Wistar strain weighing 200- 220 g. Results: Ethanol exposure (1.6 g ethanol/ kg body wt/ day for 12 weeks) caused significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase; while significant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content and glutathione s-transferase activity in spleen homogenate. Conclusion: Our study revealed that higher doses of ethanol (1.6 g/ kg body weight/ day) for a long period caused significant oxidative stress in the spleen. Intermediates of oxygen reduction may be associated with the development of ethanol induced organ damage.

Whey preparation as an adjuvant to minimise the Intestinal inflammatory status in mucositis rat model

To study the effect of Whey Preparation on intestinal mucositis, model developed by administration of single dose of etoposide (60mg/Kg body wt., i.p). The experimental procedure included Adult albino rats (10±1 week old) of Wistar strain (n=30, 6/group). Freshly prepared whey preparation-(100 and 200mg/Kg/body wt.) was administered by orogastric gavage- Pre, both pre and post etoposide injection. Effectiveness of whey preparation was determined by estimating the biochemical parameters including intestinal Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-6, sodium potassium ATPase, inflammatory markers- Cyclooxygenase and Myeloperoxidase along with Nitric Oxide and reduced Glutathione with and without intervention after 72 hrs. of etoposide injection. There was a significant increase in the Tumor Necrosis Factor –α, Interleukin-6 levels and extent of apoptosis in etoposide controls. Etoposide administration caused a significant decreased the activity of Na+-K+ ATPase and reduced glutathione levels in intestinal tissue. However, in the post treatment groups, Tumor Necrosis Factor–α, Interleukin-6 as well as extent of apoptosis were reverted to normal after whey preparation administration.Whey Preparation gavage in both the study groups- pre and both pre and post etoposide exposure showed that intervention was able to preserve/ prevent changes in the biochemical activity. The results support the WP potentials to reduce the deleterious effects of etoposide on normal cells, which leads to mucositis.

Efficacy of Oregano Extract Ointment on Fibroblast Cells and Epidermis in Albino Rats with Excisional Wound Model

This study aimed to determine the effect of oregano extract ointment therapy on the number of fibroblast cells and the epidermal thickness in excised wounds. The experimental animals used were 20 male Wistar strain albino rats, 12 weeks old, weighing 100–150 g, divided into 5 treatment groups i.e., (C-) not excised and without ointment, (C+) excised and without ointment, and the treatment group were excised using a 5 x 5 mm biopsy punch and treated with oregano extract ointment using concentrations of (T1) 3%, (T2) 6% and (T3) 9% twice daily for 14 days in an excised wound. The variables observed in this study were the number of fibroblast cells and the epidermal thickness by the HE staining method then measured using ImageJ. Data analysis used the One-Way ANOVA test followed by the Tukey test (p < 0,05). The results showed a decrease in the number of fibroblast cells and an increase in the epidermal thickness in the 6% concentration ointment. This study concluded that the administration of oregano extract ointment with a concentration of 6% was the optimal concentration in accelerating the final proliferative phase, characterized by a decrease in fibroblast cells and an increase in epidermal thickness.

Biochemical and histological study of spermatogenic activity in male albino rats treated with Cantharis Q

Cantharidin is a bioactive toxin produced by the blister beetles commonly called Spanish fly. This natural compound is a bicyclic monoterpene (C10H12O4 ) that has clinical application as an anti-inflammatory, antiviral as well as antitumor agent and has been widely used to treat a variety of skin-related diseases. There are several reports of consumption of dried blister beetles and their traditional formulations due to a long history of the supposed aphrodisiac property of cantharidin. The present study, therefore, aimed at investigating the biochemical and histological changes in the testes of male albino rats of Wistar strain due to oral intake of Cantharis Q, a crude alcoholic extract of blister beetle Lytta vesicatoria used as mother tincture and as diluted potentized form in homeopathy. The experimental rats were given Cantharis Q dosage of 500 µg/Kg body weight for 60 days and the subsequent autorecovery was also studied after 30 days without treatment. The treated rats showed a significant decrease in the weight of testis, seminiferous tubular diameter and sperm count. Activity of testicular acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), hyaluronidase (HL) enzyme and content of cholesterol, total protein, DNA and RNA decreased significantly whereas activity of beta-glucuronidase (BG) enzyme and glycogen was significantly increased. Spermatogenesis stages VIII, IX and X showed sloughing of round spermatids into the tubular lumen. The animals kept for autorecovery showed only partial improvement. Thus, it could be concluded that the treatment had a negative impact on the physiological function of testis of albino rat causing detrimental effects on the spermatogenic activity

