Wire Line Research Articles

Intrinsic Secrecy in Wireless Sensor Network

The ability to exchange secret information is critical to many commercial, governmental, and military networks. Wireless sensor intrinsic secrecy is essential for communication confidentiality, health privacy, public safety, information superiority, and economic advantage in the modern information society. Wireless Sensor security schemes have typically evolved from those developed for traditional wire line applications, these schemes do not consider physical properties of the wireless channels. To overcome these problems, this research work develops a foundation for design and analysis of wireless sensor networks with secrecy provided by intrinsic properties such as node spatial distribution, wireless propagation medium, and aggregate network interference.

An improved quasi-static model for mooring-induced damping estimation using in the truncation design of mooring system

The horizontal motions of floating oil and gas structures by a mooring system can be modeled as a resonant oscillator whose natural frequencies may be much lower than wave frequencies. Thus, the low frequency (LF) excitation caused by the irregular wave results in resonant motion responses in the horizontal plane. For instance, mooring lines may provide 80% of the total LF surge motion damping of a moored tanker in water depth of 200m, thus reducing the floater resonant excursion significantly. Therefore, when designing truncated mooring system for model testing, mooring damping equivalence should be considered. Thus, simple but effective method for predicting mooring line damping is required for designing truncated mooring system. Different with other quasi-static methods for estimating mooing line damping, besides normal drag forces, tangential drag forces and seabed friction are also considered in the improved quasi-static model presented in this paper. The analytical results based on the improved method are compared to other quasi-static and time domain results for a chain mooring line and a wire line. In addition, model tests of a 1:70 scaled catenary mooring line are conducted. Then, the improved quasi-static results, the AQWA results and the experimental results are compared.

Use of Well Logs for Petrophysical Evaluation of Abu Madi Reservoir in Abu Madi-ElQara-Nidoco Area, Northern Nile Delta, Egypt

The open-hole wire line log data of seven wells are used to study the petrophysical characteristics of the Late Miocene Abu Madi Formation (levels II and III) in Abu Madi-El-Qara-Nidoco area, northern Nile Delta, Egypt. The vertical variation of the petrophysical characteristics is presented as lithosaturation cross-plots. The parameters distribution maps (shale volume, effective porosity, fluid saturation, net pay thickness and hydrocarbon saturation) are used to represent the lateral variation of petrophysical characteristics. Cross plots show that the main reservoir lithology is shaly sandstone with laminated to dispersed shale in level II and dispersed shale and minor laminated shale in level III. The shale volume ranges from 0.19 to 0.71 for level II and from 0.19 to 0.47 for level III. The effective porosity ranges from 0.03 to 0.22 for level II and from 0.06 to 0.19 for level III. The hydrocarbon saturation reaches up to 0.88 for level II and up to 0.81 for level III. The net-reservoir thickness ranges from 50 to 101 m for level II and from 30 to 153 m for level III. The net-pay thickness ranges from 75 to 90 m for level II and from 22 to 110 m for level III. Maps show that the most favorable places for hydrocarbon reservoirs occupy southwestern part for Abu Madi level II reservoir and in the middle, the middle-west, the middle-east and the southeastern parts for Abu Madi level III reservoir.

Lithology Investigation of Shaly Sand Reservoir by using Wire Line Data, “Nubian Sandstone” SE Sirt Basin

Identify the rock lithology has important meaning for estimating the reserve of petroleum as reservoir capacity and storage ability. The lithology identification from well log based on not conventional cross plot proposed and studied, which is more easier instead of rock core data observation results. However, this work carried out comparison between chart and analytical solution of matrix parameter (ρma and ΔTma) estimation values of producer shaly sand reservoir, and present the main depositional environment affects. In addition to influences of pyrite, ferruginous encrustations, organic material throughout this studied reservoir. Consequently, variety of matrix parameters values is contributed by clay minerals present in this reservoir type. This study based on wire line data measured over than 750 feet produced Upper Nubian Sandstone belong to two oil fields, SE Sirt Basin. This shaly reservoir divided into three main units (R, E and F), and each unit has been subdivided into three subunits (F3, F2, F1, E3, E2, E1, R3, R2 and R1) from bottom to top according to depositional and petrophysical properties.

