Mobile Wireless Networks Research Articles

Adaptive HELLO protocol for vehicular networks

In vehicular networks, the update of car Firmware Over The Air (FOTA) is becoming a challenging issue and it mainly relies on topology discovery of neighbouring nodes. Topology discovery in mobile wireless networks is usually done by using HELLO messages. Due to mobility, topology changes occur frequently and must be quickly discovered to avoid routing failures. Since the optimal HELLO frequency depends on parameters that are subject to changes (e.g., speed of nodes, density of nodes), it must be dynamically adjusted to obtain the best trade-off between the network load and the freshness of routing tables. Existing solutions assume random mobility, constant node density and average speed, which do not hold in vehicular networks because vehicles follow specific trajectory patterns (the roads) and density and speed evolve as a function of time (rush hour vs non-rush hour) and area (urban, rural, highway). In this paper, we first draw the specific features of a vehicular network at different times and spaces by analysing real datasets and then propose a dynamic neighbour discovery protocol, Vehicular Adaptive Neighbour discovery Protocol (VANP). VANP is a fully-distributed protocol that sends beacons at an optimal frequency without knowing it a priori. The objective is to reduce the frequency at which HELLO messages are sent to save bandwidth and energy while still preserving the quality of the neighbour discovery. Through extensive simulations run on real datasets, we show that the optimal HELLO frequency can be reached by maintaining a constant optimal turnover, independent from the speed of the nodes and by aiming at this turnover, nodes automatically use the optimal HELLO frequency. Results show that VANP allows the discovery of relevant neighbours by missing at most two neighbours over all scenarios and reducing the number of HELLO messages up to twice, hence saving bandwidth and energy.

Design of a Compact and Minimalistic Intermediate Phase Shifting Feed Network for Ka-Band Electrical Beam Steering.

Intermediate phase shifting is a footprint- and cost-reduction technique for reconfigurable feed networks. These feed networks are utilized in antenna arrays to perform electrical beam steering. In intermediate phase shifting, a phase shifter is shared between two adjacent antennas. Conventionally, antennas only have individual phase shifters. With shared phase shifters, we reduce the number of components and the footprint by 25%. Consequently, this decreases the price and enables designs at millimeter-wave frequencies where space is limited due to frequency-dependent antenna spacing. This intermediate phase shifting is demonstrated by designing a reconfigurable feed network for the Ka-band that generates a continuous phase shift profile for beam steering. Due to the use of varactors and a novel biasing method, it does not require expensive beamformer integrated chips or lumped components for biasing. The feed network is combined with a 4 × 4 antenna array to demonstrate its beam-steering capabilities. The result is a high-density and minimalistic design that fits in a small volume of 25.6 × 25.6 × 0.95 mm3. With this small antenna array, the main beam is steered at ±40∘ broadside, providing full 1D and restricted 2D steering. It is a potential candidate for wireless sensor and mobile networks.

Analysis of a Fuzzy Based Intrusion Detection System in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Technology and its growth is considerably enormous. This massive growth allows the opening of new fields of application in the domain of wireless networking and mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) is one of its kinds. Mobile ad hoc network is widely used from collaborative computing to time critical applications in indoor and outdoor environment. Mobility of ad hoc network makes very attractive in all areas of mobile applications. Nodes participating in mobile ad hoc networks are autonomous, self-configurable and act as a router as well. These types of networks are dynamic in nature and have sort life time. Dynamic nature and limitations of the wireless transmission medium make MANET unsecured and vulnerable to various attacks. It is very tough to implement security for this networks and it opens up doors for further research work on this area. There is a great scope for designing a system to identify attacks and take countermeasures to minimize it and keep the performance of the network within acceptable limits. Intrusion detection system is one of its kinds and considered as security mechanism for MANET. This thesis explores different types of intrusion detection system like misuse detection and anomaly detection for mobile ad hoc networks. Anomaly detection techniques for ad hoc networks depend on the characterization of normal behavior pattern of wireless nodes. This research work focuses on wireless node behavior based detection technique. Most of anomaly intrusion detection systems are focusing on upper layer traffic to a profile normal behavior of wireless node. This research work focus on media access control (MAC) layer and network layer of wireless node. It is inefficient to use a large feature set of MAC layer and network layer due to energy limitation in ad-hoc network. A minimal feature set from MAC layer and network layer were proposed. This research work proposed an anomaly intrusion detection system for mobile ad hoc network using fuzzy logic and weighted average method. The network performance of mobile ad hoc network with intrusion detection system was analyzed using various network parameters. Further the performance of the performance of the intrusion detection system was analyzed using detection rate and false alarms. Results show good improvement in detection rate and other performance metrics

