Form Of Wires Research Articles

Electrochemical Surface Treatment for Tailored Porous Structures

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) was used to establish a porous metal oxide layer on various titanium and zirconium workpieces in the form of wires, porous tubes, and 3D-printed structures. The ultimate goal of the work was to create a layer with the desired characteristics over a catalyst support or metal membrane structures to improve the performance of the targeted high-temperature catalytic conversion or separation applications. In doing so, it was ensured that the PEO-treated layer could provide the desired morphology, thickness, and porosity needed for the final processing step, which is usually a conventional coating method. This addresses the limitations of ceramic structures, including their mechanical resistance, thermal resistance, and conductivity, and their potential for being functionalized and utilized for high-temperature applications. The entire experimental run was carried out using a 2 kilowatt (maximum output) AC-power source with a maximum current limit of 6.5 Ampere while applying a constant potential (potentiostatic) and monitoring the current fluctuation. Depending on the surface areas of the PEO-treated samples, the applied potential ranged from 200 V to 260 V. The surface features of the fresh and PEO-treated composites, including their morphology and phases, were studied using conventional characterization techniques such as SEM, EDX, and XRD. The time required to observe the spark discharge was shortened by tuning the PEO parameters, such as gradually increasing the applied potential. This, in turn, allowed for longer surface treatment and, eventually, more control over the surface texture. The EDX analysis of the elemental composition of the PEO-treated surface indicated that the contribution of the electrolyte-deposited components increases when increasing the voltage and is accompanied by an increase in the extent of oxidation. The titanium samples displayed relatively intense discharges, especially in comparison to the Zirconium wires. The PEO-treated samples were coated via standard wet-coating techniques.

Synthesis and investigation of the physicochemical properties of polymorphic 3C–SiC

Silicon carbide (SiC) nanopowders were synthesized under Ar atmosphere via the carbonization reaction method using silicon powders and expanded graphite as initial materials, and ferric nitrate as catalyst precursor. The effects of heat treatment temperature and the C/Si molar ratio on SiC products were studied. The microstructure, phase composition and chemical state of the products were analyzed by XRD, SEM, XPS, TEM and Raman. The photoluminescence (PL) properties of SiC nanopowders were tested. The results showed that the content of the 3C–SiC product is higher after heat treatment at 1400 °C for 3 h with a molar ratio of C/Si of 1:1. 3C–SiC exists in the form of particles and wires. The formation process of 3C–SiC can be explained by a two-step method, nucleation under catalysis and growth under Vapor-Solid (VS) mechanism. Two ultraviolet light emission peaks are observed at about 318 and 380 nm. The main PL spectra of 3C–SiC nanopowders exhibit larger blueshifts. The blueshift is attributed to the stacking fault, oxygen defects, morphology and quantum confinement effect. It has potential application prospects in ultraviolet detectors, optoelectronic devices and light emitters.

The current state of laser technologies in the field of functional coatings

Two main directions in the field of laser radiation application for functional coatings are considered - the application of coatings using purely laser study and the combination of laser and other technologies. The most popular technological lasers used in both directions are identified: gas molecular lasers, diode, fiber, and solid-state lasers. Methods of hardening heat treatment of parts using a laser beam both with and without melting of the material are considered. A method of introducing alloying components of metallic and non-metallic nature into the substrate material using laser technologies is presented. The methods of laser surfacing are given, where the surfacing material is fed into the zone of exposure to laser radiation both in the form of a powder mixture and in the form of a filler wire. Powder mixture is most commonly used as surfacing material, wire is less often used. Technologies of laser-assisted evaporation used in the creation of three-dimensional objects are considered. Hybrid technologies of coating deposition are presented - laser surfacing using a plasma arc and high-frequency heating. It was found out that two types of plasmatrons are used in laser-plasma surfacing - direct and indirect types of action. In addition to hybrid laser surfacing, the method of hybrid laser-assisted evaporation is considered - plasma sputtering, or LAAPS, accompanied by laser heating and allowing to obtain coatings with increased adhesion strength to the substrate surface. The main advantages (the ability to adjust the thickness of the deposited coating layers, reduction of the thermal impact zone) and disadvantages (occurrence of cold microcracks on the surface, formation of pores in the coating) in the application of coatings using laser radiation are considered. The prospects for the development of laser and laser-plasma technologies in the field of functional coatings are analyzed on the example of practical application. The development of these technologies in future is largely due to the elimination of their shortcomings, increasing the efficiency of interaction between laser and plasma technologies.

