Wireless Charging Technology Research Articles

A Review on Interoperability of Wireless Charging Systems for Electric Vehicles

Wireless charging technology has become an important development trend in future electric vehicle (EV) power supply technology due to its safety, flexibility, and convenience. With its industrialized development, interoperability has become an essential technical link. The interoperability of wireless charging systems refers to the ability of output performance to meet specified indicators when different transmitter and receiver devices are matched. This study reviews the research status of the interoperability of EV wireless charging technology. First, the definition and composition of the interoperability of wireless charging systems are briefly given. Then, the article provides a review of standards about interoperability so far. The interoperability of various magnetic couplers and compensation topologies is also analyzed and summarized. After that, the paper reviews the existing interoperability evaluation methods. Finally, this work highlights the existing problems and challenges in current research of interoperability. We hope that this work will contribute to the further development of EV wireless charging technology.

An Opportunistic Charger Recollection Algorithm for Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks

Wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs) have received a lot of attention due to the development of wireless charging technology. Recently, a new solution of wireless charging vehicle (WCV) for WRSNs with separable charger array equipped with multiple chargers was suggested. By this method, each charger can be unloaded to serve one sensor, while the WCV can work in a very efficient way because it needs not to stay on site and can continue to perform its assigned task. But this solution created a new problem that is how to recollect these chargers for reusing when their charging services are finished. In previous research, however, the recollecting strategy has seldom been considered. In this work, an effectively opportunistic charger recollection algorithm (OCRA) are proposed. Simulation results indicate that OCRA has outperformed previous algorithms in many aspects.

Multi-Objective Optimization of Operation of Power-Traffic Systems Considering Dynamic Wireless Charging

To reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, improve the environment, and optimize the energy structure, electric vehicles (EVs) have been developed rapidly. At the same time, to alleviate the range anxiety of EV users, the corresponding dynamic wireless charging (DWC) technology has also attracted extensive attention. Driven by EVs and DWC, the interdependency between the power system and transportation system becomes tighter. To improve the operation of the power-traffic system, we propose a multi-objective optimization problem incorporating transportation system congestion, power system generation cost, and total EV user charging cost. Assuming that the energy provided by the DWC can meet the consumption in EV travel, we construct a power demand model for grid buses. Furthermore, we model the microscopic characteristics of vehicle behaviors and propose an adaptive route recommendation algorithm. To solve the multi-objective problem, we adopt a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II. Finally, the case studies demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed multi-objective optimization problem and the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm.

Wireless charging with position alignment for electric vehicles

Electric Vehicles (EVs) have gained popularity in recent years due to its sustainability. However, the charging process for EVs can be inconvenient and time-consuming, particularly when relying on conventional charging stations that necessitate manual vehicle connections. This research aims to develop a wireless charging system for electric vehicles that incorporates position alignment technology. The objective is to enhance the charging experience for EV owners, improving efficiency while reducing the environmental impact associated with traditional charging methods. The system utilizes a combination of wireless charging technology and sensors to detect the position of the EV and align it with the charging pad using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. This ensures an optimized charging process, enabling quick and efficient charging of the EV.

Manyetik Rezonans Kuplaj Yöntemiyle Kablosuz Güç Aktarımı Üzerine Literatür Taraması

Today, the widespread use of mobile electronic devices has brought about the advancement of wireless charging technology. Easy charging of these devices with wireless power transfer provides a wide area for users in terms of usability. Energy transmission efficiency is one of the most important parameters in wireless power transmission, which has become one of the popular fields of study recently. Especially in recent years, many studies have been carried out with different techniques on this subject, which brings advantages such as freedom of movement and ease of use by eliminating the problems caused by the cable. A review study on the magnetic resonance coupling method, which enables wireless power transmission with high efficiency at medium distance, is presented. It is aimed that this article will serve as a guide for researchers who will study on wireless power transmission and readers who are interested in this subject, where they can easily access related studies. In our study, firstly, the history of wireless power transfer is given, and then the issues that highlight the magnetic resonance coupling method, one of the wireless power transfer techniques, are included. Then, the basic principle of magnetic resonance coupling method is explained; maximum power transfer, maximum efficiency, alignment problem and its effects on human health are mentioned. Finally, electric vehicles and consumer electronics, biomedical implants, unmanned aerial vehicles and robots, which are the most intense application areas in wireless power transmission, are classified and the studies in these areas are included.

