Mesh Research Articles

Synergistic twinning and deformation-induced martensite transition facilitating 3GPa duplex stainless steel wire prepared by drawing

3 GPa-strength stainless steel wire was prepared. Sub-20 nm martensite generated from original austenite which is metastable and possesses low stacking fault energy. Based on quantitative analysis of microstructural parameters from HEXRD and TEM, the sub-20 nm martensite leveraging the advantage of heterostructure props up the ultra-high strength of the wire.

Effects of Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Reinforcement on the Load-Bearing Capacity of Adhesively Bonded Aluminium Alloy Single-Lap Joints

Effects of Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Reinforcement on the Load-Bearing Capacity of Adhesively Bonded Aluminium Alloy Single-Lap Joints

Risk and protective factors of late in-the-bag intraocular lens dislocations – a systematic review

Topic: This article aimed to identify and review published articles addressing risk and protective factors of late in-the-bag (ITB) intraocular lens (IOL) dislocations. Clinical relevance: Prevention of this complication is of great importance considering the great number of cataract cases and its vision threatening capacity. Methods: A structured search on PubMed (MEDLINE) using both Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and key words was conducted. Additionally, the reference lists of the resulting articles were screened for further publications. Articles were eligible if they included 20 or more patients. Hazard and odds ratios were analyzed if they were calculated in the original study. The relative frequency of risk factors was recorded if hazard or odds ratios were not available. The threshold for clinical significance was set at 10%. Risk-of-bias in individual studies was evaluated using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool in randomized trials (RoB 2.0) and the Cochrane risk-of-bias in non-randomized studies of interventions tool. Results: Database search identified 3474 records and no further records were obtained from the reference lists. After exclusion of records not related to the topic, 177 articles were assessed for eligibility. Of these, 39 were considered eligible and read in full. Three studies were prospective, while all other investigations were retrospective. In total, 18 614 cases of late ITB dislocations were analyzed across all studies. The risk of bias within studies was considerable, as only three studies were prospective and statistical significance of risk factors was assessed in only five studies. Conclusions: Typical patient age of this condition is between 70 and 85 years and there appears to be a slight male predominance. Risk factors with a good level of evidence include preoperative trauma and zonular dehiscence, previous vitrectomy, retinitis pigmentosa, pseudoexfoliation, high myopia, glaucoma/previous glaucoma surgery, corneal endothelial damage, and uveitis. Hydrophilic, quadripode and haptic-angulation IOLs are further risk factors. Capsular tension rings, Nd:YAG capsulotomy, three-piece IOLs and IOLs with large optic diameters protect from ITB dislocations. Typically, no risk factors can be identified in approximately one-fourth of patients.

Burnout syndrome among orthopedic surgeons: a systematic review and meta-analysis of worldwide data

Burnout syndrome has been associated with serious consequences for healthcare providers and healthcare systems. Orthopedic surgeons, as professionals in a specialty that is physically and mentally demanding, commonly experience high-stress work circumstances. We aimed to identify and assess the burden of burnout syndrome among orthopedic surgeons. This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines and recommendations of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020. Studies were shortlisted by searching PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus, Web of Science through Clarivate, and Google Scholar using keywords and medical subject headings terms related to burnout syndrome and orthopedics. Rayyan-intelligent systematic reviews were used to manage citations and remove duplicates. We used review manager 5.4 for quantitative data synthesis. Our meta-analysis included data from 16 studies on 2,564 orthopedic physicians, and quantitative data synthesis revealed that the pooled prevalence of high emotional exhaustion (EE) was 34% (95% CI: 27%, 40%), that of high depersonalization (DP) was 39% (95% CI: 29%, 50%), that of low sense of personal accomplishment (PA) was 24% (95% CI: 17%, 31%), and that of overall burnout was 43% (95% CI: 33%, 53%). There was significant heterogeneity in all analyses. In conclusion, burnout syndrome shows varying prevalence across different countries. The development of preventive measures may be necessary to alleviate the high rates of burnout among orthopedic surgeons.