CONSUMPTION OF HYPERLIPIDEMIC DIET AND WATER INTAKE IN ALBINO RATS TREATED WITH ECLIPTA ALBA – ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

Objective: A high-fat (HF) diet described as higher calories generating from fat instead of carbohydrate or protein. HF usually diets a typical low-carbohydrate diet. Methods: Thirty adult Albino rats of Wistar strain accurately weighing between 165 and 215 g utilized for the present the study. As per CPCSEA guidelines, the protocol was approved by the institutional animal ethical committee no. BMCH/IAEC/01 Anat/2015 dated June 4, 2015. Animals were maintained and fed with standard rat chow, HF diet, and clean drinking water ad libitum, commercially available and manufactured by the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad. Results: Rate of food consumption increased in rats fed with the HF diet for 8 weeks and decreased significantly in rats treated with Eclipta alba for 1, 2, and 3 weeks progressively compared to control group. Water intake increased in the rats fed with an HF diet (43±2.1) compared to rats fed with a normal diet, decreased significantly in the rats treated with E. alba (31±1.4) compared to the HF diet-fed animals. Conclusion: The rate of food consumption increased in rats fed with the HF diet for 8 weeks and decreased significantly in rats treated with E. alba for 1, 2, and 3 weeks progressively compared to control group. Water intake increased in the rats fed with an HF diet compared to rats fed with a normal diet, decreased significantly in the rats treated with E. alba compared to the HF diet-fed animals

A Novel Therapeutic Formulation for the Improved Treatment of Indian Red Scorpion (Mesobuthus tamulus) Venom-Induced Toxicity-Tested in Caenorhabditis elegans and Rodent Models.

Indian Red Scorpion (Mesobuthus tamulus) stings are a neglected public health problem in tropical and sub-tropical countries, including India. The drawbacks of conventional therapies using commercial anti-scorpion antivenom (ASA) and α1-adrenoreceptor antagonists (AAA) have prompted us to search for an adequate formulation to improve treatment against M. tamulus stings. Novel therapeutic drug formulations (TDF) of low doses of commercial ASA, AAA, and ascorbic acid have remarkably improved in neutralising the in vivo toxic effects of M. tamulus venom (MTV) tested in Caenorhabditis elegans and Wistar strain albino rats in vivo models. The neutralisation of MTV-induced production of free radicals, alteration of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and upregulated expression of genes involved in apoptosis, detoxification, and stress response in C. elegans by TDF surpassed the same effect shown by individual components of the TDF. Further, TDF efficiently neutralized the MTV-induced increase in blood glucose level within 30 to 60 min post-treatment, organ tissue damage, necrosis, and pulmonary oedema in Wistar rats, indicating its clinical application for effecting treating M. tamulus envenomation. This study demonstrates for the first time that C. elegans can be a model organism for screening the neutralization potency of the drug molecules against a neurotoxic scorpion venom.

The intraocular pressure reducing- potential of topically administered aqueous extract of Dennetia Tripetala on Wistar strain albino rats