Present Gas Reserve Estimation Using Wireline Logging Data of Habiganj Gas Field, Bangladesh

Habiganj Gas Field (HGF) is one of the most producing and promising gas field in Bangladesh which is ranked as second largest gas field in aspects of Gas Initially In Place (GIIP). It formed by a north south elongated anticline which lies in the northernmost end of the 130km long Baramura anticline from Tripura (India) in the south. This paper shows the present gas reserve estimation with a view of four gas producing wells (i.e. HBJ-7, HBJ-9, HBJ-10, and HBJ-11) in account of upper gas sand has been access via the investigation of lithology, wire line logging data and production data are used as parameter for volumetric method. The average water and gas saturation of the reservoir has also been determined by Archie equation. From the previous analysis with logging data of HGF, it was found that the Gas Water Contact (GWC) was at 1458m and at present it is at about 1415m. The upper gas sand lies at a depth of 1320m below the surface and has a maximum gross pay 230m thick. The gas sand shows average porosity 30% (calculated from the combination of neutron and density porosity logs) and average permeability in the range of 2-4 Darcy’s which indicates an excellent quality reservoir. The water saturation of Habiganj gas sand layer is considered for the depth range of 1330m to 1510m with 5m interval in-deed. Thereafter, water saturation and gas saturation of those wells (HBJ-7, HBJ-9, HBJ-10 and HBJ-11) are 27% and 73%, 29% and 71%, 15% and 85%, and 19% and 81% respectively. The gas formation volume factor (Bg) is estimated at about 0.0075 (rcf/scf) for the average 2053.13psi shut in pressure. From the above discussion it is found that the Gas Initially in Place by HBJ-7, HBJ-9, HBJ-10, and HBJ-11 wells are 5.35Tcf, 4.83Tcf, 5.71Tcf and 5.20Tcf respectively and the cumulative reserve for the HGF is 5.25Tcf while the recoverable reserve is 3.13Tcf. This study would be significant implications for reserve estimation and decision making in an effort to explore the present condition of gas reserve in HGF and the techniques described here can be used in other gas field as a base line for projections of gas reserve.

Polynomial amplitude versus azimuth inversion in horizontally transverse isotropic media, as tested on fractured coal seams in the Surat Basin

A new technique of amplitude versus azimuth (AVAZ) seismic inversion in horizontally transverse isotropic (HTI) media is presented. AVAZ is an effective method of characterising anisotropic variation within individual reflectors as well as characterising fractures. The compressional wave reflectivity equation in HTI media has been reformulated into a parabolic form that allows for fast and efficient inversion. The isotropic component of the azimuthal reflectivity has been separated precisely from the anisotropic component and the anisotropic component has been decoupled exactly into its constituent elliptic and anelliptic components. The exact isotropic, elliptic and anelliptic amplitude versus offset (AVO) gradient equations in HTI media are presented herein and the amount of error associated with previous approximations is also defined under the assumption of weak anisotropy. A method of calculating Thomsen’s weak anisotropy parameters using these AVO gradient terms is then outlined. Compared with the elliptic method, there is reduced error incorporated in the new AVAZ method and the error relationships of this method are compared with the Fourier method. Data from an open file 3D wide azimuth seismic survey in the Surat Basin were inverted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the techniques which are presented herein. Seismic amplitudes from six azimuthal stacks were extracted over two horizons and inverted around a well where full-wave sonic and density logs were acquired. For both horizons, the error between the inverted anisotropy parameters from seismic and the inverted anisotropy parameters from wire line logs were found to be less than 5% for both horizons.