100W급 DC 아크 발생 시 전극 형태에 따른 케이블 절연체(XLPE)의 착화시간 비교 및 착화확률 분석

In this study, ignition experiments were conducted with XLPE insulators in cables according to the electrodes’ forms (a flat electrode and a round electrode) while generating a 100 W–class direct current (DC) arc. The experiments generated series arcs by applying the newly revised standard UL 1699B. Arcing current and arcing voltage were measured through experiment. The ignition time was compared according to electrode forms using measured data, and the reliability analysis on the arc duration was conducted using a statistical analysis program. Afterward, analysis results were depicted with cumulative density function and probability distribution diagrams to check the distribution patterns, and the time to reach ignition was exhibited using statistical values according to percentiles. The integrated probability distribution diagram can be said to be the result of reflecting a variety of wire forms where the DC arc generation wires were placed in photovoltaic equipment.

INCREASING THE RESOURCE OF VEHICLE PARTS BY COMPOSITE MATERIALS DURING THEIR RESTORATION REPAIR

To restore machine parts used quite a large range of materials in the form of wire, powders, flexible cords, etc. However, it is not always possible to provide the required resource for the restoration of parts working in abrasive and corrosive environments. One of the modern directions of increasing the wear resistance and other properties of reducing coatings is the use of composite materials. This paper presents the results of research on the development of a composite modifying material to control the properties of reducing coatings based on commercially available powder material PG- 10N-01. It is shown that the developed composite material obtained using the SHS process from a powder mixture of Ti+C+SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3+Al+PT-NA-01 provides a higher (1.65 times) abrasive resistance of the deposited alloy coating PG-10N-01 when modifying its composite material in the amount of 20%.

Additive Manufacturing Technologies of High Entropy Alloys (HEA): Review and Prospects

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have gained considerable attention in recent years as an innovative method to produce high entropy alloy (HEA) components. The unique and excellent mechanical and environmental properties of HEAs can be used in various demanding applications, such as the aerospace and automotive industries. This review paper aims to inspect the status and prospects of research and development related to the production of HEAs by AM technologies. Several AM processes can be used to fabricate HEA components, mainly powder bed fusion (PBF), direct energy deposition (DED), material extrusion (ME), and binder jetting (BJ). PBF technologies, such as selective laser melting (SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM), have been widely used to produce HEA components with good dimensional accuracy and surface finish. DED techniques, such as blown powder deposition (BPD) and wire arc AM (WAAM), that have high deposition rates can be used to produce large, custom-made parts with relatively reduced surface finish quality. BJ and ME techniques can be used to produce green bodies that require subsequent sintering to obtain adequate density. The use of AM to produce HEA components provides the ability to make complex shapes and create composite materials with reinforced particles. However, the microstructure and mechanical properties of AM-produced HEAs can be significantly affected by the processing parameters and post-processing heat treatment, but overall, AM technology appears to be a promising approach for producing advanced HEA components with unique properties. This paper reviews the various technologies and associated aspects of AM for HEAs. The concluding remarks highlight the critical effect of the printing parameters in relation to the complex synthesis mechanism of HEA elements that is required to obtain adequate properties. In addition, the importance of using feedstock material in the form of mix elemental powder or wires rather than pre-alloyed substance is also emphasized in order that HEA components can be produced by AM processes at an affordable cost.

INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING PULSATION CHARACTERISTICS IN TURBULENT FLOWS

The paper considers the design of a two-component strain gauge construction for measuring pulsation characteristics in turbulent flows.
 The analysis is carried out and the shortcomings of the existing sensor models and their influence on the reliability and accuracy of the experimental results are shown. The limited frequency range of such sensors is also emphasized.
 The design of the previous types of sensors is based on a plate on which wire or film strain gauges are glued. In such models, the main part of the perceiving hydrodynamic pressure goes to the formation of stresses in the elastic plate, and only a small part (up to 4%) - to create stresses in the strain-sensitive elements. Such sensors require an increase in the size of sensitive elements, this causes an additional disturbance in the flow, which in turn also reduces the accuracy of the measurement.
 The use of glue in the design of the sensor is associated with adverse effects such as creep and aging of the glue.
 The proposed sensor used strain gauges in the form of constantan wires stretched parallel to each other, which helped to get rid of elastic plates and glue, and also reduced the size of the sensing element.
 A construction of the sensor is shown and its design is described.
 The sensor has a free vibration frequency in water of more than 300 Hz, which is more than an order of magnitude higher than the frequency of water flow oscillations. This allows a more accurate measurement of pulsation characteristics.
 The principle of operation of the strain gauge is considered.
 The presence in the construction of four correspondingly located tensile strands made it possible to measure the longitudinal and transverse components of the pulsation velocities in turbulent flows.

Development of lab-scale extruder to produce feedstock filament for 3D printing using recycled thermoplastics

Fused deposition modeling or fused filament fabrication is one of the most common and economical technology among various additive manufacturing techniques due to its low-cost production, less maintenance and ease of using a variety of thermoplastics to produce custom parts with good quality and strength. In fused deposition modeling, the material used is in the form of filament wire of standard diameters varied from 1.75 mm to 2.85 mm. Polylactic acid and Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene are commonly used filaments for 3D printing applications. In the present study, the design and development of a lab-scale filament extruder has been proposed to produce the printing filament using raw thermoplastic pellets and recycle the discarded material obtained during the 3D printing process. The extruder components have been designed, machined, and assembled to perform the functionality of the proposed setup. This study provides an insight into producing the low-cost feedstock filament and lab-scale extruder for the FDM process.

Development and Implementation of a Guideline for the Combination of Additively Manufactured Joint Assemblies with Wire Actuators made of Shape Memory Alloys

Smart Materials actuators in the form of wires made of shape memory alloys in combination with additively manufactured carrier components are used in a wide variety of prototype developments of innovative joint assemblies. This combination is relevant because of the same manufacturing costs of the additively manufactured components, which are independent of the quantity of parts, the free geometric design possibilities as well as the huge energy density of the aforementioned actuator technology. In particular, the focus is on the possibility of appropriately fitting large wire lengths on a compact part volume while taking into account acceptable force losses. Since there is no design guideline for such joint developments, each is individual, which results in unnecessarily long development times and a higher risk of errors. Based on selected in-house and third-party examples, integration possibilities of shape memory alloy wire actuators in additively manufactured carrier components are analysed and transferred into a universally applicable design guideline. These recommendations are brought into the framework of existing design guidelines of the VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure – Association of German Engineers), namely VDI 2206 and VDI 2221 with extensions for additive manufacturing, for a better usability and integrability into existing processes. Finally, this results in a simplified access to the topic of the combination of additive manufacturing and shape memory alloys and a more efficient realisation of such joint developments.

Anti-icing study for refrigerated container based on various heating wire forms

In this paper, the effect of different forms of electric heating wire forms on the anti-icing performance of the refrigerated container was studied based on numerical simulation. The heat transfer and the thermal conductivity of the refrigerated container door wall, and the uniformity of air-flow distribution in the refrigerated container are analyzed. The heating wire form 2 has the best anti-icing performance and meets the anti-icing requirement when the thermal conductivity is from 0.005-0.01 W/mK. The electric heating wires nearest to the inner wall surface is the optimal anti-icing solution. The spare electric heating wires placement can be determined according to the thickness of the refrigerated container door. The specific lay-out of electric heating wires in the future can be further optimized in combination with carbon emissions.

