Wire Line Research Articles

Airborne TEM for the recovery of basin scale solute distribution; Perth Basin, Western Australia.

The distribution of groundwater salinity is a key input for management of water resources. Estimates of the three dimensional distribution of groundwater salinity below areas spanning thousands of square kilometres may be required. Airborne transient electromagnetic methods provide the possibility of recovering first pass large scale solute concentration distributions provided lithological influences on electrical conductivity distribution are not dominant. The Allanooka airborne TEM survey is located in the northern most portion of the Perth Basin in Western Australia. We use data from this Airborne TEM survey combined with data recovered from monitoring wells to highlight the steps used to construct a first pass large scale solute distribution model. We provide a method for converting airborne TEM datasets to estimates of solute concentration distribution for sandstone dominated sediments at a basin scale. For the Allanooka monitoring well network, base line empirical relationships are developed between laboratory derived total dissolved solids and formation conductivity derived from wire line logs. This relationship is then extended to include airborne TEM derived formation conductivities. Appropriate layer discretisation of input seed models for inversion of the airborne TEM data set are based on analysis of resistivities derived from wire-line logs. The interpretation of the inverted airborne TEM was assisted by geological constraints and high resolution seismic reflection transects. Selected inversion statistics were also mapped throughout the 3D volume to provide a quick method for assessing the ?importance? of particular layers to the outcome of the inversion. An approximate volume of low solute concentration sandstone dominated formation below the regional water table was extracted from the airborne TEM data. Our first pass basin-scale Airborne TEM derived 3D solute concentration provides a starting point for more detailed interpretation to commence.

Estimating porosity from CT scans of high permeability core plugs

We have analysed CT scans of core plugs obtained from high permeability sandstones in the Wanneroo Sandstone member of the Leederville formation in the Perth Basin. Plugs taken from drill core at representative sections of aquifer horizons have been scanned in a SkyScan CT scanner and the resulting greyscale image stacks analysed to estimate hydraulic transport parameters of the aquifer horizon. These parameters are compared with laboratory measured porosity and permeability values obtained from standard physical tests. The analysis of the CT data provides support for understanding parameters derived from standard core plug analysis and wire line logging. However it also allows for a localised study of different zones within the core plug volume that is not possible with more ?holistic? laboratory measurement. Also, the mechanical framework of the grain and pore structure can be extracted as 3D geometric models for additional types of analysis and numerical modelling. We estimate values for porosity and permeability for distinct zones within the core plugs and for the full width of the core plug. The full width values are compared with the equivalent laboratory values and for calibration. In addition, the possible impact of millimetre to centimetre zonation for grain size and shape distribution is considered with reference to anisotropy in larger scale physical measurements from wire-line logging.

The Research of Measurement System Based on Linear CCD in Industrial Line

There were a lot of small work pieces in the industry, like the lamella and the small steel wire line etc. Some of them could not be touched directly, for high request in some production line to the works piece thickness accuracies which depend on an on-line examination for manpower could not satisfy a production line anymore. This paper introduced a kind of measure system based on the production line of linear CCD, with the control chip of EPM3064A and measure chip of TCD132. Sampling the output signal from CCD module and sending the datum to host computer, built by VB with AVR128 MCU in RS-232 serial communication mode and displayed the waveform images with binarization in real time and analyzed them. Finally, with the help of Key9 software to carry on unmanned auto supervision and realized message sending function. The experiment showed the precision, rapid of this system and good humanization of control effect as a result.

Sedimentology and diagenesis as ‘hydrocarbon exploration tools’ in the Late Permian Zechstein-2 Carbonate Member (NE Netherlands)

Abstract Hydrocarbon exploration in The Netherlands has a chequered history from serendipitous oil shows via chance oil/ gas discoveries to finding the largest continental European oil field in 1943, followed by finding the largest gas field in the world in 1959. The present contribution traces the development of moderate to good porosity/permeability trends in depositional facies of Zechstein Stassfurt carbonates in a ‘gas play’ intermediate in significance between the above two plays but all in the northern part of The Netherlands. Various depositional facies in the Stassfurt carbonates were turned into ‘carbonate fabric units’ by diagenetic processes creating or occluding the porosity/permeability. This formed moderate to good gas reservoirs in barrier-shoal, open-marine shelf and proximal-slope carbonates in the subsurface of the province of Drenthe in the NE Netherlands. The diagenetic models forming these carbonate fabric units are linked to the variety of facies in a depositional model which shows explain and predicts the reservoir trends. Such depositional/diagenetic facies are ‘translated’ into characteristic petrophysical values recognisable on wire line logs in uncored wells, and in characteristic seismic expressions that show these trends in undrilled areas. This approach has been proven to be effective in delineating porosity trends, visualised by 3-D seismic in the Collendoornerveen field, and thus provides a new exploration ‘tool’ in hydrocarbon exploration .