Optimal Deployment of Dynamic Wireless Charging Lanes for Electric Vehicles considering the Battery Charging Rate

Dynamic wireless charging (DWC) technology enables the charging of electric vehicles (EVs) en route without the need for stopping on long-distance trips. Based on DWC technology, a dynamic wireless charging system (DWCS) concept is proposed to determine the number of DWC lanes and their locations and lengths considering varying battery charging rates. A two-stage approach is proposed to design the optimal DWCS. First, we propose a mixed-integer model with nonlinear constraints to determine the locations and lengths of the charging lanes. This model is further reformulated as a mixed-integer linear problem to make it suitable to solve with off-the-shelf commercial solvers (e.g., Gurobi). Next, we propose a method to obtain an approximately optimal solution for the number of lanes. Then, a numerical example from a freeway in Guangdong Province, China, is investigated to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model and its effectiveness in reducing the construction costs.

An Investigation of Opportunity Charging with Hybrid Energy Storage System on Electric Bus with Two-Speed Transmission

As one of the most popular and important forms of massive transit, the public bus contributes to a healthier environment compared to private vehicles. Through the electrification of the public bus, energy consumption, carbon emission, and air pollution can be significantly reduced. However, the limited driving range and high battery replacement cost put significant barriers to its large-scale commercialization. Thanks to the development of wireless charging technology and opportunity charging strategy, the driving range can be improved. However, the battery has to suffer additional impulse current generated by opportunity wireless charging. In this paper, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that combines battery and supercapacitor and related energy control strategy is proposed to smoothen the impulse current and extend the battery lifespan. A comprehensive investigation of the combined impacts of the opportunity charging and HESS is carried out in terms of driving range extension and battery lifespan improvement. The detailed HESS model and powertrain model are built. A global optimizing method, dynamic programming, is adopted as the energy management strategy under the Chinese heavy-duty commercial vehicle test cycle-bus (CHTC-B). A battery degradation model is employed to evaluate its health with 60 kW wireless charging. The results demonstrate that the proposed energy control strategy for HESS could improve battery health and extend bus driving range concurrently via opportunity charging.

Thermal Estimation and Thermal Design for Coupling Coils of 6.6 kW Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System

Wireless electric vehicle charging technology is developing in the direction of high power levels. However, more generated heat brought by higher power will accelerate the system’s aging and can even lead to damage. An excellent thermal design for the magnetic coupler can reduce each part’s maximum temperature, ensuring long-term operation reliability. Therefore, in this article, the magnetic coupler’s thermal estimation and design are studied based on a 6.6 kW wireless electric vehicle charging system. First, the calculation method of internal resistance of a litz coil, core loss, and eddy current loss of a shielding aluminum plate are studied. Considering the influence of thermal fields on material properties, each part’s power loss calculation formula is further modified to improve the accuracy. After that, heat dissipation research is carried out. The heat dissipation measures, such as filling the surface of the shielding aluminum plate with thermal conductive silicone grease, are proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the heat dissipation measures is verified by simulation and experiments. The experiment shows that the error between the power loss value of each part calculated by simulation and measured by the experiment is less than 15%, and the maximum temperature of the magnetic coupler is controlled below 80 °C.

Exploring Wired and Wireless EV Charging Technologies [From the Editor

Despite global efforts, CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> emissions, along with other harmful gases, continue to rise and transportation is a big contributor to this global warming concern. As a result, to reduce these harmful emissions, governments and policymakers around the world are pushing the adoption of electrified vehicles (EVs) via a variety of incentives. Subsequently, for passenger vehicles only, EVs are forecasted to reach 80 million cars in the U.S. and around 500 million globally by 2040.

Dynamic wireless charging lanes location model in urban networks considering route choices

Wireless charging technologies have now made it possible to charge while driving, which offers the opportunity to stimulate the market penetration of electric vehicles. This paper aims to support the system planner in optimally deploying the wireless charging lanes on the network, considering traffic dynamics and congestion under multiple vehicle classes. The overall objective is to maximise network performance while providing insights into traffic propagation patterns over the network. A multi-class dynamic system optimal model is adopted to compute an approximate representation of the dynamic traffic flow. As a result, the problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program by integrating the dynamic routing behaviour into the charging location problem. Finally, the proposed framework has been tested on different sized test-bed networks to examine the solution quality and illustrate the model’s efficacy.

Optimization of Electric Vehicle Wireless Power Transmission Efficiency Based on Ant Lion Optimizer