Determination of Two-Stage Heat Treatment Parameters in Industrial Conditions in Order to Obtain a TRIP Structure in Low-Alloy Carbon Steel Wires.

The research presented in this article aimed to obtain a semi-finished product in the form of TRIP wires, which in further research will be used to produce fasteners in the form of KPS-6 screws used in the construction industry. At present, the process of manufacturing this type of fastener (from wire rod to the finished product) involves two technological lines: one for carrying out the drawing process and obtaining a semi-finished product in the form of a wire with appropriate properties, and the other for the production of fasteners. Semi-finished product wires with a ferritic-perlitic structure obtained after the drawing process are the starting product for the production of fasteners, the tensile strength of which is approximately 450 MPa. In order to be able to obtain fasteners characterized by an increased level of properties in 8.8 grade, after the screw manufacturing process, heat treatment should be carried out by hardening and tempering. The new technology proposed in the article includes: a drawing wire rod with a semi-finished product diameter, two-stage heat treatment on the line for pass-through heating and cooling, ensuring the obtaining of a TRIP-type structure in drawn wires, and calibration drawing. The product of this process was a wire whose tensile strength was in the range of 700-800 MPa with a TRIP structure. Thanks to obtaining a TRIP-type structure with the assumed amount of retained austenite, we obtained wires with higher strength properties and very high plasticity in relation to wires with the same chemical composition and ferritic and perlitic structure. The research carried out in the article also allowed us to obtain, in the semi-finished product wires, a favourable relationship between the strength properties and plasticity of the material, expressed by the value of the Re/Rm coefficient (yield strength/tensile strength) and the so-called yield ratio, which determines the material's susceptibility to cold deformation; the smaller these coefficients, the greater the yield strength. The subsequent stages of the research will include the development of forming fasteners in the form of KPS-6 screws used in the steel construction industry with TRIP structures, with increased properties of products in the 8.8 property class, without conducting heat treatment by hardening and tempering. It is assumed that the resulting product will have an additional usable feature: preserving a certain amount of retained austenite in the structure of the finished fasteners, which will be transformed into martensite during operation, and thus affect the longevity of the fasteners.

Stretchable One-Dimensional Conductors for Wearable Applications.

Continuous, one-dimensional (1D) stretchable conductors have attracted significant attention for the development of wearables and soft-matter electronics. Through the use of advanced spinning, printing, and textile technologies, 1D stretchable conductors in the forms of fibers, wires, and yarns can be designed and engineered to meet the demanding requirements for different wearable applications. Several crucial parameters, such as microarchitecture, conductivity, stretchability, and scalability, play essential roles in designing and developing wearable devices and intelligent textiles. Methodologies and fabrication processes have successfully realized 1D conductors that are highly conductive, strong, lightweight, stretchable, and conformable and can be readily integrated with common fabrics and soft matter. This review summarizes the latest advances in continuous, 1D stretchable conductors and emphasizes recent developments in materials, methodologies, fabrication processes, and strategies geared toward applications in electrical interconnects, mechanical sensors, actuators, and heaters. This review classifies 1D conductors into three categories on the basis of their electrical responses: (1) rigid 1D conductors, (2) piezoresistive 1D conductors, and (3) resistance-stable 1D conductors. This review also evaluates the present challenges in these areas and presents perspectives for improving the performance of stretchable 1D conductors for wearable textile and flexible electronic applications.

Abnormal Absorption of Hydrogen in Nickel at Ambient Temperature With Associated Emission of Neutrons

While it is known that nickel at a temperature of a few hundred degrees if in hydrogen can slowly absorb a certain amount of this gas, there is no evidence that this can occur at room temperature and at pressures below 1 bar. On the contrary, by conducting studies and experiments on LENR anomalies in the ARGAL laboratory in Bareggio, Italy, it has been experimentally verified several times that nickel in the form of wire, thin ribbon, foam, if properly covered with a thin layer of palladium, can absorb hydrogen in considerable quantities even at room temperature. Very often the neutron monitoring always active in the lab and close to the active reactor showed a significant rise in the background counts with two distinct peaks in the distribution of n / h (neutrons per hour) as will be better described in the following experiment description.