Specific models for estimation of locally oriented laboratory thermal conductivity of tertiary sediments in the Niger Delta using wire line logs

Abstract In this study, specific development of empirical models for estimation of laboratory thermal conductivities from wire line log thermal conductivity within the ambience of locally oriented wells located in the Niger Delta have been established. The laboratory thermal conductivity is characterised with high fidelity compared to wire line log thermal conductivity whose values vary as the dependence of lithology of the subsurface geomaterials, well effects, as well as the effects of the limited bed thickness of the adjacent lithological units of the Niger Delta where the study was stationed. The generalised equation kleff = 0.709 kweff + 0.188 is an empirically estimated model based on site variables (porosity, permeability and temperature) and constants (cementation factor, formation factor and tortuosity) of the locally oriented wells in the Niger Delta. It can be used to set bounds on the unstable wire line log thermal conductivity values within the 1-2.5 km depths where the oil-rich geomaterials in the Niger Delta are usually found. Equations have been established which show inter-convertibility between laboratory and wire line log thermal conductivity. These equations are considered useful in converting the available wire line log thermal conductivity data of nearby wells in the area to the usually desired and stable laboratory thermal conductivity. Various diagrams in 2-D and 3-D have been established to show the distribution of the parameters considered, and this could help the operating companies in the zone to predict the density of oil.

An Efficient Call Admission Control Scheme for Handling Handoffs in Wireless Mobile Networks

Personal Communication Network (PCN) is an emerging wireless network that promises many new services for the telecommunication industry. The proliferation of demands for extending wireless services to integrated services, which supports the transmission of data and multimedia information, has resulted in the need for broadband wireless systems that are able to provide service capabilities similar to those of wire line networks. The ATM cell- relay paradigm is one possible approach to provide broadband wireless transmission with PCN’s using the ATM switching networks for interconnection of PCN cells. As traffic in these mobile cellular networks increases,Handoffs will become an increasingly important issue . As cell sizes shrink to accommodate an increasingly large demand of services, newer more efficient handoff schemes need to be used. In this paper, the authors describe the use of novel and efficient data structure which dynamically allocates guard channel for handoffs and introduces the concept of channel borrowing strategy. The proposed scheme allocates the guard channels forhandoff requests dynamically, based on the traffic load for certain time period. A new originating call in the cell coverage area also uses these guard channels if they are unused. Our basic idea is to allow Guard channels to be shared between new calls an d handoff calls. This approach maximizes the channel utilization. The simulation results prove that the channel borrowing scheme improves the overall throughput.

Mobile Governance based on WiMAX Connectivity for Rural Development in India

The research work aims to explore the nature, role and relevance of the wireless technologies such as WiMAX connectivity for rural area of Jalgoan district, India. It focuses on development of the WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) network model using OPNET MODELER 14.5 and observe overall performance with fixed , mobile node with two base station .The model is Proposed to connect 50GKC (nodes), which are distributed all over coverage area of Jalgoan district using WiMAX connectivity. The 50 number of GKC are proposed to work in between 783Gram panchayats of Jalgoan district which is supposed to run with the support of Gram panchayat head . The scope of WiMAX is to provide last mile wireless broadband access for fixed and mobile users as an alternative to the wire line DSL and cable access. The physical and MAC layer of this technology refer to the IEE802.16e standard which supports five different data delivery service classes that can be used in order to satisfy QOS requirement of different applications such as VOIP, videoconference, FTP, web etc. The work is divided in three scenarios (network model), each scenario consist of different number of nodes with two BS and performance is observed with audio and video application such as VOIP and MPEG .All simulation results based on optimized network and area considered between two base station. The work provide the high speed wireless connectivity platform to build Electronic Governance project in Jalgoan district.