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Magnetically coupled resonance wireless power transmission technology (MCR-WPT), as a technological innovation in the electric vehicle industry, is of great significance to promote the development of the electric vehicle industry chain. The current wireless charging technology is affected by the design of the vehicle itself, the distance between the vehicle-mounted part of the wireless charging and the ground is not fixed. And the changeable parking attitude will cause the projection of the transmitting coil and the receiving coil to deviate. Therefore, reasonable matching of transmission frequency, matching impedance and other parameters is of great significance for optimizing power transmission efficiency. This paper establishes a mathematical model of transmission frequency, matching impedance, distance between two coils and wireless power transmission efficiency. Based on the preliminary analysis of 10 experimental data of wireless charging in the laboratory under different coil spacings, the relationship between various parameters and wireless charging efficiency is obtained. In view of the problem of coil offset under actual charging conditions, a nonlinear optimization model for maximizing the efficiency of the MCR-WPT system is proposed. The selected optimization parameters are parameters such as transmission frequency and matching impedance. The goal is to ensure the maximum value of automotive coil offset under high transmission efficiency. In this paper, the optimization model is solved based on the Ant lion optimizer, and the optimal parameter values under the specified working conditions are obtained, and the relative error is less than 3%. When the coil spacing is 10mm, the maximum offset of the coil with a transmission efficiency higher than 80% is 0.3423m, and the RMSE between theoretical and experimental results is less than 0.015. Algorithm optimizes the power transmission efficiency and improved the fault tolerance rate of wireless charging system during parking.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Pre-Normative Charging Technology Roadmap for Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles in Europe

This paper presents a pre-normative roadmap that foresees the developments in the charging of heavy-duty electric vehicles (HD-EVs). It supports and facilitates the future standardization efforts of charging technologies by creating an overview of the popularity of charging technologies and the end users’ needs. The required input for the work was collected using a comprehensive investigation on the available charging technologies and their standardization, reviewing the existing roadmaps and research work, and conducting surveys and interviews of end users and technical stakeholders. According to the findings, a pantograph on the roof of a vehicle and plug-based charging are currently the most used charging interfaces. This trend is likely to continue in the future, since (1) pantographs on vehicle roofs, (2) pantographs on infrastructure, and (3) plugs were graded as charging interfaces with the highest potential by the participants of the technical survey. Static and conductive charging technologies show more potential than dynamic and wireless charging technologies. Nevertheless, inductive charging may be a future charging solution for HD-EVs if the current bottlenecks in the technology can be addressed. These bottlenecks include high prices, slightly lower efficiency, lack of standardization, the maximum achievable power, and safety concerns. Furthermore, interoperability was repeatedly mentioned as the main challenge for today’s charging technologies.

Solving hybrid charging strategy electric vehicle based dynamic routing problem via evolutionary multi-objective optimization

With the development of Electric Vehicle (EV) technology, the new generation of EVs combines the advantages of both Wireless Charging Technology (WCT) and Plug-in Charging Technology (PCT) to extend their transport distance. However, some difficulties emerge in this hybrid charging strategy based EVs for Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). First, the availability of devices for PCT and WCT varies with time. EVs not only need to find the optimal routes but also to determine charging strategies according to the environment. Second, in such a dynamic environment, the Pareto-optimal Solutions (POS) should be rapidly tracked and Decision Makers (DMs) should pick desired solutions quickly for implementation. To address these issues, in this work, we propose a framework to reuse knee points into the newly generated environment. Reusing knee points can provide high-quality knowledge to generate a better initial population and the knee points also bring convenience to DMs. In this work, we also introduce a benchmark of Hybrid Charging Strategy based Dynamic Vehicle Routing Problem (HCS-DVRP). The obtained experimental results on this benchmark validate that our proposed design can achieve a promising optimization performance via reusing knee points.

Characteristics and key trends of global electric vehicle technology development: A multi-method patent analysis

To grasp the key characteristics and trends of the rapid development of electric vehicle (EV) technology and to study the development trajectory and main holders of EV technology, this study analyzes the patents related to EVs from 1970 to 2016. In this study, three types of information technologies—text mining, clustering, and social network analysis—are adopted to collate and analyze patent data. We find that solving the problem of how to safely and quickly charge a battery through a charging facility and distribute the energy to each storage unit is a highly concerning topic in the field of EV technology, involving the technology of batteries, charging facilities, and power control systems. The research frontier of EV technology is wireless charging technology. Finally, the major holders of EV technology in terms of patent holdings and cooperation are analyzed.

Organizational Resource Allocation by Mobile Edge Computing in the Context of the Internet of Things

