Routing Protocol For Wireless Networks Research Articles

Safety Training Monitoring System of Ski Resort Based on Wireless Sensor Network

With the gradual rise in China’s ski industry, skiing is now the most common sport among winter outdoor sports, which is closely related to the origin of safety issues. Based on the ski resort, training is the key to safety detection, only to ensure the safety of training personnel and to maintain the momentum of high-speed development of skiing sports for a long time. The monitoring system plays an important role in the wireless sensor network monitoring system. Common monitoring systems are used for agriculture, smart home, and outdoor environment monitoring systems, most of which are professional fields. Based on the safety of ski resorts, this paper puts forward the research of ski training safety system based on the wireless sensor. In the research of ski training detection system based on the wireless sensor network, first, the safety system of domestic ski resort is analyzed and detailed suggestions are given. Then, this paper studies the routing protocol of wireless communication technology in detail and compares the service life and energy consumption of nodes under the use of two different routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. According to the data experiment in this paper, LEACH-MH protocol has great advantages over the LEACH protocol. The LEACH-MH protocol detects 185 more rounds than the LEACH protocol in the total detection lifetime. In the detection of energy consumption of 100 m ∗ 100 m, the LEACH protocol consumes 50J in 400 rounds, while the LEACH-MH protocol consumes only 50J in 760 rounds.

Resource-Conserving Protection against Energy Draining (RCPED) Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper proposes a routing protocol for wireless sensor networks to deal with energy-depleting vampire attacks. This resource-conserving protection against energy-draining (RCPED) protocol is compatible with existing routing protocols to detect abnormal signs of vampire attacks and identify potential attackers. It responds to attacks by selecting routes with the maximum priority, where priority is an indicator of energy efficiency and estimation of security level calculated utilizing an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). RCPED has no dependence on cryptography, which consumes less energy and hardware resources than previous approaches. Simulation results show the benefits of RCPED in terms of energy efficiency and security awareness.

Effective neighbor node discovery using improved Bayesian clock synchronization‐gossip routing protocol in mobile low duty cycle wireless sensor network

AbstractIn wireless application, mobile low duty cycle wireless sensor network (MLDC‐WSN) gained more attention among the researchers, because it includes advantages like growing node life, saving node power, and network reliability. However, the sleeping features and mobility of MLDC‐WSN results in topology change that restricts the speed of neighbor node discovery. To highlight this concern, a novel routing protocol named as improved Bayesian clock synchronization‐gossip routing protocol is proposed for an effective neighbor node discovery in MLDC‐WSN. The proposed routing protocol reduces end‐to‐end delay, and clock drifts problems. Also, the proposed routing protocol improves the clock synchronization and captures the neighbor discovery nodes by identifying the next neighbor set in the next moment, due to the prediction of the distance and movement speed of neighbors. Simulation and analytical results showed that the proposed routing protocol superiorly decreases the end‐to‐end delay and energy consumption compared to the existing algorithms.

Study of the Impact of Various Objective Functions on the Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

The Internet of Things has known a rapidly vast implementation. For that reason, many studies have tended to focus on the area of Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks that specified as an IPv6 routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. These studies aim to evaluate various networking characteristics such as communication quality and energy consumption. According to the uniformity of energy assignment for sensor nodes, WSNs can be divided into two categories: homogeneous and heterogeneous networks. However, almost all of the existing research papers deal with the homogeneous class. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive study for the performance of the two comparative objective functions used in RPL: MRHOF and OF0 for the heterogeneous WSN. This study helps to deduce which objective function is the most effective to assure good functioning of RPL in heterogeneous environment. Simulations were done using the Cooja simulator in Contiki operating system, as it is the widely used framework for WSNs that can support simulation of heterogeneous sensor networks. The work also analyzes various parameters: energy consumption, latency, PDR and control traffic overhead (DAO, DIO, DIS and DAO-ACK). The selected metrics taken into consideration are Energy, ETX and HC. The results show that MRHOF acts better than the OF in regard to all parameters except for Control Traffic Overhead.

Efficient bandwidth-aware routing protocol in wireless sensor networks (EBARP)

Efficient bandwidth-aware routing protocol in wireless sensor networks (EBARP)

A modified distance-based energy-aware (mDBEA) routing protocol in wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

A modified distance-based energy-aware (mDBEA) routing protocol in wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

An Efficient Metaheuristic-Based Clustering with Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks.