The Evolution of Configurable Wavelength Multiplexed Optical Networks—A Historical Perspective

The high capacity transport infrastructure that underpins today's Internet utilizes optical wavelengths both to provide high capacity transmission by means of multiplexing many wavelengths, each carrying as much as 100 Gb/s on a single wavelength, but also to provide coarse networking flexibility by dynamically adding, dropping, and routing wavelength channels. Viewed initially by many as little more than a dreamlike vision, these wavelength switched networks have now been deployed in both metro and long-haul networks around the globe to provide flexible, cost-effective high bandwidth connectivity to meet the explosive growth in demand of very broadband wire line and wireless services, especially video. The success of these networks, as signified by their ubiquitous deployment, is a result of a fortuitous combination of three factors: 1) a new network vision that, with the help of optical switching elements, leverages the advantage of optical amplifiers at the network as well as the transmission systems level; 2) technological advances that made possible the required cost-effective wavelength selective optical switching modules; and 3) continued massive demand growth that has driven the need for full wavelength capacity connectivity between network nodes that makes realizable the high value proposition for these wavelength routed networks. In this paper, we provide a historical perspective on the evolution of optical networks, with some emphasis on the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)-funded Multiple Wavelength Optical Network (MONET) program, which demonstrated the technical feasibility of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks. We also discuss the value proposition of optical networks as well as their critical network elements and their enabling technologies. We also highlight the current status of these networks from a commercial deployment as well as the next generation research point of view.

SUBSURFACE STRUCTURAL AND PETROPHYSICAL STUDY ON KARAMA FIELD, EAST BAHARIYA CONCESSION, WESTERN DESERT, EGYPT.

Geophysical information in the form of seismic and well logging data are used to understand the structural elements, tectonic setting, stratigraphy and petrophysical characteristics of the upper Cretaceous rock units (Bahariya, Abu Roash and Khoman Formations) in the Karama field, northern part of the Western Desert. The interpretation of the available seismic data led to the identification of the reflectors under investigation as well as to map and determine the structural elements on the tops of the evaluated lithostratigraphic units. Seismic lines were used to make Four Two Way Time (TWT) structural contour map, reflection and four depth maps on the top of Khoman, Abu Roash A, Abu Roash G and Upper Bahariya Formations reflecting the occurrence of major 11 normal faults in various directions (mainly NW-SE) forming different types of horst and graben structures. The structure of Karama-2 to Karama-4 wells is a stretched shoestring/oval shape E-W dipping against the dipping fault F1, the resulting fold axis; however, is ENE-WSW with downthrown toward the southern part of the study area. The wire line log interpretations in 6 wells distributed in the study area have been used to evaluate the petrophysical parameters of the Abu Roash G Member, which is considered as an important reservoir in the study area. Computer-assisted log analyses have been used to evaluate all petrophysical interpretation such as effective porosity (ΦE), water saturation (Sw), hydrocarbon saturation (Sh). Horizontal distributions in forms of contour maps were constructed using computer software. Some vertical sections have been illustrated using IP (Interactive Petrophysics) program software output in order to show the vertical and lateral variations in reservoirs characteristics. The average values of effective porosity recorded among the studied wells range from 13% to 25% in the southern area toward the northeastern part of the study area. The shale volume generally is ranging from 24% at the southern part to 2% at the northeastern part of the area. The sand thickness of the net pay is ranging from 7% at the southern part to 25% at the eastern part of the study area.

The Development of a New Electromagnetic Field Generator for Anti-Scaling

Scaling exists commonly and its harm is huge. Because of this, design an amplitude-modulating electromagnetic field generator. The drive signal is obtained by amplitude modulation and power amplification. Generate two sine signals by the wien bridge and make the two signals through the MC1496 multiplier, the carrier’s amplitude changes with the modulator’s rule. And the frequency of carrier and modulator could be changed with the adjustment of the Oscillation resistance. Then, make use of D class amplifier TDA8920BTH to enlarge the power of modulated signal. At last, load the drive signal on a ferrite of magnetic coil to gain an electromagnetic field whose strength is modulated. Differ from the ordinary form of winding pipe with wire line, this design is making the magnetic coil close to a pipe. That’s more convenient for installing and removing. Of course, the concrete effect of descaling is needed to test by further experiments.