The second section of manuscript should contain Abstract and Keywords. Abstract should be informative, self-explanatory and easy to understand. Plant parts have continued to attract attention in the global search for the treatment of many diseases affecting humans. Dennetia tripetala (mmimi) is a well-known spicy indigenous forest fruit from the family annonacea and has been found to contain lots of minerals, vitamins, alkaloids and trace elements which are of medicinal importance. This study investigated the effect of topical ripe and unripe Dennetia tripetala seed extracts on the intraocular pressure of albino Wistar rats. Fifteen healthy male albino Wistar rats were used for the study. The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (A, B, C), each group consisting of 5 rats. Group A rats were treated with one drop of ripe seed extract in their right eye and one drop of Timolol eye drop in their left eye. Group B rats received one drop of unripe seed extract in their right eye and one drop of Timolol eye drop in their left eye. Group C rats served as control (received one drop of water in OD). The I0P of each rat was measured pre and post instillation of one drop volume of the solutions at 30 mins interval for 120 minutes. The findings showed peak reduction of IOP after 60 mins (6.02 mmHg, representing 31.2 % reduction) of instillation one drop volume of ripe D. tripetala seed extract and reverted towards baseline (19.16 mmhg). The peak effect of ripe D. tripetala was found to be statistically significant (P =4.558). Unlike ripe D. tripetala seed extract, the unripe extract induced consistent IOP reduction till 120 minutes (5 % after 30 minutes, 16.5 % after 60minutes and 17.9 % after 120 minutes) from the baseline (18.84 mmHg). The reduction in IOP after 60 minutes (P = .4145) and 120 minutes was statistically significant (P= 2.5448). When compared with Timolol, Timolol produced steady and highest IOP reduction (15 %, 23.5 %, and 33.3 % from the baseline) 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 120 minutes post instillation respectively. Topical administration of aqueous extract of ripe D. tripetala seed significantly reduced intraocular pressure in albino Wistar rats, suggesting anti-glaucoma effect of the extract.

Effect of Orally Administered Dennettia tripetala (Pepper Fruit) (Aq) Extract on the Intraocular Pressure and Serum Concentration of Lipid Parameters of Wistar Strain Albino Rat

Background: Plant parts have continued to attract attention in the global search for natural means of treatment of many diseases affecting humans and animals including glaucoma.
 Aims: The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of Aqueous seed extract of Dennettia tripetala (ASEDt) on the intraocular pressure (IOP) and the serum concentration of lipid parameters of Wistar strain albino rats (male and female).
 Methodology: This study was conducted in the Optometry and Anatomy department of Abia state University Uturu, Nigeria where a total of 37 males albino Wistar rats (12 weeks old), weighing 200 – 230g were used (12 for acute toxicity studies and 25 for the experiment proper) for a period of 35 days. The 25 rats were further divided into 5 groups (A-E) of 5 animals each according to various treatments A- No treatment, B-10mg/ml Cholesterol p.o, while C, D and E were treated with 10mg/ml Cholesterol p.o, plus administration of 200mg DT seed (aq) extract, 500mg DT seed (aq) extract and 0.5% timolol topically into the eye respectively. Intraocular pressure as well as the serum concentration of lipid parameters of the control group viz; Total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High density lipoprotein (HDL) and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) was measured at day 1 (Baseline) 10 and 20 of experiment.
 Results: Topical administration of 200mg/kg and 500mg/kg DT seed (aq) extract caused a significant reduction of IOP in the rats. This reduction was higher with 500mg. Furthermore, both 500mg and 200mg (ASEDt)A caused a reduction in the levels of TC, TG, LDL and increased level of HDL.
 Conclusion: Aqueous seed extract of Dennettia tripetala caused a dose dependent reduction of intraocular pressure and ameliorated the serum concentration of lipid parameters in both male and female Wistar strain albino rats, thus suggesting that it could be beneficial in peculiar ocular, cardiovascular and public health care management.

Annona senegalensis stem bark extracts attenuated doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity and mitochondrial oxidative damage in Wistar strain albino rats

Abstract Background and Objective: Doxorubicin (DOX)- an anthracycline is a well-known anticancer agent but its limitation lies in it hepato- and cardio-toxicity involving the mitochondrial redox pathway. Thus, there is need for chemoprotective agents to serve as interventions for militating against toxicity during cancer management. This study investigated the protective potential of Annona senegalensis stem bark extracts (ASE) on DOX-induced mitochondrial membrane damage and oxidative stress in albino rats’ livers. Materials and Methods: ASE was subjected to phytochemical screening. Thirty male Wistar strain albino rats (13 weeks old; 150–160 g) were randomly divided into Groups A (control) received distilled water, Groups B, C, D, E, and F received DOX-only (20 mg/kg), DOX (20 mg/kg) + ASE (100 mg/kg), DOX (20 mg/kg) + ASE (200 mg/kg), DOX (20 mg/kg) + ASE (400 mg/kg), ASE (400 mg/kg) only, respectively (n = 5 per group). Groups that received ASE were pre-administered for 7 days before intraperitoneal administration of DOX on day 7. Rats were sacrificed, oxidative stress and liver membrane damage were evaluated. Results: Tannin, saponin, phenol, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, reducing sugar, and cardiac glycosides were present, while combined and free anthraquinone were absent in ASE. The total flavonoid, phenol, tannin, and reducing sugar content of ASE were 13.11 ± 1.09, 27.19 ± 0.61, 8.98 ± 1.2, and 27.3 ± 1.6 mg gallic acid equivalent, respectively. Activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and level of glutathione in both hepatic mitochondrial membrane and post-mitochondrial fractions (PMF) increased concentration-dependently in ASE pretreated compared to DOX-only-treated animals. Malondialdehyde levels significantly (P < 0.05) decreased concentration-dependently. Conclusions: ASE has chemoprotective potential on liver mitochondria and PMF against DOX-induced toxicity attributable to its constituent phytochemicals.