In recent years, the underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) has received a significant interest among research communities for several applications, such as disaster management, water quality prediction, environmental observance, underwater navigation, etc. The UWSN comprises a massive number of sensors placed in rivers and oceans for observing the underwater environment. However, the underwater sensors are restricted to energy and it is tedious to recharge/replace batteries, resulting in energy efficiency being a major challenge. Clustering and multi-hop routing protocols are considered energy-efficient solutions for UWSN. However, the cluster-based routing protocols for traditional wireless networks could not be feasible for UWSN owing to the underwater current, low bandwidth, high water pressure, propagation delay, and error probability. To resolve these issues and achieve energy efficiency in UWSN, this study focuses on designing the metaheuristics-based clustering with a routing protocol for UWSN, named MCR-UWSN. The goal of the MCR-UWSN technique is to elect an efficient set of cluster heads (CHs) and route to destination. The MCR-UWSN technique involves the designing of cultural emperor penguin optimizer-based clustering (CEPOC) techniques to construct clusters. Besides, the multi-hop routing technique, alongside the grasshopper optimization (MHR-GOA) technique, is derived using multiple input parameters. The performance of the MCR-UWSN technique was validated, and the results are inspected in terms of different measures. The experimental results highlighted an enhanced performance of the MCR-UWSN technique over the recent state-of-art techniques.

Chaotic Krill Herd with Fuzzy Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Networks

Energy is considered a valuable source in wireless sensor networks (WSN) for effectively improving the survivability of the network. The non-uniform dispersion of load in the network causes unbalanced energy dissipation which can result in network interruption. The route selection process can be considered as an optimization problem and is solved by utilize of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. This study introduces an energy efficient chaotic krill herd algorithm with adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system based routing (EECKHA-ANFIS) protocol for WSN. The goal of the EECKHA-ANFIS method is for deriving a better set of routes to destination in such a way as to improve the survivability in the wireless networks. Primarily, the ANFIS model utilizes the models of fuzzy logic and neural networks (NN) to effectively select the relay nodes for energy efficient communication. Besides, a group of fuzzy rules with membership functions (MF) are designed for selecting the next hop node in wireless networks based on distinct input parameters. Moreover, the optimal selection of MF takes place by the use of chaotic krill herd algorithm (CKHA). In order to showcase the improved performance of the EECKHA-ANFIS approach, a series of simulations are implemented and outcomes are inspected under several aspects. The extensive result analysis demonstrates the betterment of the EECKHA-ANFIS technique over the existing techniques interms of different measures.

Energy Efficient Hop-by-Hop Retransmission and Congestion Mitigation of an Optimum Routing and Clustering Protocol for WSNs

In the past few decades, wireless sensor networks, which take a growing number of applications in the surroundings further than the human reach, have risen in popularity. Various routing pseudo codes have been suggested for network optimization, emphasizing energy efficiency, network longevity, and clustering processes. To the existing load balancing energy-efficient sleep awake, aware smart sensor network routing protocol, the modified load-balancing efficient-energy sleep active alert smart routing system for wireless sensor networks is presented in this paper, which takes network homogeneity into account. The modified protocol is the optimum clustering and routing protocol in wireless sensor networks (OCRSN), which simulates an enhanced network coupled node pair model. Our suggested modified approach studies and enhances factors such as network stability, network lifetime, and cluster monitor mechanism choice. The significance of typically combining sensor endpoints is applied to maximize energy efficiency. The proposed protocol significantly improved network parameters in simulations, showing that it could be a valuable option for WSNs. In wireless sensor networks, in addition to memory considerations and dependable transportation, this paper presents a hop-by-hop re-transmission strategy and congestion mitigation, which is the major contribution of this paper. It is a very consistent method based on a pipe flow model. After performing additional optimized overhead to improve the network lifespan of wireless sensors networks, the current algorithm can be paralleled to the less energy adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol. The optimal clustering in multipath and multihop technique intends to minimize the energy consumption highlighted for a circular area enclosed by a sink by replacing one-hop communication with efficient multihop communication. The optimum quantity of clusters is determined, and the energy consumption is reduced by splitting the network into clusters of nearly equal size. The obtained simulation results will demonstrate the increase in the network lifetime compared to previous clustering strategies such as Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy.