Seismic, gravity, and wire line logging characterization of the Zéramdine fault corridor and its influence in the deep Miocene aquifers distribution (east-central Tunisia)

In the Jemmel–Zeramdine region, the combined analysis of petroleum well data, seismic reflection profiles, and gravity data show the presence of the Zeramdine fault corridor, which was activated in the Neogene period. Both tectonic activity and fluvio-deltaic sedimentation are the origin of the lithologic and hydrodynamic heterogeneities. Thus, the Zeramdine fault corridor constitutes a limit between two hydraulic systems formed by Miocene sandy reservoir layers. These reservoirs have not been exploited yet and could be new water resources which can extremely benefit the region; only the upper one is exploited in the Jemmel–Bembla and Zeramdine–Beni Hassen deep aquifers. The wire line logging, seismic reflection, and gravity interpretations show the distribution of the Miocene layers which formed the Sahel Miocene deep aquifers. The Zeramdine fault corridor leads to a spatial variability in number, distribution, depths, and thicknesses of these reservoir layers. In the northern part of the Zeramdine fault corridor, seven layers were highlighted; their thicknesses range between 15 and 105 m. However, in the southern part, only four strata were deposited: their thicknesses vary between 45 and 53 m. The total porosity of the studied aquifers is about 30%.

A Review on Prediction of Abnormal Geo-Pressure via Seismic Travel Time and Wire Line Log Correlation Modeling Using Neural Network

A Review on Prediction of Abnormal Geo-Pressure via Seismic Travel Time and Wire Line Log Correlation Modeling Using Neural Network

Explosively Driven Fragmentation Behavior for Structural Components and Shatterproof Effect of Wall Doubling

One-dimensional symmetrical explosive loadings are applied to expand structural components: tubular cylinders, spherical shells and rings of 304 stainless steel and double and single walled cylinders of an aluminum alloy, A5052 to fragmentation, and the effects of wall thicknesses, explosive driver diameters and the constant proportionality of the in-plane biaxial stretching rates are investigated on the deformation and fracture behavior of three types of single walled structures and shatterproof behavior for double walled cylinders experimentally and numerically. In the cylinder tests, the driver is a column of high explosive PETN, inserted coaxially into the bore of a cylinder and initiated by exploding a fine wire bundle at the column axis using a discharge current. In case of the ring tests, ring specimens are placed onto a cylinder charged with the PETN as an expansion driver, and for sphere tests, a specimen filled with the PETN is also initiated by exploding a fine copper wire line with small length located at the central point. Observation results of deformation have shown the final maximum in-plane stretching rate order of , and fracture evaluations on recovered fragments are discussed indicating the need of modified fragmentation model for the structural components. In the double walled cylinder tests, only for lowermost amount of the explosive the outer cylinder has almost caught the fragments of inner cylinder, revealing that the damage phenomena are much different from those for single walled ones.

Design of embedded wireless smart home gateway based on ARM9

To release the connection problem between different kinds of wireless communication technologies in conventional smart home system, a new direct-connected intelligent home gateway between two different wireless communication technologies was designed. This gateway was based on ARM920T embedded processor S3C2440A, ARM Linux operation system and new communication technology combining Zigbee and Wireless-Fidelity ( Wi-Fi) , was considered to achieve the personalized objective of remote monitoring, home security, home appliances control and so on. An embedded Web server was built in ARM9 processor, the Wi-Fi module and Zigbee module were expanded to achieve the construction of wireless network and the connection to Internet, and the hardware structure and software process were shown too. The experimental results show that, the packet loss rate and response time of this new gateway are less than the other gateways like wire line network and Wi-Fi bluetooth wireless network, and it can be applied to the smart home system.

22.9[kV] 다중접지 배전계통에서 고장전류의 접지저항 영향 분석

During a ground fault the maximum fault current and neutral to ground voltage will appear at the pole nearest to the fault. Distribution lines are consisted of three phase conductors, an overhead ground wire and a multi-grounded neutral line. In this paper phase to neutral faults were staged at the specified concrete pole along the distribution line and measured the ground fault current distribution in the ground fault current, three poles nearest to the fault point, overhead ground wire and neutral line. A effect by grounding resistance of poles of ground fault current in the 22.9[kV] multi-ground distribution system. by field tests.