MeSHelper: Predicting the evolution of Medical Subject Headings based on knowledge graph dynamics

The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus is a controlled vocabulary widely used in biomedical knowledge systems. We propose a novel framework, termed MeSHelper, that employs a dynamic knowledge graph to predict whether the MeSH main headings (MHs) will evolve while also predicting their corresponding revision type. We parsed the whole PubMed database and all MeSH releases to construct a dynamic semantic tree (DST) and a dynamic knowledge network (DKN) to characterise the evolutionary patterns of MHs and create prediction models. Our results show that DST-related features play a major role in predicting whether the MHs will be revised. Our prediction performance achieved an F1 score of 92.07%. Both DST- and DKN-related features play a crucial role in predicting which types of MHs will evolve. The prediction performance achieved a Macro-F1 score of 72.15%, a Micro-F1 score of 84.09% and a Weighted-F1 score of 84.55%. The findings of this work aid both in constructing an automatic update model for domain thesauruses and in detecting evolutionary trends of the domain knowledge system.

Characterization of the oil water two phase flow in a novel microchannel contactor equipped with helical wire static mixer

This study investigates an oil/water two-phase system to assess the potential efficacy of a novel passive mixer in enhancing the liquid-liquid interfacial area within a micro-channel contactor. In this system, two fluids are introduced into a microchannel with a diameter of 800 μm and a length of 20 cm, which is equipped with a stainless-steel helical wire measuring 250 μm in diameter. Throughout the experiments, both fluids are supplied at equal flow rates, and the dominant forces, including attachment and detachment forces, are examined. The results reveal a critical Weber number of 3.8 × 10−³, at which the first detachment occurs. A comparison between microchannels with and without the passive micromixer demonstrates that greater slug breakup occurs in the system incorporating the helical wire micromixer. This innovative configuration results in a significant reduction in slug/droplet size compared to a microchannel without a barrier, decreasing from approximately 600 μm to 390 μm at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Additionally, a flow map is presented, illustrating three distinct flow regimes: flow contains long slug, Slug-droplet flow, and droplet flow regimes, with the droplet flow regime covering the largest area. The findings indicate that the implementation of this innovative passive mixer substantially increases the interfacial area, providing significant advantages for mass transfer applications.

Shifting Rhythms: A Systematic Review Exploring the Multifaceted Effects of Shift Work and Circadian Disruption on Employee Cardiovascular Health.

Shift work has long been studied as a contributing risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study aims to provide a comprehensive summary of data regarding shiftwork and its impact on the cardiovascular system from the last decade. It explores the association of shift schedules with multiple aspects of cardiovascular disease and the physiological processesthat lead up to it. It also identifies gaps in current knowledge regarding the topic. Two hundred and sixty-eight articles were gathered from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct using relevant medical subject headings (MeSH) strategy and advanced search using keywords including 'Shift work,' 'Night shift,' 'Occupational health,' 'Circadian rhythm,' 'Cardiovascular disease,' 'Cardiovascular health.'The search was conducted in April and completed in May 2023. Systemic reviews, meta-analysis, cohort and cross-sectional studies from the last 10 years were included, and assessment of multiple systematic reviews (AMSTAR), Newcastle Ottawa, and Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tools were used, respectively, for quality assessment. A total of 14 articles were included in our review, including five systematic reviews and meta-analyses, six prospective cohort studies, and three cross-sectional studies. Each study reported a significant association between shift work with some aspect of cardiovascular disease.An increase in the risk of myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and metabolic syndrome is reported. Circadian disruption, unhealthy diet, and emotional and physiological stress contribute to these effects. Oxidative damage and inflammatory biomarkers appear to play a role in this process, but more research is warranted for a deeper understanding of these changes. Despite an abundance of evidence pointing towards the short-term and long-term harm to shift workers' cardiovascular health, there is limited research regarding the policies that are needed to better monitor cardiovascular damage in employees. The focus needs to shift toward prevention-based policies and their efficacy in workplace settings.

Adverse effects resulting from the use of zolpidem hemitartrate: A literature review

Objective: To investigate and discuss the risks associated with the use of the drug in order to clarify the possible damage to health. Methods: Through an integrative review, using the guiding question “What are the main adverse effects and impacts of using zolpidem?”. The search was carried out in the main databases: Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Medical Literature and Retrieval System onLine (MEDLINE/PubMed®), Periódicos CAPES and Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo). MESH (Medical Subject Headings) and DeCs (Health Sciences Descriptors) were used as descriptors in the search strategy. The search strategy followed the criteria of the Boolean operator “AND”, which combines terms. The terms used were zolpidem “AND” adverse effects AND overdose, during the month of September 2024. Results: Zolpidem is a drug of paramount importance for the treatment of cases of insomnia, and long-term medical therapy should be monitored to assess efficacy, the emergence of adverse effects and the onset or worsening of comorbid conditions. Conclusion: Strict prescription control and continuous evaluation of its impact on patients' physical and mental health are essential to avoid abuse and serious complications.