RLBEEP: Reinforcement-Learning-Based Energy Efficient Control and Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

One of the most important topics in the field of wireless sensor networks is the development of approaches to improve network lifetime. In this paper, an energy-efficient control and routing protocol for wireless sensor networks is presented. This algorithm is based on reinforcement learning for energy management in the network. This protocol seeks to optimize routing policies to maximize the long-term reward received by each node, using reinforcement learning, which is a machine learning approach. In order to improve the lifetime of wireless sensor network, three energy management approaches have been proposed. The first approach is to navigate correctly using reinforcement learning to reduce the length of the routes and to improve energy consumption. The second approach is to exploit a sleep scheduling technique to improve node energy consumption. The last approach is used to restrict data transmission of each node based on the received data change rate. Simulation results show that in terms of network lifespan, the proposed method significantly outperforms previous reported methods.

Performance evaluation of energy aware QoS-enabled routing protocol for wireless mesh networks

Performance evaluation of energy aware QoS-enabled routing protocol for wireless mesh networks

Performance evaluation of energy aware QoS-enabled routing protocol for wireless mesh networks

Performance evaluation of energy aware QoS-enabled routing protocol for wireless mesh networks

Energy-Aware and Trust-Based Secure Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Adaptive Genetic Algorithm

Due to their working environments, limited resources and communication characteristics, wireless sensor networks face some challenges including energy optimization and security enhancement to extend the network lifetime and guarantee the network security. Therefore, an energy-aware and trust-based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks using adaptive genetic algorithm called TAGA is proposed to not only resist common routing attacks and special trust attacks, but also minimize the energy consumption caused by data transmission. To this end, TAGA constructs the nodes’ comprehensive trust values based on their direct trust values considering the volatilization and adaptive penalty factors, and indirect trust values with the filtering mechanisms. In addition, a novel threshold function is presented to select the optimal cluster heads, which considers the dynamic changes of the nodes’ comprehensive trust values and residual energy. Finally, a genetic algorithm with adaptive crossover probability and mutation probability is applied to find the optimal secure routing for the cluster heads. The simulation results show that TAGA can reduce the number of packets discarded by malicious nodes when facing common attacks and special trust attacks, and effectively improve the energy efficiency compared to the relative secure routing protocols EOSR and IASR.

A Review Article on Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Minimizing Energy Consumption

Abstract: Recent developments in the area of micro-sensor devices have accelerated advances in the sensor networks field leading to many new protocols specifically designed for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Wireless sensor networks with hundreds to thousands of sensor nodes can gather information from an unattended location and transmit the gathered data to a particular user, depending on the application. These sensor nodes have some constraints due to their limited energy, storage capacity and computing power. Data are routed from one node to other using different routing protocols. There are a number of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. In this review article, we discuss the architecture of wireless sensor networks. Further, we categorize the routing protocols according to some key factors and summarize their mode of operation. Finally, we provide a comparative study on these various protocols. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, TEEN protocol, isolated node

Secure energy aware routing protocol for IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor networks

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the latest research related to secure routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and propose a new approach that can achieve a higher security level compared to the existing one. One of the main security issues in WSNs is the security of routing protocols. A typical WSN consists of a large number of small size, low-power, low-cost sensor devices. These devices are very resource-constrained and usually use cheap short-range radios to communicate with each other in an ad hoc fashion thus, achieving security in these networks is a big challenge, which is open for research.Design/methodology/approachThe route updates and data messages of the protocol are authenticated using Edwards-curves Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA). Routing protocols play an essential role in WSNs, they ensure the delivery of the sensed data from the remote sensor nodes to back-end systems via a data sink. Routing protocols depend on route updates received from neighboring nodes to determine the best path to the sink. Manipulating these updates by inserting rouge nodes in the network that advertise false updates can lead to a catastrophic impact on the compromised WSN performance.FindingsAs a result, a new secure energy-aware routing protocol (SEARP) is proposed, which uses security enhanced clustering algorithm and EdDSA to authenticate route advertisements and messages. A secure clustering algorithm is also used as part of the proposed protocol to conserve energy, prolong network lifetime and counteract wormhole attacks.Originality/valueIn this paper, a SEARP is proposed to address network layer security attacks in WSNs. A secure clustering algorithm is also used as part of the proposed protocol to conserve energy, prolong network lifetime and counteract wormhole attacks. A simulation has been carried out using Sensoria Simulator and the performance evaluation has been discussed.

A new paradigm for multi-path routing protocol for data delivery in wireless sensor networks

There are mainly two techniques in routing protocols for wireless sensor networks, single-path, and multi-path routing. Single path routing suffers from many drawbacks and limitations facing the real-time constraints and fault-tolerant applications, especially regarding time delivery of sensed data (warnings), like road safety applications, for example. Therefore, we proposed a new multi-path routing protocol based on spanning trees and a new message routing paradigm that makes single and multi-path routing easy. Simulation results show that the protocol can develop a basic infrastructure for the deliverance of timely warning data and provides fault tolerance by constructing shortest disjoint-nodes paths.