Investigation the structure and properties of deformed semi-finished products produced from chips of Al–Mg alloys system alloyed with scandium

The article presents the results of studies that make it possible to solve the problem of processing secondary waste from expensive aluminum alloys without irretrievable loss of metal. For this purpose, tasks were set and solved for the development of technological schemes for obtaining longish deformed semi-finished products from chip waste of Al–Mg alloys 01570 and 1580 alloyed with scandium using methods of powder metallurgy and metal forming. For their experimental verification, the operations of chip briquetting, combined rolling-extrusion (continuous extrusion), sectional rolling, hot extrusion and drawing in combination with heat treatment were applied. According to these schemes, semi-finished products in the form of rods and wires were obtained. Structure and mechanical properties were investigated. It has been revealed that when hot-extruded rods are obtained from chip briquettes of alloy 01570 on a vertical hydraulic press, even with significant degrees of deformation during extrusion, the margin of plastic properties is small and makes it possible to obtain a wire with a diameter of only 4.2 mm after drawing. The processing of briquettes from 1580 alloy chips using the combined rolling-extrusion method makes it possible to obtain after cold deformation a wire with a diameter of up to 3 mm. At the same time, the influence of the annealing process on the structure and properties of deformed semi-finished products from the investigated alloys was studied. It is shown that due to the low plasticity of the investigated material cold working of the rods must be carried out with small degrees of deformation, alternating it with intermediate annealing according to the proposed regime. An analysis of the physical and mechanical properties of the wire obtained using combined processing showed that its strength and plastic properties are comparable to the properties of the wire obtained from a cast billet, and the structure is characterized by a high degree of elaboration and compactness. Thus, as a result of the research, technological schemes have been developed and processing parameters have been determined for the production of rods and wire from graded chip waste of alloys 01570 and 1580 using compaction, discrete and continuous extrusion, as well as cold drawing.

Multi-Station Multi-Axis Hybrid Layered Manufacturing (MSMA-HLM)

Additive manufacturing is advanced manufacturing technology in which material is added layer by layer. The hybrid approach with conventional and additive processes is utilized for making the component faster and cost-effective. Hybrid Layered Manufacturing (HLM) is the process in which a 3D component is made by adding and subtracting material layer by layer. HLM is basically for a metallic component in which material is added by depositing metal in wire form through an arc, LASER, EBM, and a small amount of material is removed by machining and thus making the system hybrid. There are various levels of hybridization in terms of approach, material, layering, joining process, kinematics and operations. A complete setup of HLM is developed with multiple stations and with a simultaneous five-axis system named as Multi-Station Multi-Axis Hybrid layered Manufacturing (MSMA-HLM). MSMA-HLM has its application in aerospace, automobile, marine, medical, etc. The various case studies with the HLM process are also demonstrated in this paper with cost and time compared with conventional manufacturing. The need for multiple stations during the HLM process is explained in this paper. The preheating, hammering, and inspection units are the add-ons in the manufacturing process for making defect-free components.

Electron beam welding of 2205 duplex stainless steel with nickel-based filler wire using multi-beam technique

The duplex stainless steels have many favorable properties attributed to their two-phase microstructure consisting of almost equal fractions of ferrite and austenite. Therefore, they are widely used in the offshore, petroleum, and chemical industries as a base material for pressure vessels and pipelines. Such components often possess large thicknesses, which can be effectively welded with electron beam. This process is characterized by rapid cooling combined with a relatively great loss of nitrogen, resulting in insufficient austenite formation. To compensate this phenomenon, the addition of nickel, in the form of wire, was performed in this study. This promoted the formation of austenite at the same cooling rate, so that approximately an equal amount of ferrite and austenite was achieved. Beam oscillation was applied to maintain good dilution even at large depth/width ratios. Furthermore, the multi-beam technique was implemented to reduce the spatter formation and provide a higher process stability. This allows the spatial, but not temporal, separation of the melting-off of the wire and the main welding process. The joints produced in this way exhibit a good weld dilution and consequently an austenite distribution with a low inhomogeneity. Additionally, a narrow heat-affected zone was produced.