Investigation of virtual reality multimedia interaction technology based on wireless network

<p>In recent years, with the continuous development of wireless communication and virtual reality technology, multimedia interaction technology has received more and more attention. However, due to the limitations of bandwidth, delay, packet loss, and other problems in wireless networks, multimedia interaction technology also faces many challenges. In this paper, the virtual reality multimedia interaction technology will be studied in combination with a wireless network, in which the virtual environment is first constructed. Then, the interaction is carried out through data transmission and user interaction, and then the existing virtual reality multimedia interaction is optimized by using a data compression algorithm. In order to test the effectiveness and performance of virtual reality multimedia interaction under different network environments and determine the optimal network environment, this paper compares the multimedia interaction effect under three network environments using a wireless network, mobile network, and Bluetooth network as the research object, with download speed, loading speed, image quality, smoothness and real-time as the test variables, and 10 VR software as the constraints. The research results indicated that, under the same other conditions, taking real-time performance as an example, the delay time and feedback speed of wireless networks were between 26 ms–37 ms and 105 KB/s–115 KB/s. The delay time and feedback speed of mobile networks (3G/4G/5G, generation) were between 66 ms–75 ms and 46 KB/s–55 KB/s, while the delay time and feedback speed of Bluetooth networks were between 120 ms–130 ms and 25 KB/s–35 KB/s; this indicated that VR multimedia interaction technology in the wireless network had better performance. Virtual reality multimedia interaction technology based on wireless networks is a promising high technology that can bring users a more realistic, vivid, and intuitive communication and entertainment experience. At the same time, it will expand the application scenarios and promote the development and progress of the technology.</p>

Channel estimation and it’s techniques: A survey

In wireless mobile networks, the signal transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver is vulnerable to many performance-degrading factors, such as distortion, noise, fading, and nonlinear distortion, due to the physical nature of the channel. To address these factors, accurate prediction and estimation must be employed to achieve optimized performance in wireless mobile networks. Several channel estimation techniques have been developed. In this article, we provide a review of some of these techniques under various categories, highlighting their strengths and limitations in different operational environments.

The Spt and Other Compression Algorithms and Their Effect on Data Transfer Over Mobile and Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

The Spt and Other Compression Algorithms and Their Effect on Data Transfer Over Mobile and Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

On Cooperative Federated Defense to Secure Multi-Access Edge Computing

The research of cyber security for Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) has not yet received a great interest. Specifically, the attack detection issue is considered as a major concern since the MEC network, which handles attractive information, is prone to several internal and external network attacks. Recently, the Federated Learning (FL) and Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) have been used to detect and prevent attacks from targeting the wireless mobile networks. In this article, we present the state of the art of MEC attack detection and defense frameworks which incorporate FL and GAN algorithms. Moreover, we propose a new cyber defense framework based on a Federated Generative Adversarial Network (FedGAN) algorithm and non-cooperative game to improve over time the precision of attack detection.

Networks method of hybrid construction and support of data transmission routes in programmed tools of mobile radio communication based on neural networks

The article proposes a method of hybrid construction and support of data transmission routes in programmable means of mobile radio communication based on neural networks. Taking into account the peculiarities of the operation of mobile radio communication networks and means of communication, the article proposes to intellectualize the processes of managing data flows by using knowledge processing technologies in the construction of a control system. The construction of the control system is based on the use of neural networks, the methodology proposes three main steps of its construction, namely the method of hybrid construction of data transmission routes, the method of maintaining data transmission routes and modeling the process of construction and maintenance of data transmission routes in the network using neural networks. Unlike similar methods, which: are used in stationary communication networks with a small number of end nodes, without the possibility of monitoring the functions of data transmission routes; which are characterized by the absence of a clear decision-making hierarchy and the presence of unpredictability when applied in data transmission systems of mobile radio communication networks; do not take into account the peculiarities of the functioning of mobile radio communications. The proposed technique is able to build data transmission routes, increases the time of network operation and reduces the loading of network channels based on the application of a hybrid structure of neural network construction, by minimizing service traffic in the information direction; selection of the type, number and method of control of data transmission routes; introduction of the hierarchy of the decision-making process for the construction of the data transmission route and the selection of data parameters, taking into account the characteristic features of the use of programmable mobile communication tools to ensure the given quality of network service under different conditions of operation of mobile radio communication tools, using neural networks.