Design of perovskite solar brick for textile ceramic technology

Textile Ceramic Technology (TCT) is an innovative industrialised façade cladding system that consist of a steel wire mesh in where ceramic pieces are inserted in. This paper presents the first steps in the design of a Solar Brick (SB) for TCT capable of producing energy. The perovskite solar thin-film emerging technology is the photovoltaic system considered for the design in this study considering its excellent electrical performances and its ability to be fabricated on flexible substrate. The present research shows the first SB prototype and the experimental tests carried out to check the performance and market viability possibilities.

MeSH2Matrix: combining MeSH keywords and machine learning for biomedical relation classification based on PubMed

Biomedical relation classification has been significantly improved by the application of advanced machine learning techniques on the raw texts of scholarly publications. Despite this improvement, the reliance on large chunks of raw text makes these algorithms suffer in terms of generalization, precision, and reliability. The use of the distinctive characteristics of bibliographic metadata can prove effective in achieving better performance for this challenging task. In this research paper, we introduce an approach for biomedical relation classification using the qualifiers of co-occurring Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). First of all, we introduce MeSH2Matrix, our dataset consisting of 46,469 biomedical relations curated from PubMed publications using our approach. Our dataset includes a matrix that maps associations between the qualifiers of subject MeSH keywords and those of object MeSH keywords. It also specifies the corresponding Wikidata relation type and the superclass of semantic relations for each relation. Using MeSH2Matrix, we build and train three machine learning models (Support Vector Machine [SVM], a dense model [D-Model], and a convolutional neural network [C-Net]) to evaluate the efficiency of our approach for biomedical relation classification. Our best model achieves an accuracy of 70.78% for 195 classes and 83.09% for five superclasses. Finally, we provide confusion matrix and extensive feature analyses to better examine the relationship between the MeSH qualifiers and the biomedical relations being classified. Our results will hopefully shed light on developing better algorithms for biomedical ontology classification based on the MeSH keywords of PubMed publications. For reproducibility purposes, MeSH2Matrix, as well as all our source codes, are made publicly accessible at https://github.com/SisonkeBiotik-Africa/MeSH2Matrix.

Heat transfer enhancement in pressurized solar cavity receivers with densely packed metallic wire mesh

Pressurized solar receivers are promising candidates as heat sources for integration with high-efficiency closed-loop air and supercritical carbon-dioxide based Brayton cycles. This paper focuses on the heat transfer enhancement of such a solar receiver using inline stacked wire mesh fibers in the heat transfer fluid flow path. The study involves modelling, characterization, and performance evaluation of a cavity-receiver with densely packed wire meshes. A new experimentally validated hybrid numerical approach is presented for modelling the inline stacked wire mesh layers. Initially, a direct numerical simulation at the pore scale on a representative elementary volume (REV) of the wire mesh geometry is performed for determining the hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of the medium. Subsequently, these hydrodynamic and thermal properties are used to define a volume-averaged macroscopic porous medium. Experiments are performed using a rectangular channel stacked with stainless steel wire meshes, heated using a plate heater, and pressurized air supplied using a reciprocating compressor. Both numerical and experimental studies are performed for a Reynolds number range of 28 to 213 resulting in a Nusselt number range of 7.2 to 213. The porous medium model predictions for pressure gradient are within 17 %, while predictions for outlet air temperature are within 5 % of the experimentally obtained values. The study predicts a maximum heat transfer enhancement of five times in a channel stacked with wire meshes compared to the case of a clear channel, but incurring a peak pressure drop of only about 1.1 kPa.