Performance Comparison of Coded and Uncoded MIMO-OFDM with Linear and Non-Linear Detector

Background/Objectives: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a very popular data transmission technique that can be easily applied in wire line or wireless data communication applications. But this OFDM system has several weaknesses; one of them is the complexity of OFDM system. This complexity problem can lead to the decreasing performance of OFDM when it is applied in real hardware. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this paper, we investigate the performance of one of the most complex OFDM system, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) OFDM, with channel code and linear detector, and MIMO-OFDM without channel code and non-linear detector, to find which MIMO-OFDM system has lower complexity and decent performance. We calculate its complexity by analyzing how many mathematical operations needed to implement the system. Findings: The analytical and simulation results indicate that MIMO-OFDM with channel coding and linear detector has lower complexity than MIMO-OFDM with non-linear detector. Although the performance is slightly lower than the system with non-linear detector, the system with channel coding and linear detector is more suitable for hardware implementation. Application/Improvements: For future enhancement, this system needs to be applied in the real hardware system to analyze the performance further. Keywords: Complexity, Channel Estimation, Detector, MIMO, OFDM, Wireless Communication

Enhanced Of BER and PSD of OFDM Signals with PAPR Reduction Using Linear Companding Transform

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a popular modulation/multiplexing scheme offers high data rates It is considered as multicarrier transmission scheme supports future generation wireless as well as wire line communication systems.. OFDM frequently suffers from high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) which eventually increases the Analogue to Digital and Digital to Analogue convertors complexity levels and reduces HPA (RF) efficiency. Various Peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction schemes have been proposed in the past and companding is the popular PAPR reduction which is inserted after modulation in the OFDM system. Although companding scheme provides better results but simultaneously its presence as extra operation increases the bit error rate. In this paper a novel piecewise linear companding scheme is implemented to reduce the PAPR impact and control the companding distortion in the OFDM system. The piecewise linear companding scheme reduces the peak to average power ratio by clipping the amplitudes over the companded peak amplitude and compensate the power by linearly transform the signal amplitudes which are close to the companded peak amplitude. Finally the simulation result yields the better spectral efficiency and batter BER performance while mitigating the companding distortion better way the PAPR is reduced in accurate way.

REPAIR OF OIL AND GAS WELLS ON MARITIME HYDROTECHNICAL FACILITIES

In the article the methods of well workover realization within offshore hydro technical facilities are considered. The necessity of application of a compact, small-sized surface equipment allowing well work over without tubing strings ret rievalin conditions of limited technological space on an offshore platform is justified. Herewith, standard methods of technical well workovers with the help of wire line technique do not meet the necessary requirements because of complicated horizontal and directional wells profiles. On this base, the authors suggest the well work over realization with the use of coiled tubing technology adapted to offshore hydro technical facility conditions.

A Trust Model Based Routing Protocol For MANET

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the provision of quality of service (QoS) guarantees is much more challenging than in wire line networks, mainly due to node mobility, multi hop communications, contention for channel access, and a lack of central coordination. The difficulties in the provision of such guarantees have limited the usefulness of MANETs. In the last decade, much research attention has focused on providing QoS assurances in MANET protocols. In this paper we have analysed different types of routing protocols and QoS metrics in MANETS. Trust based AODV (TAODV) routing protocol modify the effect of AODV routing protocol. In TAODV is preferred to achieve best result in terms of end-to-end delay, energy packet delivery ratio and throughput.

Using Well Logs Data in Logfacies Determination By Applying the Cluster Analysis technique for Khasib Formation, Amara Oil Field, South Eastern Iraq

Reservoir facies determination is the most important job in oil industry which dominantlyrelies on the major properties of rocks. Fundamental properties of rocks are usually understoodby their detailed description in the field (lithofacies analysis) and laboratory (petrofaciesanalysis). The facies (lithofacies and petrofacies) determination in most subsurface studies isimpractical, due to lack of cores and cuttings. In such situations, where the wire line logs arethe only data available, the logfacies or electrofacies are determined instead. In this study, theavailable logs (gamma ray, density,Neutron, and sonic logs) for four wells (Am-1, Am-4, Am-5, and Am-6) were used to predicate logfacies of Khasib Formation in Amara oil field. UsingCluster Analysis in this study practiced the logfacies determination in each unit of khasibFormation in Amara oil Field using Interactive Petrophysics software. The types of input datainto Interactive Petrophysics software to determine logfacies are available logs which are usedto create 15 clusters and determine five groups of logfacies. In this paper, the verticalvariations of logfacies for Khasib Formation are carried out based on five groups of logfacies.These groups of logfacies are classified based on responses of well logs after divided KhasibFormation into three units :( upper, middle and lower Khasib). In order to estimate the ratio ofexistence of logfacies, the histogram of logfacies was built for each unit of Khasib Formationin studied wells.