Модель процесса информационного обмена между абонентами сети ПРС с общим каналом связи

Purose: To analyse the quality of operation of the PRC network, enabling the evaluation of time of guaranteed delivery of data packets to the subscribers of the network in bad radio-electronic conditions. Methods: To address the problem, methods from the general theory of systems, probability theory, queuing theory, as well as the method of topological transformation of stochastic networks (TTSN) have been used. Results: The developed model allows us to estimate the quality of functioning of the packet radio communications network, which allows us to determine the main directions to improve the interference immunity of PRC networks from the effects of random and intentional interference. Practical significance: The obtained results can be used in the design of mobile radio networks of the ALE standard, as well as in the development of methods to improve the interference immunity of radio networks, multi-parameter adaptation systems.

Simulation of a Tele-Surgery process through a Live Video Streaming service, using Simu5G and Wowza

Telematic services that require low latency for real-time applications and that make use of wireless mobile networks are increasingly popular. In the case of Tele-Surgery services that employ Live Video Streaming (LVS), latency times of the order of 1ms are needed. Given the difficulty of implementing real 5G test scenarios that enable this type of service to be characterized, this paper presents an emulation scenario that uses Simu5G to simulate the network, Wowza as a real video server, OBS Studio for transmission and VLC media player for content playback. This emulation scenario makes it possible to modify such parameters as bitrate, bandwidth, frequency and numerology index in order to evaluate different network configurations. By varying these parameters in a controlled way, packet losses are obtained for different bitrate values. The best quality video was obtained with a bitrate of 3000 Kbps.

CSAT‐FRMET: An energy‐efficient hybrid FiWi network‐based 5G model

AbstractHybrid fiber wireless (FiWi) access networks seek to combine the vast amount of bandwidth that is available for optical networks and wireless network mobility; hence, it favors larger bandwidth request but cause the highly nonlinear lagrangian dual problem that decrease energy‐efficient network resilience. Hence, a novel Ceplato‐SAT3 model has been proposed in which the SAT3 algorithm locates the optical network unit (ONU) in an optimal position with high‐speed cost‐efficient placement and weight factor introduced into the position update to improve the exploitation and exploration capability of the algorithm. To prioritize the large bandwidth request during resource allocation, gradient priority justifier requests (GPJR) has been utilized and a novel messaging technique termed flow‐random‐message‐exchanger‐topology (FRMET) provides the index for these prioritized requests depending on QoS parameters such as notification control, reflective QoS attribute (RQA), flow bit rates and maximum packet loss rate thereby decreasing the overhead and eliminate nonlinear langrage dualand perform O2U scheduling to reduce network resilience however synchronization between different ONU clocks may cause upstream data fatal crash at the optical line terminal (OLT). Hence, curl‐trio‐opt control mechanism has been proposed in which the minimization problem is transformed into a joint optimization problem of energy consumption, traffic demand, network requests, and service flow requests by the Lyapunov technique thereby minimizing the upstream data fatal lash. The proposed model has been implemented in Python and the output obtained showed better performance in terms of ONU arrangement, throughput, energy consumption, computation, latency, and error.

Hybrid hierarchical aggregation with semi dynamic optical line terminal distribution algorithms optimization for ethernet passive optical networks

The goal of hybrid fiber-wireless (Fi-Wi) access networks is to ubiquitously integrate the accessible vast amounts of optical network bandwidth with wireless network mobility at minimal cost and simple network installation. Fi-Wi networks can employ both Radio over Fiber (RoF) and Radio and Fiber (R&F) technologies. The difference between them is that R&F uses two MAC controls: one for optical fiber and one for wireless networks. One can reduce interference within the wireless subnetwork while avoiding the negative effects of fiber optic propagation delays on the network. RoF, on the other hand, uses MAC control for both optical and wireless networks, resulting in network latency and congestion. This paper demonstrates (i) the use of semi-dynamic bandwidth allocation and (ii) the use of hierarchical frame aggregation for access in next-level integrated Ethernet passive optical network EPON/WLAN-based generations and presents the ongoing research to improve the Quality of Service in wireless and fiber access networks. The study includes an offered load up to 10 Gbps, reaching the up-to-date levels. The obtained results reveal that the data, voice, and video latency are reduced, respectively, by 35%, 25%, and 30%. At the same time, the corresponding throughput is increased, respectively, for data, voice, and video by 35%, 25%, and 30%.