A numerical and experimental investigation of the impact of wire mesh on vertical solar still

One of the most pressing challenges facing human society is the lack of freshwater, Traditional desalination is energy-intensive, posing challenges in energy-scarce regions, especially in less developed nations. Solar stills are a promising alternative but face efficiency limits due to design constraints. Previous studies have employed techniques like integrating reflectors and combining them with other solar still to enhance the evaporation section, but these have resulted in bulky and space-consuming vertical solar still (VSS) designs. This research proposes and evaluates a new vertical solar still (VSS) design to boost freshwater production by increasing evaporation rates. The study uses numerical simulations with Fluent 18.2 and indoor experiments to evaluate the new VSS design. The proposed VSS design introduces a wire mesh plate as an expanded surface behind the wick, improving heat and mass transfer processes at three distinct radiation rates (in two designs: fully mesh plate and partially mesh plate). The study shows that the fully mesh VSS design can boost efficiency by 10.72%, producing 1384 of freshwater, while the partially mesh VSS design can increase efficiency by 6.2%, yielding 1328 . Wire mesh technology effectively enhances evaporation rates, addressing desalination energy challenges.

Hand eczema: a review of clinical, dermoscopic and histological features.

Hand eczema (HE) is a prevalent inflammatory skin condition, impacting 15-20% of individuals, with a notable incidence rate of approximately 7.3 cases per 1000 person/years. This condition exhibits significant gender-based variability, with a higher prevalence in females. The clinical presentation of HE is characterized by pruritic erythematous, edematous, weeping plaques, vesicles, and/or bullae, showcasing considerable heterogeneity. A literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including Medline, Pubmed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. The search was conducted using the following key words and medical subject heading (MeSH) terms: "hand," "eczema," "dermatitis," "dermoscopy," and "histology," employing the Boolean term "AND" to combine the research terms for optimal search precision. PRISMA algorithm has been used for article screening. The search scope included manuscripts published up to October 1, 2023. Up to 50% of HE cases are associated with atopic dermatitis, emphasizing the complex interplay between various dermatological conditions. Common subtypes of HE include irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), atopic hand eczema (AHE), and protein contact dermatitis/contact urticaria (PCD). The chronic nature of HE presents a substantial management challenge, often underestimated, leading to delayed treatment and potential progression to chronic hand eczema (CHE). Beyond individual health implications, HE exerts a profound impact on occupational, domestic, social, and psychological aspects, establishing itself as the most prevalent occupation-related skin disease. This paper seeks to establish a comprehensive classification system for HE, integrating clinical, dermoscopic, and histological elements. Dermoscopy, specifically, proves instrumental in distinguishing HE from palmar psoriasis, revealing characteristic features such as yellow scales and irregular vessels. Histopathological findings underscore the dynamic changes observed from acute to chronic stages, while challenges in differentiating hyperkeratotic HE from psoriasis underscore the necessity for a holistic diagnostic approach. Accurate diagnosis and effective management of HE necessitate a holistic perspective that recognizes the inherent complexities of this inflammatory skin disease. By providing a multidimensional classification system, incorporating clinical, dermoscopic, and histological parameters, this paper aimed to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of HE and facilitate improved approaches to its diagnosis and treatment.

Nurses' knowledge and related factors towards hemodialysis patients' nutrition: A systematic review

This systematic review was conducted with the objective of assessing the nurses' knowledge and related factors towards hemodialysis patients' nutrition. A thorough and systematic search was executed across various international electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, as well as Persian electronic databases such as Iranmedex and the Scientific Information Database. The search utilized keywords derived from Medical Subject Headings, including “knowledge”, “nurses”, “hemodialysis”, and “nutrition”, and covered all available literature up to March 11, 2024. The quality of the studies incorporated into this systematic review was assessed using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS tool). The review encompassed six cross-sectional studies, involving a total of 455 hemodialysis nurses. Among the participants, 57.47% were female. The geographical distribution of the studies included in this review was as follows: four studies were conducted in Iraq, one in Italy and one in Greece. The mean nutritional knowledge score among hemodialysis nurses, as reported in six studies, was 57.40 out of 100. This score suggests a moderate level of nutritional knowledge among the nurses. Several factors, such as age, level of education, and years of experience, were identified as being associated with the nutritional knowledge of hemodialysis nurses. Therefore, it is recommended that nursing policymakers and managers focus on these factors to enhance the nutritional knowledge among hemodialysis nurses. This could potentially lead to improved patient outcomes in the hemodialysis setting.