SOA-EACR: Seagull optimization algorithm based energy aware cluster routing protocol for wireless sensor networks in the livestock industry

The primary goal of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in the livestock industry is to monitor the health conditions of various animals and their activities. Energy conservation in WSN is one of the most challenging tasks since the devices are connected to limited resource devices. So, clustering is the best choice to save energy in WSN. The sensor nodes are connected to the animal and move from one location to another because of the dynamic nature. In recent years, several clustering protocols have been proposed using an optimization algorithm to conserve energy in the network. However, it takes more time to converge in selecting the best cluster head in the network. The energy is therefore drained early in the network. To overcome the limitation, this paper proposes a Seagull Optimization Algorithm based Energy Aware Cluster Routing Protocol (SOA-EACR) in WSN to prolong the network's lifespan and reduce the end to end delay. The SOA-EACR balances the exploration and exploitation during the CH selection. Thus, it prolongs the lifespan of the network. The simulation is performed using MATLAB 2019a. The efficacy of SOA-EACR is compared with CLPSO, CACONET and GWO. The proposed SOA-EACR enhances the network life by 20 % and increases the packet delivery ratio by 2–5 %.

Integration of fault-tolerant feature to OMIEEPB routing protocol in wireless sensor network

PurposeWhereas a human operator is hard to observe the networking infrastructure and its functions on a continuous basis, wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes must overcome faults and route the perceived data to the sink/base stations (BS). The main target of this research article is to ensure the fault-tolerance (FT) capability, especially for transmission of sensed data to its destination without failure. Thus, through this paper, a fuzzy-based subordinate support (FSS) system is introduced as an additional feature to the existing optimized mobile sink improved energy efficient Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS)-based (OMIEEPB) routing protocol, which lacks focus on ensuring the FT capabilities to the selected leaders of the corresponding chain. The central focus of FSS is to prevent the incident of fault, especially to the cluster heads.Design/methodology/approachWSNs encounter several issues owing to random events or different causes such as energy exhaustion, negative influences of the deployed region, signal interference, unbalanced supply routes, instability of motes due to misalignments and collision, which ultimately intends the failure of the network. Throughout the past investigation periods, researchers gain an understanding of fault-tolerant strategies that may improve the data integrity or reliability, precision, energy efficiency, the life expectancy of the system and reduce/prevent the failure of deployed components. If that is the case, the maximum chances of data packets (sensed) needed to be transferred reliably and accurately to the sink node or BS are degraded.FindingsThe FSS system utilizes the fuzzy logic concepts that have been proved to be beneficial since it permits several parameters to be combined effectively and evaluated. Here, near-point, residual energy, total operation time and past average processing time are considered as vital parameters. Moreover, the FSS system ensures the key performance activities of the network, such as optimization of response time, enhancing the data transmission reliability and accuracy. Simulation-based experiments are carried out through the Mannasim framework. After several experimental executions, the outcome of the proposed system is analyzed through elaborated comparison with the advanced existing systems.Originality/valueFinally, it has been observed that the FSS system not only enhanced the FT features to OMIEEPB but also assures the improved accuracy level (>95%) with optimized response time (<0.09 s) during data communication between leaders and the normal nodes.

An uneven annulus sector grid-based energy-efficient multi-hop routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

An uneven annulus sector grid-based energy-efficient multi-hop routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

An Improved Genetic Algorithm Based Annulus-Sector Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In the clustering routing protocols for wireless sensor networks, uniform cluster formation and optimal routing paths finding are the two most important factors to minimize the network energy consumption and balance the network load. In this paper, an improved genetic algorithm based annulus-sector clustering routing protocol called GACRP is proposed. In GACRP, the circular network is divided into sectors with the same size for each annulus. The number of sectors is obtained by calculating the minimum energy consumption of the network. Each annulus-sector forms a cluster and the best node in this annulus-sector is selected as cluster head. Moreover, an improved genetic algorithm with a novel fitness function considering energy and load balance is presented to find the optimal routing path for each CH, and an adaptive round time is calculated to maintain the clusters. Simulation results show that GACRP can significantly improve the network energy efficiency and prolong the network lifetime as well as mitigate the hot spot problem.