Wireless Charging Of Electric Vehicles Research Articles

Solar wireless electric vehicle charging system

vehicles (EVs) are increasingly prevalent on roads today. These vehicles have demonstrated their effectiveness to minimize travel costs through transitioning from traditional fuel sources to electricity, that is notably more cost-efficient, alongside the associated environmental benefits. The primary aim is to implement a charging system that accommodates extended vehicle usage by applying higher charging rates for prolonged periods. Presently, the prevailing charging infrastructure for EVs involves conductive methods where the vehicle connects to a charging station; however, this process typically takes longer. Advancements in technology are introducing wireless charging solutions. Inductive EV charging, a wireless alternative, eliminates the need for physical wires. This innovative approach proposes charging electric vehicles while they are in motion, eliminating the necessity for vehicles to stop for refueling. Notably, this charging mechanism operates on solar energy, obviating the requirement for an exterior source of power. The system-design encompasses the utilization of various components such as batteries, transformers, solar panels, copper coils, regulator circuits, ATmega328p controllers, AC to DC converters, and the LCD.

Recent Results in Shielding Technologies for Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Systems

Recent Results in Shielding Technologies for Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Systems

Recognizing Multitype Misalignments in Wireless EV Chargers With Orientation-Sensitive Coils: A Data-Driven Strategy Using Improved ResNet

In wireless electric vehicle charging systems, misalignments between ground-assembled transmitter and vehicle-assembled receiver are undesirable but inevitable, which may cause efficiency deterioration and even thermal risks. The recognition of horizontal misalignment, including that in the longitudinal and lateral direction, has been made gradual progress by previous works. While yaw angle, with rare attention, can also degrade the charging performance, especially for those employing non-centrosymmetric coupling coils, such as rectangular coils. In this paper, a data-driven strategy based on improved ResNet is proposed to recognize the above multi-type misalignments simultaneously, which is accurate, reliable, and of practical and general value. Large-scale data is sampled using the proposed detection coils by double-group cooperation, which features high sensitivity to the misalignments of all kinds, especially yaw angle. Benefit to the compression technique in the pre-processing phase, the number of training data and labels can be successfully reduced by 3/4. As the core algorithm of the overall strategy, the adaptive channel parameter recalibration ResNet (ACPR-ResNet) can effectively perceive slight differences among similar input samples and map them to proper labels. This is achieved by an adaptive operation of nonlinear transformation and recalibrated importance of channel features during the training process. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified experimentally using a 6.6-kW prototype. Within the 24×24 cm range, 95.2% of the test cases have an error of less than 1.7 cm when recognizing horizontal misalignment, and 91.7% of the test cases have an error of less than 1.5° when recognizing yaw angle.

Solar wireless electric vehicle charging system

Solar wireless electric vehicle charging system

Comprehensive Analysis of Wireless Charging Technology in Electric Vehicles

In this new era, transportation vehicles mainly uses non renewable primary energy - fossil fuels. In order to avoid energy shortages, electric vehicles using clean energy have emerged. New electric vehicles require fixed charging stations for charging, as traditional technologies such as fixed charging stations cannot be charged on the move and have longer charging cycles, acquire high equipment and environmental requirements, and require manual intervention, resulting in higher costs. Therefore, people urgently need new ways and mechanisms to optimize the charging process, reduce human intervention, and make the charging process safer, automated, and intelligent. Wireless charging WPT technology has just made up for many shortcomings of traditional charging stations, and can achieve high-speed and mobile charging. This article provides an overview of the technologies and principles applied in wireless charging of electric vehicles, as well as a comparison of different wireless charging technologies and their possible future development directions.

Modeling the operation of an induction charger for mobile charging of electric vehicles

The speed of implementation of electric vehicles depends on the level of development of the charging infrastructure, which is subject to ever new requirements, including increasing ease of use and reducing charging time. A solution to the problem could be an introduction of wireless charging of electric vehicles (inductive charging device – WPT). However, in order to produce an effective WPT (without preliminary calculation and modeling the efficiency of the device may not reach 10 %), it is necessary to select the parameters of the coils and simulate the frequency characteristics of the voltage. For this purpose, as part of the implementation of the project to create a mobile charging installation for electric vehicles, the problem of modeling the operation of the WPT has been solved. In accordance with the technical specifications, a coil has been built in Excel, which was used as geometry in Comsol to evaluate the distribution of magnetic fields. To study the frequency characteristics, the CST Studio program has been used. Using these programs, we simulated various methods for implementing the WPT with obtaining frequency characteristics. It has been confirmed that the coupling coefficient increases with decreasing distance between parts of the WPT. Calculations of resonant circuits and the expected efficiency for both types of resonant circuits have been carried out, and it has been concluded that decreasing the distance leads to a decrease in the resonant frequency of the system of connected circuits. The developed model allows us to obtain the values of the circuit capacitances for the formation of resonance, move on to practical implementation and verify the resulting models.

Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicle While Moving with dual input Sources

This project presents a novel localization method for electric vehicles (EVs) charging through wireless power transmission (WPT) and solar based charging. With the proposed technique, the wireless charging system can self-determine the most efficient coil to transmit power at the EV’s position based on the proximity sensors activated by its wheels. To ensure optimal charging, our approach involves measurement of the transfer efficiency of individual transmission coil to determine the most efficient one to be used. This not only improves the charging performance, but also minimizes energy losses by autonomously activating only the coils with the highest transfer efficiencies. The results show that with the proposed system it is possible to detect the coil with maximum transmitting efficiency without the use of actual power transmission and comparison of the measured efficiency. This project also proves that with the proposed charger set-up, the position of the receiver coil can be detected almost instantly and get charge while moving in the road. This indeed saves energy and boosts the charging time. Here we also introduce the solar panel in the top of the EV which indeed saves energy and boosts the charging time in day time. The vehicle battery voltage and current data can be monitoring continuously and updated in online.

Development Of Solar Powered Static Wireless Charging System For Electric Vehicles

Abstract: Electric vehicles have been introduced to the contemporary world, aligning with the increasing integration of new technologies into daily life. Despite the use of electric vehicles, certain limitations persist, including issues such as heating during charging, potential charging depletion, a scarcity of charging stations, and the high installation cost of such stations. Addressing these challenges, this project proposes a wireless electric vehicle charging station with monitoring capabilities. The aims include preventing overcharging, monitoring battery levels, ensuring cost-effectiveness, promoting eco-friendliness, and strategically placing charging stations in urban areas. The project specifically focuses on the design of a solar-powered electric vehicle charging system, offering a solution to the key issues of fuel dependency and environmental pollution. Electric vehicles have gained global traction and are progressively becoming more prevalent. Beyond their environmental advantages, electric vehicles contribute to cost reduction by substituting electricity for fuel, which is a more economical alternative. This project presents an innovative solution for EV charging, eliminating the need for wires, enabling charging while in motion, harnessing solar power to sustain the charging system, and operating without external power supply requirements. The system incorporates components such as a solar panel, battery, transformer, regulator circuitry, copper coils, AC to DC converter, Atmega controller, and LCD display. Through this integration, the system showcases the wireless charging capability for electric vehicles at charging stations. The LCD display provides real-time information on the total cost, eliminating the necessity for halting the vehicle during the charging process. In summary, the project demonstrates the viability of a solar-powered wireless charging system for electric vehicles, presenting a forward-looking approach to integration.

Evaluation of the behavior of the interface zone between an asphalt mixture and an inductive power transfer pad

Wireless charging of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is seen as part of an important strategy to reduce emissions from essential transportation trips of people and goods. Resonant Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) is used in the development of wireless charging systems for in-road charging systems. IPT pads are embedded in a pavement infrastructure to create a magnetic field that is coupled into a similar pad fitted underneath an EV. This is then converted to the voltage and current needed to charge the onboard battery. This method enables EVs to wirelessly receive a charge while stationary or in motion. However, ensuring the robustness of this integrated in-road system is essential. Poor interface bonding between a surrounding asphalt mixture and an IPT pad decreases the structural integrity within the IPT pad-asphalt pavement system, hence increasing the risk of damage to the system. The purpose of this study is to investigate the behavior of an IPT pad-asphalt interface zone by performing direct shear tests. In the experimental setup, a normal compressive load is applied to a three-layer cylindrical specimen, comprising an asphalt mixture, the interface material, and the material forming the outer containment layer of the pad. The influence of temperature, moisture, and normal stress on the interface shear strength is investigated. Among the three interface materials tested (epoxy bitumen, epoxy resin, and structural plastic adhesive), the epoxy resin material showed the highest shear strength at 25 °C. The interface shear strength and the shear stiffness decreased for all three materials with increasing temperature, with the epoxy bitumen material being the most temperature sensitive, yielding a decrease in strength of 77 % and stiffness of 62 % between 15 °C and 40 °C. Experiments were performed using an orthogonal test design. Five variables, known to affect the interface shear strength, each variable assuming three values, were considered. The results of a range analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that temperature has the most significant effect on the shear strength of the interface zone, i.e. between the asphalt mixture and pad surfacing. Other important factors affecting the shear strength are the interface material and the shear deformation rate. A numerical study of a full-scale IPT-asphalt pavement system is presented to show the effect of the interface bonding condition on the longitudinal and transverse strains at the bottom of the asphalt layer and the fatigue life. The results of this study will be used in the design of an IPT pad-asphalt pavement system by minimizing the differential permanent displacements between an IPT pad and the surrounding asphalt pavement.