Unidirectional steel wire reinforced metal matrix syntactic foams

Abstract A double composite structure has been successfully produced using vacuum infiltration. In this structure, the matrix was unalloyed aluminium filled with Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate Particles to create metal matrix syntactic foam, and stainless steel wires were placed inside this matrix as unidirectional reinforcement. The wires created a shape-locking bond with the matrix owing to their wave-like form, which helped to prevent reinforcement pullout. Based on the acquired tensile data, the tensile strength of the specimens calculated with the theoretical maximum area of reinforcement wires is Rm, theoretical = 1063 ± 192 MPa, while the tensile strength of the individual wires is Rm, wires = 882 ± 2, which leads to the conclusion that the matrix distributed some of the stress.

The comparison of 2D and 3D systems in total laparoscopic hysterectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To evaluate the existing evidence regarding the comparison between 2 and 3D systems in Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy (TLH) in terms of surgical outcomes. A systematic review of electronic databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science, was conducted to identify relevant studies comparing 2D and 3D systems in TLH. The search employed a combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and keywords related to the topic. Studies meeting predefined criteria were included, while case reports and studies not directly comparing 2D and 3D systems were excluded. Two independent reviewers evaluated study eligibility and performed quality assessment. The quantitative synthesis was conducted using meta-analysis techniques. A statistically significant longer operation time in the 2D group compared to the 3D group (7 studies, mean difference [MD]: 13.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 9.35-18.00, I2 = 16%). However, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups in terms of vaginal cuff closure time (2 studies, MD: 3.22, CI -6.58-13.02, I2 = 96%), complication rate (7 studies, odds ratio [OD]: 1.74, CI 0.70-4.30, I2 = 0%), blood loss (3 studies, MD: 2.92, CI -15.44-21.28, I2 = 0%), and Hb drop (3 studies, MD: 0.17, CI -0.08-0.42, I2 = 1%). Our results revealed a significant difference favoring 3D systems in operation time, while clinical outcomes between the two systems were found to be comparable in TLH. However, further research, particularly prospective studies with larger cohorts and longer-term follow-up, along with economic analyses, is needed to provide clinicians and healthcare decision-makers with essential guidance for practice and resource allocation.

Concussion in Female Athletes of Contact Sports: A Scoping Review.

Recent studies have described higher incidences of concussion, with more severe symptoms and worse outcomes in female athletes compared with male athletes. To compile current knowledge about sex-specific differences in incidence, biomechanics, biomarkers, imaging, and outcomes of concussion in athletes participating in contact sports to better understand which fields should be explored in more detail. Scoping review; Level of evidence, 3. The PubMed database was searched for articles published between January 2000 and November 2020 using the Medical Subject Headings terms "craniocerebral trauma" and "brain concussion" combined with the contact sports "football,""soccer,""hockey," and "boxing." Eligibility criteria were based on the recommendations of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. It focused on sex-specific differences within 5 major topics: (1) epidemiology, (2) biomechanics, (3) biomarkers, (4) imaging, and (5) specific concussion outcome variables, including neurocognitive performance, injury severity, and behavioral and psychological symptoms. A total of 22 studies were included. Eight studies investigated the incidence of concussion, with 4 of the 8 finding a significantly higher incidence rate for female versus male athletes. Six studies that focused on biomechanics found that female athletes received fewer impacts with lower magnitudes. One study addressed biomarkers, showing that S100 calcium-binding protein B and neuron-specific enolase were increased after a game in female athletes, and the level of increase was similar to the changes found in male athletes. Based on the 3 imaging studies, affected brain tissue was greatest in areas associated with tau pathology in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. One study showed a lower hypointensity burden index after a season of ice hockey for female athletes, while another study showed more regions with white matter alterations. Seven studies examined concussion outcomes, with 4 studies showing more severe neuropsychological deficits; in addition, female athletes reported more and worse symptoms than male athletes. The results of this review indicated that female athletes had a higher risk of sustaining a concussion, although they received fewer impacts with lower magnitudes than male athletes. Biomarkers were able to be used equally for both sexes. Female athletes also had a higher neuropsychological deficit and increasingly worse symptoms after a concussion.

Can Artificial Intelligence Chatbots Improve Mental Health?: A Scoping Review.