Application of extreme learning machine and neural networks in total organic carbon content prediction in organic shale with wire line logs

Total organic carbon (TOC) is a critical parameter for source rock characterization in shale gas reservoirs. In this work, the use of extreme learning machines (ELM) for predicting TOC from well logs data have been investigated. We use log data from two wells located in an unconventional shale gas reservoir in the Sichuan Basin, China. Seven wireline logs from this well and a total of 185 TOC observations from core measurements were incorporated. Prediction accuracy of the model has been evaluated and compared with commonly used artificial neural network which is based on Levenberg-Marquardt logarithm (ANN-LM). An Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) network is a single hidden-layer feed-forward network with many advantages over multi-layer networks, such as fast computing speed and better generalization performance. The results demonstrated that TOC prediction by the ELM model and the ANN model, but the ELM method can achieve high accuracy while maintains high running speed. This study shows that ELM technology is a promising tool for TOC prediction, and this work can be incorporated into a software system that can be used in quick ‘sweet spot’ determination and well completion guidance.

Analysis of PD Pulses in Transmission Wire Line Network

The aim of study is to understand Partial discharge, in order to locate this phenomenon within an HV system. Voltages 110 kV and above are regarded as transmission level voltages. In long lines with light loads, lower voltages like 66 kV and 33 kV are frequently used. These lower voltages are known as sub transmission voltages. For distribution, voltages less than 33 kV are generally used. Voltages above 230 kV are regarded extra high voltage and above 765 kV are considered ultra high voltages. The equipment used at higher voltages is of different design when compared to the equipment used at lower voltages. It is necessary to design and develop a compact and cost effective insulation structure for a proper power transmission at higher voltages. Due to mechanical, thermal and electrical stress, the insulation may breakdown which leads to catastrophic failure of the device. Hence it is necessary for the users to have a warning device which gives advance notice about the potential insulation problems so that they may be repaired during a scheduled shutdown.

Simulating the operation of auxiliary machines of a 2(3)ES5K locomotive

Auxiliary machines of electric trains provide the operation of traction motors and electrical and pneumatic equipment. The main condition of safe operation of the asynchronous electric drive of auxiliary machines is the maintenance of the operation mode of the electric drive in terms of the basic technical data, according to which NVA-55 electric drives are matched by nominal operation (long-term) mode S1. The effect of supply voltage on the operation of locomotive auxiliary machines is considered. Auxiliary machines are used under poor conditions on alternating current electric trains. Disbalance of the motor currents occurs even at nominal voltage of the overhead contact system and operable phase-shifting device. In operation, the voltage on the contact wire line is not constant and the equipment modes can be inconsistent with the nominal one, which leads to a significant number of failures of auxiliary equipment. This makes it necessary for the microprocessor control system to use the controlled auxiliary electric drive. An individual autonomous inverter with fully balanced sinusoidal output voltage allows one to increase the reliability of the induction motor drive, while the proportional control of the blower motor reduces the power consumption.

Service Quality in the Telecommunication Industry: Analysis with Special Reference to DSL Services

The research study was conducted to analyze the service quality in the telecommunication sector because in the present intensive broadband market, the survival of wire line telecommunication sector depends on the service quality offered to the end user that serves as a key tool for competition and survival. Though there exist various constructs to measure service quality, the study used performance items of service quality, and survey method was used to collect data from the sample. Based on the analysis, the tiered classification of service quality was represented, which gave a clear scheme for the telecom service providers to identify the service quality attributes that leads to enhancement in their performance in a highly competitive market.