Modeling EV Charging Station Loads Considering On-Road Wireless Charging Capabilities

Electric vehicle (EV) customers are expected to charge EV batteries at a rapid EV charging station or via on-road wireless EV charging systems when possible, as per their charging needs to successfully complete any remaining trips and reach their destination. When on-road wireless EV charging systems are considered as an alternative charging method for EVs, this can affect the load of a rapid EV charging station in terms of time and magnitude. Hence, this paper presents a probabilistic framework for estimating the arrival rate of EVs at an EV rapid charging station, considering the availability of on-road wireless charging systems as an alternative charging method. The proposed model incorporates an Electric Vehicle Decision Tree that predicts the times when EVs require rapid charging based on realistic transportation data. A Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to capture uncertainties in EV user decisions regarding charging types. A queuing model is then developed to estimate the charging load for multiple EVs at the charging station, with and without the consideration of on-road EV wireless charging systems. A case study and simulation results considering a 32-bus distribution system and the US National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data are presented and discussed to demonstrate the impact of on-road wireless EV charging on the loads of an rapid EV charging station. It is observed that having on-road wireless EV charging as complementary charging to EV charging stations helps to significantly reduce the peak load of the charging station, which improves the power system capacity and defers the need for system upgrades.

A novel LCC‐C(CL)2 compensation network for efficient magnetically coupled resonant wireless power transfer for EV charging

AbstractDue to the intrinsic limitations, for example, limited adjustment freedom, the traditional wireless power transfer (WPT) systems cannot maintain high efficiency under variable loading conditions. To well solve this problem, a family of general magnetically coupled resonant WPT (MCR‐WPT) compensation topologies composed of LCC‐C with an ‐stage LC structure, or LCC‐C(CL) , is proposed in this paper. Under the guideline of the generalized structure, some existing topologies are derived for verification, with new topologies established with unique advantages. From the LCC‐C(CL) structures, a suitable topology can be selected to achieve a desired design purpose, such as constant voltage transmission, constant current transmission, or high‐efficiency transmission. Prototype experiments and comparisons are conducted in this work, which demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed LCC‐C(CL) MCR‐WPT converter family and the parameter design method. Experimental results also show that the new topology can maintain high‐efficiency power transfer for a wide range of loads. Even under light loading conditions, the power transfer efficiency is 30% higher than the traditional benchmark topology. The proposed WPT approach will have wide applications for on‐road wireless electric vehicle charging.

Static and dynamic wireless charging system for electric vehicle

Electrified transportation will help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and petrol prices. Electrified transportation demands that a wide variety of charging networks be set up, in a user-friendly environment, to encourage adoption. Wireless electric vehicle charging systems (WEVCS) can be a potential alternative technology to charge electric vehicles (EVs) without any plug-in problems. This paper outlines the currently available wireless power transfer technology for EVs. In addition, it also includes wireless transformer structures with a variety of ferrite shapes, which have been researched. WEVCS are associated with health and safety issues, which have been discussed with the current development in international standards. Two major applications, static and dynamic WEVCS, are explained, and up-to-date progress with features from research laboratories, universities, and industries is recorded. Moreover, future upcoming concepts-based WEVCS, such as ‘‘vehicle-to-grid (V2G)” and ‘‘in-wheel” wireless charging systems (WCS) are reviewed and examined, with qualitative comparisons with other existing technology.

A Wireless Synchronization Controller for High-Power Stationary and Semi-Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles

A Wireless Synchronization Controller for High-Power Stationary and Semi-Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles

Dynamic Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles With Autonomous Frequency Control

Dynamic Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles With Autonomous Frequency Control

Varied-Frequency CC–CV Inductive Wireless Power Transfer with Efficiency-Regulated EV Charging for an Electric Golf Cart

Wireless electric vehicle (EV) charging is an important operation for valuable EV options in modern life. Inductive wireless EV charging needs constant current and voltage (CC–CV) charge controllers. This paper presents 750 W variable frequency CC–CV inductive wireless charging for an e-golf cart 50 Ah 72 V Li-ion battery. Due to this system’s low power, the system’s efficiency may be weak; the secondary-side (SS) maximum efficiency-controlled (MEC) converter was validated. The golf cart’s battery characteristics were evaluated to design and experiment with inductive wireless power transfer (IPT) coils and an integration system for a 42 kHz resonant frequency. The CC–CV charged control is an infrastructural part of the H-bridge inverter at varied frequencies from 50 kHz to 56 kHz when the DC input voltage is 310 V, and in the range of 44 kHz to 46 kHz at the 155 V input. The results found the charging of 9 A CC, 82 V CV and 730 W. The 310 V input voltage system without the SS MEC converter’s efficiencies was 62% to 72% and it was improved to 65% to 81% using the SS MEC converter. Finally, the best cases were validated at the 155 V DC input voltage and the system with the SS MEC converter had 76% to 86% efficiency.