In recent years, the number of electronic devices and users has increased sharply with the rapid development and progress of electronic information technology. The motivation of this paper is to optimize the organization’s resource allocation strategy in the Internet of Things (IoT) environment. The optimal path planning and information processing efficiency are improved through Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology and migration optimization algorithm. The research method is migration optimization algorithm and UAV dynamic network. The information processing capability of traditional wireless communication systems has gradually been unable to meet the actual information processing needs. Therefore, a static network migration algorithm is constructed based on multiple-user multilateral edge computing servers. It migrates each user’s information processing task to the neighboring edge confidence processing server and uses the information processing server to perform auxiliary calculations. The simulation model adds a utility function that simulates energy consumption, delay weighting, and maximum extreme value, combined with the allocation strategy of optimizing each user’s information processing task to achieve the optimization goal. The static network migration algorithm established in this simulation has better results than other benchmark algorithms. Both scenario 1 and scenario 2 in the simulation show very close performance to the optimal solution. Meanwhile, a migration algorithm that can provide wireless charging for UAVs is built by a dynamic edge computing model based on the time associated with the UAV base station and multiple end users. Combined with completing the information processing tasks in each time slot, the energy arrival is also non-directional. The dynamic network migration algorithm can optimize the number of tasks absorbed by the end-user based on the current online status of the system without knowing the global information. The optimized target equation is related to the queue stability, and the parameter V has a linear relationship with the queue backlog length. Here, the problem of computing migration is studied in Mobile Edge Computing (MEC). The results show that the utility function of the weighted sum has an approximately linear relationship with the weights. As the value of the utility function increases, so does the weight function. The optimal data throughput of the proposed model is 70,000 bits, while the optimal data throughput of the state-of-the-art model is 68,000 bits. Therefore, the data transmission performance of the model presented here is better than that of other models. MEC can be significantly improved the efficiency of organizational resource allocation. Combining UAV and wireless charging technology, the computing and communication resource allocation issues of the UAV’s edge computing system are comprehensively discussed to improve the performance and efficiency of the network.

A Detail Study about the Wireless Mobile Charging System

Wireless charging is a technology of transmitting power through an air gap to electrical devices for the purpose of energy replenishment. Wireless charging technology gets power from a power source, like a charger, to a load, like a phone, wirelessly across an air gap, so there aren't any wires to get in the way. Power can be sent from one place to another wirelessly, without the need for wires or links.

Critical Review of Recent Advancement in Metamaterial Design for Wireless Power Transfer

With increasing penetration of wireless charging technologies comes an ever-rising demand for wireless power transfer (WPT) structures that demonstrate high power transfer and power transfer efficiency (PTE), especially over wide transfer distance. The concern with reliability in adopting wireless charging technologies in consumer and industrial applications (including mobile chargers and dynamic wireless charging of electric vehicles, EVs) stems from fluctuating output power and low power transfer efficiency (PTE). Moreover, the inherently high resonant frequency of existing metamaterial (MM)-based WPT designs imposes a high switching stress on power semiconductors and passive components, resulting in high power dissipation, especially in high power applications. This manuscript presents a critical survey of recent studies and developments in MM-based WPT systems. First, the fundamental concepts and classification of WPT technologies based on magnetic resonant coupling (MRC), inductive coupling etc. are discussed. Going forward, key MM design considerations, including resonance operating frequencies, effective permittivity ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\epsilon _{r}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ), effective permeability ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu _{r}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ), numerical modeling, equivalent circuit representations, and 3D fabrication technologies are widely analyzed and critiqued. Additionally, the performance enhancing effect of integrating different MM designs with existing WPT systems are explicitly discussed. Finally, the technical challenges associated with the resonant operating frequencies of MM, miniaturization of MM design footprint, and 3D prototyping are investigated while also presenting potential solutions.

Optimal Siting and Sizing of Wireless EV Charging Infrastructures Considering Traffic Network and Power Distribution System

The main challenges in the widespread deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) are limited driving range, long charging downtime, lack of charging stations in some areas, and high battery cost. Dynamic wireless charging (DWC) technology can overcome some of these obstacles by recharging EV batteries remotely while vehicles move over the charging infrastructures. However, most studies have limited this technology to public EVs working in specific routes like electric buses and taxis routes. This paper presents a long-term stochastic scenario-based mathematical model for allocating and sizing DWC infrastructures considering Ev’s location-routing, power distribution system (PDS) losses, and transportation network traffic. The proposed long-term model allows all types of EVs to take advantage of the installed DWC infrastructures and facilitate EVs’ widespread use by overcoming conventional charging technologies problems. The optimization problem is structured in the form of a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) model. Simulation results with detailed analyzes are furnished to illustrate the characteristics and performance of the model in a coupled network combining transportation and power networks. The numerical analysis provides meaningful insight into the transportation system design based on DWC technology and the effect of EV routing on the charging infrastructure allocation. Simulation results show that using Location-Routing Problem (LRP) can save up to 45% of the total cost of the DWC system. In addition, the proposed model, along with the simulations performed, demonstrates the advantage of DWC technology in reducing the size of vehicle batteries.

Wireless charging technologies for implantable autonomous medical devices

Wireless charging technologies for implantable autonomous medical devices

Detecting Emerging Ev Wireless Charging Technology Using Topic Trend Analysis to Gain Competitive Advantage

Detecting Emerging Ev Wireless Charging Technology Using Topic Trend Analysis to Gain Competitive Advantage