Explosively Driven Expansion and Fragmentation Behavior for Cylinders, Spheres and Rings of 304 Stainless Steel

Explosive loading techniques are applied to expand tubular cylinders, spherical shells and rings of 304 stainless steel to fragmentation, and the effects of wall thicknesses, explosive driver diameters and the constant proportionality of the in-plane biaxial stretching rates are investigated on the deformation and fracture behavior of three basic structures experimentally and numerically. In the cylinder tests, the driver is a column of high explosive PETN, inserted coaxially into the bore of a cylinder and initiated by exploding a fine wire bundle at the column axis using a discharge current from a high-voltage capacitor bank. In case of the ring tests, ring specimens are placed onto a single cylinder filled with the PETN as a expansion driver, and for sphere tests, specimens filled with the PETN are also initiated by exploding a fine copper wire line with small length located at the central point. Two types of experiments are conducted for every specimen and test condition. The first type uses high speed cameras to observe the deformation and crack generation of expanding specimens showing the final maximum in-plane stretching rate of above , and the second uses soft capturing system recovering typically most fragments successfully. The fragments are measured and investigated using a fragmentation model. The effects of test parameters on the deformation and fracture behavior for three types of structures are discussed in need of modified fragmentation model for shell structural elements.

Handoff Cost Minimization and Planning of Next Generation Heterogeneous Integrated Overlay Networks

Next-generation wireless technologies have seen a paradigm shift as multiple standards and protocols emerge almost every day. Each standard has its limitations and merits, which can be either masked or complemented by other standards. For commercialization, various services should be provided in a cost effective manner, compelling a service provider to roll out integrated next generation wireless networks to exploit the virtues of each. This paper discusses the planning problem of overlay network integrating, particularly 3G, WiMAX and WLAN, establishing proper connectivity among the three networks. In the proposed planning approach, the authors focused on the initial phase and have minimized the cost for vertical handoff generated, and the cost for wire line connection amongst the various network gateways of the overlay hierarchy. To validate the planning problem, the simulated annealing (SA), a well-cited meta-heuristic H-II are presented and compared with a variant of distance based planning (DBP).

An Improved Resource Management Method in Mobile Wireless Communications

The increasing use of wireless communications in mobile devices starts a new level of resource management. Users with mobile devices accessing wireless hot spots are a commonplace, and, thus, their management is becoming more important. Therefore, efficient utilization of radio resource becomes a key point in the design of broadband systems. From the view of the development of radio resource management, current technologies have quite good performance and high efficiency when the category of service is single. However, when multiple services take place simultaneously, the system has to emphasize on some certain kinds of services and degrade the performance of others. Moreover, the wireless network is not able to detect collision and monitor the channel status as is the wire line network, which makes it more difficult to design the management scheme. This paper introduces and analyzes current main technologies of radio resource management, discusses the key technical points on designing the scheme, and then offers a new proposal of uplink radio resource allocation scheme in broadband systems. Based on the detailed illustration of the algorithm, a simulation system is established to verify it, which is adapted to the typical situation of broadband wireless communication systems. The theory analysis and the simulation results show that the new method successfully resolves the uplink bandwidth allocation problem for the simultaneous multiple services, satisfies the different requirements of delay and bandwidth of different services, and also reduces the protocol wasting and transmission delay.

The Brazilian Experience in the Use of the Shield Wire line Technology (SWL) for Energy Distribution

This paper presents an analysis of the impact of the lightning overvoltages on the operational performance of the energized shield wire line technology (SWL) implemented in two locations of the State of Rondônia, Brazil. The analysis covers the periods of 1996 to 2000 (SWL Jaru) and 1997 to 2002 (SWL Itapuã do Oeste), and shows that lightning is responsible for most of the system outages. The paper describes the satisfactory results achieved with the system, showing that the isolation and energization of the shield wires does not deteriorate the lightning performance of the 230 kV transmission lines. Comparisons between the performances of the SWL technology, conventional 34.5 kV lines, and thermal power plants in operation in the same region are also presented. The results demonstrate the technical and economical viability of the SWL technology and show that its application can lead to a postponement of the investments.

Is Digital Technology Reshaping Employment Systems in U.S. Telecommunications Network Services?

The four major telecommunications local networks and network services—fixed wire line, wireless, cable television, and the Internet—are undergoing transformations propelled by network digitalization, service competition, and corporate consolidations. Using data from surveys conducted in 1998 and 2003, together with field interviews, site visits at major telecommunications firms, and discussions with industry experts, regulators, and analysts, the author examines how these forces reshaped technician employment systems across these formerly specialized telecommunications networks and services. The principal finding is that despite rising inter-network competition and common digital technologies, most of these networks' fundamental employment systems continued with little change. Consistent with predictions from an evolutionary perspective on institutional change, the three facilities-based networks—wireless, cable television distribution, and wire line—maintained distinctive employment systems “imprinted” by their respective institutional histories, while the Internet Service Providers exhibited fragmentation reflecting their meteoric rise and the industry's current business difficulties and uncertain future.