A METHOD OF PROTECTING INFORMATION IN CYBER-PHYSICAL SPACE

The subject of the study is the processes of ensuring the reliability and security of information in cyber-physical space. The objective is to develop recommendations for the implementation of a method of information security in cyber-physical space. The development is based on the technology of ultra-wideband signals circulating in wireless communication channels. The task is to ensure the stable and reliable operation of the airborne wireless mobile communication network, which is the main component of cyberspace and its most vulnerable link to destructive influences. Methods used: methods of analytical modelling and time-position pulse coding. The following results were obtained. It is shown that in order to ensure high quality of wireless network operation, it is necessary to expand its bandwidth, which is limited by the physical resource of the radio frequency spectrum. It is proposed to overcome this contradiction by applying the technology of ultra-wideband signals, the base of which is much larger than one. In this case, the information signal is emitted without a carrier frequency simultaneously in the entire frequency band, provided that the signal level is lower than the noise level. The method of positional-time coding is used, in which each information bit is encoded by hundreds of ultra-short chip pulses arriving in a certain sequence. In such wireless communication systems, the use of autocorrelation reception of modulated ultra-wideband signals is proposed. A comparative analysis has shown that the wireless network with the best reliability and noise immunity is the one where the time separation of the reference and information signals is applied. During the first half of the bit interval, the switch closes the transmitter output directly to the ultra-wideband signal generator, forming a reference signal. In the middle of the bit interval, the switcher switches the output to one of two possible positions depending on the signal "zero" or "one", forming the information part of the signal. Conclusions. Systems with autocorrelation reception and separate transmission of reference and information signals provide a high level of structural

Trustworthy retrieval system in mobile P2P wireless network

Modern lifestyles heavily rely on the Internet, with mobile devices and wireless networks being indispensable. However, in peer-to-peer (P2P) wireless networks, low battery levels can lead to user non-cooperation and subsequent low retrieval rates. Additionally, the presence of malicious nodes can result in incorrect or malicious file exchanges. We introduce the Trustworthy Retrieval System (TRS) for mobile P2P wireless networks. TRS ensures decentralized info management, optimizes message forwarding, and guarantees file quality even with malicious nodes. It adapts to mobile network environment, maintains high retrieval rates, and deals with low battery levels and malicious nodes. Simulations confirm TRS's effectiveness, showing improved retrieval rates, resilience to failures, low overhead, and successful malicious node mitigation.

The application of virtual reality technology in the teaching of clarinet music art under the mobile wireless network learning environment

The traditional education model is undergoing tremendous changes, and network education has gradually developed and matured. This paper first gives an overview of the development history of the clarinet and the structure of the clarinet and then starts with the performance of the clarinet. This paper analyses and solves the situations that students are prone to encounter in teaching and expresses some opinions on the teaching of performance methods; also gives a brief overview of the psychology of going on stage. Combined with the above, some discussions are made on the teaching of performance methods. Performance requires not only skills but also music. Performance summarizes the characteristics and styles of music in various periods from the classical period to the century, and then discusses how the performer forms his performance style; the performance style is the re-creation and re-creation of the performer based on being loyal to the author's intention. This article compares and studies the performance of the clarinet before the 20th century and the performance of the clarinet today, and deeply explores the reasons why the clarinet performance method has formed the current performance method after a long evolution. The experimental results prove that virtual reality technology has made positive attempts and breakthroughs in the field of clarinet music art teaching. It has created an environment of “self-learning”, and the traditional learning method of “teaching to promote learning” has been replaced by learners through their learning. Interaction with the information environment to obtain a new learning method of knowledge and skills, the optimized local matrix decomposition recommendation algorithm can greatly improve problems such as expensive musical instruments and lessons, scarce teachers, and lack of facilities, making the traditional clarinet Music arts teaching more diverse.

Comparison of Coverage-Prediction Models for Modern Mobile Radio Networks

The accurate prediction of a signal’s attenuation is essential for the development of reliable, modern, mobile radio-communication networks. In this study, the accuracies of four propagation models in diverse terrains and environments were analyzed using field measurements along a comprehensive test route. We evaluated the ability of the models—Egli, Okumura, Hata–Davidson, and Longley–Rice—to predict signal propagation in the Very-High-Frequency (VHF) and Ultra-High-Frequency (UHF) bands. Based on a meticulous comparison, we present valuable insights into the strengths and limitations of these models, enhancing coverage-prediction methodologies for evolving mobile radio networks. The Egli model, despite its simplicity, introduces significant inaccuracies due to its assumptions and a lack of consideration for the terrain. The Okumura model, which is widely used in urban areas, requires careful correction selection, while the Hata–Davidson model improves upon the former’s weaknesses. The Longley–Rice model excels in flexibility and accuracy, especially in the VHF bands, using topographical data, though it can overestimate the attenuation in shadowed areas. The study concluded that no single model was universally accurate, as each model has its strengths and limitations. It highlights the need for informed model selection based on the terrain’s characteristics and specific requirements. The results will be useful to network planners, helping them to design efficient, mobile communication networks with reliable coverage and optimal spectrum utilization. The Longley–Rice model emerged as particularly powerful, offering detailed predictions across diverse environments.