Pharmacokinetic analysis of Tulasi Swarasadi Taila administered through Nasya (therapeutic nasal administration) and oral route in albino rats

Introduction:Tulasi Swarasadi Taila(medicated oil) is a medicated oil that has been indicated forNasya(therapeutic nasal administration) and oral administration to alleviate diseases likePratishyaya(allergic rhinitis). The drug has been widely used through intranasal and oral routes for the management of various diseases. However, its pharmacokinetic analysis has been unexplored which urges improved methods of standardization.Aim:The study was conducted to understand the pharmacokinetic profile ofTulasi Swarasadi Tailaadministered throughNasya(nasal) and oral routes in albino rats.Materials and methods:Tulasi Swarasadi Tailawas administered in a single dose of 0.54 ml/kg through theNasyaroute and 1.8 ml/kg through the oral route to the healthy Wistar strain albino rats. The serum was collected at different time intervals and estimated by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy analysis for the separation of volatile substances and identification of the unknown compounds.Results:There were arachidic acid, icosamethylcyclodecasiloxane, tridecane, eugenol, and many other compounds present in the serum after administration ofTulasi Swarasadi Taila, that were absent initially at the baseline.Conclusion:Tulasi Swarsadi Tailais absorbed in systemic circulation from oral andNasyaroutes in rats. However, the pattern of the presence of phytoconstituents in serum varied at different time intervals in the cases of both routes of drug administration in albino rats.

Phytochemical screening and effects of aqueous extracts of Cymbopogon citratus(DC) Staptand Origanum vulgare (LINN) on the biochemical and haematological profileof Wistar strain albino rats

Medicinal plants have played a major role in the field of medicine as alternative therapy to orthodox drugs. This present study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of Cymbopogon citratus and Origanum vulgare aqueous extracts on albino rats.The qualitative phytochemical analyses of the was done using standard procedures. The LD50 was determined using modified Lorke’s method, while the biochemical and haematological analysis were done by automated methods. Results from phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of Alkaloids, Flavanoids, Phenols and tannins, Steroids and sterols, Carbohydrates, Saponins, Protein and amino acid and Anthraquininein the two extracts. Furthermore, the electrolytes(urea and creatinine) were within the normal range in rats of the control and the orally administered aqueous extracts of Cymbopogon citratus and Origanum vulgare (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg). Total protein, alkaline phosphate, total bilirubin, conjugate bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, albumin and Aspartate aminotransferase were also within the normal range in both control and groups treated with 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg. White blood celland platelet followed same trend of falling within the normal range while Packed cell volume, Haemoglobin values were higher than the normal range across the control and test groups. Aqueous crude extracts ofC. Citratusand O. vulgarecontain primary and secondary metabolites thus with potential medicinal properties as anti-inflammatory, anti- malaria, anti- viral, anti- bacteria and anti-fungal agents. Orally administered aqueous crude extracts C. citratus and O. vulgare (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg)have no toxicological/pathological effect on wistar strain albino rats and as such, indigenous plants safe for consumption.