Self- and Mutual-Inductance Cross-Validation of Multi-Turn, Multi-Layer Square Coils for Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles

Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT) has high potential to overcome electric vehicles’ battery issues of size and range and to achieve fully autonomous driving. Accurately extracting the self- and mutual-inductance of the coils is essential for controlling and optimizing the overall performance of the DWPT system under real driving conditions. Due to the limited space for coil installation at the bottom of the vehicles, multi-turn, multi-layer square coils are proposed to maximize the space utilization of the DWPT system. For the first time, this paper presents a theoretical model for calculating the self- and mutual-inductance and the coupling coefficients of multi-turn, multi-layer square coils. Taking a four-turn, four-layer square coil as an example, the model is cross-validated by 3D coil modelling and simulation, as well as practical measurements. A theoretical–experimental verification is further conducted to indirectly corroborate the cross-validated coupling coefficients of the two coils. On average, the normalized root mean square errors of the resultant self-inductance and coupling coefficients of two identical coils are 1.04% and 4.29%, respectively. Specifically, for the selected case, normalized root mean square errors of the zero-phase angle frequencies of the system under different misalignment situations average out at 1.32%.

Design and Optimization of PI Controller for Multiple-output Wireless Electric Vehicle Charger

Abstract: This paper focuses on designing and modeling multiple-output wireless chargers for electric vehicles (EVs). This paper uses a closed loop buck converter to obtain variable output dc voltage of a wireless electric vehicle charger (WEVC). For designing a closed-loop buck converter, a PI controller is used. The tuning of a PI controller for a nonlinear system is a typical task; therefore, in the paper, three optimization techniques such as Krill Herd Optimization (KHO), Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO), and Sparrow Search Optimization (SSO) utilized to find the optimum value of a PI gain parameters (Kp and Ki). Background: Wired charging system is famous but contains problems like unkempt wires and protection concerns in a damp environment. Then a solution to this problem is a wireless charger because it does not contain any exposed wires. Hence it is convenient for charging and intrepid transmission of power in antagonistic environmental conditions. A wireless charger can be used in unmanned electric vehicles. Objective: The objective of this study is to develop a wireless electric vehicle charger at the variable output voltage. The performance analysis by different optimization techniques such as SSO, KHO, and HHO for variable reference output voltage. Methods: Three optimization techniques are used, such as SSO, KHO, and HHO, for obtaining smooth output dc voltage, reducing harmonics, and improving power transfer capability. Results: SSO gives better results for the variable output voltage of the wireless charger. Conclusion: Wireless charger is designed at a variable reference output voltage and SSO-optimized PI-gain parameters of the charger and provides better performance than other optimization techniques, such as HHO and KHO.

Automatic Containment of Field Exposure for Roadway Wireless Electric Vehicle Charger

Inductive power transfer (IPT) has found application prospect in dynamic wireless electric vehicle (EV) charging as it can avoid the constraints of physical connection. With the commonly-used LCC compensation, the ground-assembled transmitter coil is always excited by a fixed standby current even if there is no receiver coil coverage. As for dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) systems, even without EV charging, the underground transmitter coils typically remain activated at full power output to wait for the receivers in most cases, resulting in huge standby current and magnetic exposure safety concerns. In this paper, we proposed a method for automatic containment of field exposure caused by standby current in the transmitter coil of wireless chargers, which applies LCC compensation networks requiring only primary-side control with the elimination of wireless feedback communication and extra detection. The wireless chargers can be automatically deactivated once EVs depart, as well as automatically activated once detecting the presence of EVs. Also, its excellent interoperability for different loads and types of compensation topology has been well analyzed and then verified. Moreover, experiments demonstrate that the magnetic field exposure is merely 11.66% of the ICNIRP 2010 standard exposure limit with proposed modulation, which is suppressed by 94.64% than before.

Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Technology and Commercialization Strategy

Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Technology and Commercialization Strategy

Optimization in Magnetic Coupler Design for Inductively Coupled Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicle: A Review

Optimization in Magnetic Coupler Design for Inductively Coupled Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicle: A Review