Opportunities and Challenges of Tangible XR Applications for 5G Networks and Beyond

The increasing popularity of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) applications has unveiled the need for boosting the efforts of implementing extended reality (XR) to users. An analogous high interest from both academia and industry is being shown for tactile internet (TI). The ever-increasing use of virtualization technologies makes the usage of haptic communication even more important in order to create robust tangible systems, but also to achieve an optimal and faster balance among the interaction modalities, as well as between humans and machines. The current wireless mobile networks cannot provide ultra-low latency, massive computational capability, and high communication bandwidth, requirements which are crucial for applications such as extended reality and tactile internet. A simplified tangible XR system is proposed accompanied with the opportunities and challenges of such an implementation.

Role of Manet and Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm to Make Smart Campus Model, With Smart Sensors

In the decade of Internet of Thing, Machine Learning and Big data we are ready to accumulate lot of sensors and intelligent devices for making our real world environment more accessible, open, transparent and its records are manageable for future purpose i.e. either just for fetching or analyze for future perspective. In contrast, an institutional campus is also ready for fully automation where all the major participants like students, academician, management and others, should be observed as an entity with their different attributes. Meanwhile those campuses are not functioning in isolation, it depends and Intercorelated to some other organizations and modules also, so that they have to synchronized and update their data accordingly. Here the whole scenario views from computer network perspective, where all the participating members observed like node and in whole it creates wireless mobile ad-hoc network i.e. MANET. First will understand the campus functioning in short then look at flow of data in this system, then observes the components and their responsibility to categorized and placing them in MANET based architecture. Finally we will select and design algorithm for the whole digital campus system. This is a concept of implementing intelligent technologies to transform any existing environment into smart, here not only institutional campus but many other also can be upgraded or transform into smart like villages, cities, sports or working flow like census, PDS, Disaster Management system etc.

Efficient Trajectory Planning for Optimizing Energy Consumption and Completion Time in UAV-Assisted IoT Networks

Quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as ubiquitous and agile robots and data carriers within the framework of the future Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile wireless networks. Yet, the insufficient onboard battery necessitates the optimization of energy consumption for both the UAV and IoT devices while ensuring that communication requirements are met. This paper therefore proposes a more accurate and mathematically tractable model for characterizing a UAV’s energy consumption concerning desired trajectories. This nonlinear model takes into account the UAV’s dynamics, brushless direct current (BLDC) motor dynamics, and aerodynamics. To optimize the communication time between IoT devices and the UAV, IoT devices are clustered using a modified GAK-means algorithm, with dynamically optimized communication coverage radii. Subsequently, a fly–circle–communicate (FCC) trajectory design algorithm is introduced and derived to conserve energy and save mission time. Under the FCC approach, the UAV sequentially visits the cluster centers and performs circular flight and communication. Transitions between cluster centers are smoothed via 3D Dubins curves, which provide physically achievable trajectories. Comprehensive numerical studies indicate that the proposed trajectory planning method reduces overall communication time and preserves UAV battery energy compared to other benchmark schemes.

Frequency selective window blinds for indoor WLAN shielding

AbstractSecuring internal wireless communication of a corporate network from external eavesdropping requires electromagnetic (EM) shielding of the whole building, which may also block useful communication bands, such as mobile phone, radio, security, and television networks. Frequency selective surfaces provide selective spatial filtering of EM signals. A dual concentric modified square loop of unit‐cell dimension , fabricated on a window blinds material with dielectric constant 1.63 is presented for shielding indoor wireless network. The design resonates at WiFi and Bluetooth frequencies of 2.4 and 5 GHz and offers a measured suppression of at least −45 dB at both the frequency bands. Simulation and experimental results have been presented which exhibit stable and polarization insensitive responses in both, transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes, as well as angular stability for oblique incident angles up to 60°. The proposed Frequency Selective Window Blinds provide on‐demand, passive EM shielding and are easy to develop, install, and use.