The effect of Varenicline on Betel nut dependence in Albino wistar rats

Betel nut is one of the most common addictive substance. Not many studies have explored the potential of varenicline as cessation therapy. We studied the benefits of varenicline in reducing the reward effects in rat model. Forty male albino rats of wistar strain weighing 150-250grams were used in the present study. Rats were randomized to 5 groups of 8 rats each to: Control; Betel nut group; Varenicline at doses of 0.5, 1 and 2mg/kg along with betel nut. Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) model was used for studying the drug seeking behavior. The CPP score was compared between the groups. Results showed a significant increase in body weight of rats at the end of the study compared to baseline in betel nut and varenicline groups. Compared to betel nut group (656.25±55) there was significant decrease in CPP score in Varenicline group at 0.5mg/kg (97.5±48); 1mg/kg (18.75±20) and at dose of 2mg/kg (-60±6). The study demonstrates the benefits of varenicline in betelnut dependence. There was dose dependent decrease in betel nut seeking behavior with varenicline in rat model of drug dependence.

Aqueous stem bark extract of Rhizophora racemosa is protective against cardiotoxicity and imbalance in anti-oxidants in normal Wistar rats due to exposure to petrol fumes

The protective potential of aqueous stem bark extract of Rhizophora racemosa in normal albino rats against cardio-toxicity and imbalance in anti-oxidants due to exposure to petrol fumes was investigated. A total of 21 albino rats of Wistar strain and of average weight were used in this study. Following exposure to petrol fumes for 1 hour and 3 hours daily, the two test groups were treated with aqueous stem bark extract of Rhizophora racemosa (400mg/kg) and vitamin E (200 mg/kg) respectively for 28 days. Blood samples were collected periodically for lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase activities determination by spectrophotometric method. On the 28th day of the experiment, all the experimental rats were sacrificed and dissected to obtain the hearts for histological studies and spectrophotometric antioxidant assay. The result obtained showed that exposure to petrol fumes caused increase in the activities of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase when compared to normal control(P<0.05). Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were also reduced while malondialdehyde concentration increased(P<0.05). These conditions were, however, reversed by the administration of the aqueous stem bark extract of Rhizophora racemosa and vitamin E. The hearts of the untreated rats showed adverse histological changes which were reversed by the aqueous stem back extract of Rhizophora racemosa after 28 days of treatment. The aqueous leave extract of this plant may therefore be useful in preventing cardio-toxicity caused by petrol fumes, thereby conferring protection on the heart.

Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of Cleome brachycarpa Ethanolic Extract in Lower Mammals and Effects on Blood and Liver Enzymes

Background: Cleome brachycarpa, magical species full of phytochemicals, has magical medicinal properties and should be evaluated extensively. Objectives: We evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Cleome brachycarpa and the effect of its extract on various hematological parameters, cholesterol levels, and liver enzymes to ensure the safe use of this natural product. Methods: Cleome brachycarpa was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects at 200 mg/kg compared to diclofenic sodium and morphine, respectively. For anti-inflammatory activity, Wistar strain albino rats were pooled and divided into four groups: Negative control (normal saline), positive control (2% acetic acid), standard (Diclofenic sodium 10 mg/kg), and test (Cleome brachycarpa extract orally) groups for 10 days. For analgesic evaluation, mice were divided into control (normal saline), standard (morphine 10 mg/kg), and test (Cleome brachycarpa extract 200 mg/kg) groups and analyzed by the tail-flick method from zero to six hours. An assortment of blood parameters was evaluated, including white cells, red cells, hemoglobin level, hematocrit value, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Besides, we computed the number of platelets, cholesterol, and enzyme (liver) level to ensure the safe use of this natural product. For this purpose, 60 rabbits were collected and divided into groups: Group A (control group) of 30 rabbits pooled without any treatment and Group B (treated group) of 30 rabbits receiving 200 mg/kg of Cleome brachycarpa. After 30 days, 4 mL blood sample was obtained by cardiac puncture. Results: Plethysmometer evaluation of anti-inflammatory effects showed maximum inflammatory inhibition of 29.42% at the sixth hour. Moreover, tail flick analysis showed maximum pain inhibition of 55.10% at the sixth hour, comparable to the standard drug. Furthermore, hematological data were analyzed statistically and showed insignificant results (P ≥ 0.05), indicating no prominent changes in hematological parameters, except for SGPT, a liver enzyme that increased after 30 days of treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Elevated levels of SGPT are usually reported with several drug administrations like NSAIDs and anti-TB drugs, but still, it should be further investigated. Conclusions: Cleome brachycarpa showed promising anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects without producing any potent change in enzymes except SGPT, which would be evaluated further.