Shale Gas Characterization of Sembar Formation, Khipro Area, Pakistan

This study pertains to the evaluation of shale gas and rock physics properties of this area with respect to its total organic content of Sember Formation, Khiproarea, Pakistan. We use well logs data for this study. The Khipro area is prominent in the Lower Indus Basin for its hydrocarbon (oil and gas) structural traps. In shale gas evaluation, TOC of Sember Formation is estimated. The analysis has been done with the help of the wire line data of the well Bilal North-01. The presence of shale gas in the study area is analyzed with the help of different techniques. Rock physics and petrophysical analysis have been done in order to get the properties of the area related to the shale gas evaluation.

Decision Making Support in Telecommunications Networks Management with Matrix Analysis of Fuzzy Rule-based Systems

This paper presents a new general method for Fuzzy analysis, based on mathematical operations between arrays, which allow the development of simple and fast computational algorithms, for applications to support decision making in different processes of the telecommunications network management. The approach is generic enough to be applied at the operational, tactical and strategic levels of management. To validate the method, prospective scenarios are analyzed in the period of 2012-2020 for Wire line services in Brazil, developed through exploratory research, based upon data from official bodies such as Anatel (National Telecommunications Agency), IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) and the Ministry of Communications

Comparative Analysis of QoS Routing Protocols in MANETS: Unicast & Multicast

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the provision of quality of service (QoS) guarantees is much more challenging than in wire line networks, mainly due to node mobility, multi hop communications, contention for channel access, and a lack of central coordination.

Analysis of Unequal Leg Transmission Tower Line System in Wind Vibration Response

The unequal leg transmission tower in mountainous areas of 5B-ZBC4 is based to establish the finite element model of three transmission tower and four wire line system. To further study the transmission tower under wind load displacement response, firstly using ANSYS analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the tower-line system. Then, taking the power spectrum of Kaimal wind speed and simulating the curve of wind speed of transmission tower line system in mountainous areas, considering the different elevation and different sizes of wind load, to analysis the wind vibration response for the tower-line coupling system. The results indicates that the tower top displacement means of 1# tower, 2# tower, 3# tower is increasing along with the elevation changes in 0 degrees wind load; The 37 m/s is the critical wind speed of 3# tower of transmission tower line system.

Oligo-Miocene reservoir sequence characterization and structuring in the Sisseb El Alem–Kalaa Kebira regions (Northeastern Tunisia)

The Sisseb El Alem-Enfidha basin is located in the northeastern Tunisia, It is borded by Nadhour – Saouaf syncline to the north, Kairouan plain to the south, the Mediterranean Sea to the east and Tunisian Atlassic “dorsale” to the west. Oligocene and Miocene deltaic deposits present the main potential deep aquifers in this basin with high porosity (25%–30%).The interpretation of twenty seismic reflection profiles, calibrated by wire line logging data of twelve oil wells, hydraulic wells and geologic field sections highlighted the impact of tectonics on the structuring geometry of Oligo-Miocene sandstones reservoirs and their distribution in raised structures and subsurface depressions. Miocene seismostratigraphy analysis from Ain Ghrab Formation (Langhian) to the Segui Formation (Quaternary) showed five third-order seismic sequence deposits and nine extended lenticular sandy bodies reservoirs limited by toplap and downlap surfaces unconformities, Oligocene deposits presented also five third- order seismic sequences with five extended lenticular sandy bodies reservoirs. The Depth and the thickness maps of these sequence reservoir packages exhibited the structuring of this basin in sub-basins characterized by important lateral and vertical geometric and thichness variations. Petroleum wells wire line logging correlation with clay volume calculation showed an heterogeneous multilayer reservoirs of Oligocene and Miocene formed by the arrangement of fourteen sandstone bodies being able to be good reservoirs, separated by impermeable clay packages and affected by faults. Reservoirs levels correspond mainly to the lower system tract (LST) of sequences. Intensive fracturing by deep seated faults bounding the different sub-basins play a great role for water surface recharge and inter-layer circulations between affected reservoirs. The total pore volume of the Oligo-Miocene reservoir sandy bodies in the study area, is estimated to about 4 × 1012 m3 and equivalent to 4 × 109 m3 of deep water reserves.