Mental health disorders, including anxiety and depression, are the leading causes of global health-related burden and have increased dramatically since the 1990s. Delivering mental healthcare using artificial intelligence chatbots may be one option for closing the gaps in mental healthcare access. The overall aim of this scoping review was to describe the use, efficacy, and advantages/disadvantages of using an artificial intelligence chatbot for mental healthcare (stress, anxiety, depression). PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were searched. When possible, Medical Subject Headings terms were searched in combination with keywords. Two independent reviewers reviewed a total of 5768 abstracts. Fifty-four articles were chosen for further review, with 10 articles included in the final analysis. Regarding quality assessment, the overall quality of the evidence was lower than expected. Overall, most studies showed positive trends in improving anxiety, stress, and depression. Overall, using an artificial intelligence chatbot for mental health has some promising effects. However, many studies were done using rudimentary versions of artificial intelligence chatbots. In addition, lack of guardrails and privacy issues were identified. More research is needed to determine the effectiveness of artificial intelligence chatbots and to describe undesirable effects.

Disambiguating Clinical Abbreviations by One-to-All Classification: Algorithm Development and Validation Study.

Electronic medical records store extensive patient data and serve as a comprehensive repository, including textual medical records like surgical and imaging reports. Their utility in clinical decision support systems is substantial, but the widespread use of ambiguous and unstandardized abbreviations in clinical documents poses challenges for natural language processing in clinical decision support systems. Efficient abbreviation disambiguation methods are needed for effective information extraction. This study aims to enhance the one-to-all (OTA) framework for clinical abbreviation expansion, which uses a single model to predict multiple abbreviation meanings. The objective is to improve OTA by developing context-candidate pairs and optimizing word embeddings in Bidirectional Encoder Representations From Transformers (BERT), evaluating the model's efficacy in expanding clinical abbreviations using real data. Three datasets were used: Medical Subject Headings Word Sense Disambiguation, University of Minnesota, and Chia-Yi Christian Hospital from Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital. Texts containing polysemous abbreviations were preprocessed and formatted for BERT. The study involved fine-tuning pretrained models, ClinicalBERT and BlueBERT, generating dataset pairs for training and testing based on Huang et al's method. BlueBERT achieved macro- and microaccuracies of 95.41% and 95.16%, respectively, on the Medical Subject Headings Word Sense Disambiguation dataset. It improved macroaccuracy by 0.54%-1.53% compared to two baselines, long short-term memory and deepBioWSD with random embedding. On the University of Minnesota dataset, BlueBERT recorded macro- and microaccuracies of 98.40% and 98.22%, respectively. Against the baselines of Word2Vec + support vector machine and BioWordVec + support vector machine, BlueBERT demonstrated a macroaccuracy improvement of 2.61%-4.13%. This research preliminarily validated the effectiveness of the OTA method for abbreviation disambiguation in medical texts, demonstrating the potential to enhance both clinical staff efficiency and research effectiveness.

Trigeminal cervical complex: A neural network affecting the head and neck

ObjectivesTo introduce the trigeminal cervical complex (TCC) as a comprehensive framework for understanding the anatomical and functional scope of the afferences and efferences of the trigeminal nerve and explaining common otolaryngologic symptoms, including head and neck myofascial pain syndrome. Additionally, it explores how the bidirectional transmission of neurotransmitters contributes to the sensitization of the TCC and motor nuclei. MethodsThe study was conducted as a narrative review. The authors performed a comprehensive search of multiple databases, including Medline/OVID, Embase, Scopus, and PubMed, covering publications from inception until August 2023. Both keywords and medical subject headings related to the TCC were utilized in the search. Information from 66 studies was extracted based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. ResultsThis review discusses the multiple afferent connections from cranial nerves, specifically VII, IX, X, and XI, to the TCC, and their respective efferent pathways. These connections may explain various clinical manifestations in the head and neck that cannot be attributed to other medical conditions. Additionally, the review highlights the dual sensory and motor nature of cranial nerves, emphasizing the bidirectional transmission of neurotransmitters in head and neck areas, which leads to the sensitization of both the TCC and motor nuclei innervating the cervicofacial muscles. ConclusionThe authors hypothesize that the central and peripheral sensitization and the intricate connections of the TCC can elucidate the pathophysiology of conditions such as otalgia, tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo, headache, cervicogenic dizziness, bruxism, and other symptoms affecting the head and neck.