Correlation between Tc and local structure of MgB2 with ZnO buffer layer: X-ray absorption fine structure study

In practical application, it is necessary to preserve the superconducting properties, including the critical temperature (Tc) of MgB2 in the form of tapes and wires that bond to a metallic substrate with a buffer layer. In this work, we investigate the relationship between the Tc and local structure of MgB2 films on ZnO buffered-Hastelloy substrate with various thicknesses using X-ray absorption fine structure. X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra reveal fluctuation of the boron σ-band near the Fermi level indicating an existence of lattice distortion inside the MgB2 films. Variations in the bond lengths of Mg–B and Mg–Mg from the extended X-ray absorption fine structure prove that the distortion in the MgB2 lattice is owing to the ZnO buffer layer. Besides the bond length, the Mg–B bond ordering was found to significantly affect the Tc behavior, which was attributed to the inter-plane strain caused by the ZnO buffer layer. Understanding the effect of the ZnO buffer layer on the local structure of MgB2 may help in determining the optimal conditions for enhancing the superconducting properties of MgB2 for power applications.

A novel temperature sensor for a calorimetric thermal converter

The calorimetric thermal voltage converter (CTVC) is used as a primary AC voltage standard for the radio frequency range. The vital part of the CTVC is the temperature sensor. The original CTVC has a hand-made multijunction temperature sensor in the form of a spiral constantan wire that is wound around a plexiglass rod, and it is selectively deposited with copper. This article presents research on the possibility of using flexible printed circuit board (PCB) technology to manufacture a temperature sensor for the CTVC. The optimization process enables improvement of the sensitivity of the sensor by around 15%. Due to the relatively low electrical resistance of the sensor, its signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is similar to those of the best attainable PMJTCs, which utilize temperature sensors fabricated with expensive and complex thin-film technology. The obtained results indicate the applicability of the developed sensor in an efficient calorimetric thermal converter.

Magnetoimpedance Biosensors and Real-Time Healthcare Monitors: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges.

A small DC magnetic field can induce an enormous response in the impedance of a soft magnetic conductor in various forms of wire, ribbon, and thin film. Also known as the giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect, this phenomenon forms the basis for the development of high-performance magnetic biosensors with magnetic field sensitivity down to the picoTesla regime at room temperature. Over the past decade, some state-of-the-art prototypes have become available for trial tests due to continuous efforts to improve the sensitivity of GMI biosensors for the ultrasensitive detection of biological entities and biomagnetic field detection of human activities through the use of magnetic nanoparticles as biomarkers. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the development of GMI biosensors and review medical devices for applications in biomedical diagnostics and healthcare monitoring, including real-time monitoring of respiratory motion in COVID-19 patients at various stages. We also discuss exciting research opportunities and existing challenges that will stimulate further study into ultrasensitive magnetic biosensors and healthcare monitors based on the GMI effect.

A lightweight bending actuator based on shape memory alloy and application to gripper

The shape memory alloy (SMA) material is embedded into elastic material to make the bending actuator through the shrinkage property of SMA material during being heated. This production method is with the characteristics of long production time and cumbersome making process. As the SMA material is embedded in the elastic actuator, the heat dissipation with the environment is slow, resulting in low actuating efficiency. In this article, a new lightweight bending actuator is developed based on pre-bent SMA wire. The SMA wire is used as the body and actuator, and realizes the initial shape recovery through active control mode instead of relying on heat exchange only. The manufacturing process of the bending actuator is very simple and low-price. The pre-bent angle of SMA wire can be programmed to control the actuator's output angle. By modeling the phase transformation process of SMA wire, the change in Young's modulus at different temperatures is analyzed, and the actuating current and pre-bent angle of SMA wire are calculated. Based on the changing resistance of SMA wire during being heated, the strategy to avoid overheating is designed and achieved. Imitated the form of human hand grasping, a lightweight gripper with palm function is made, and four grasping strategies are designed for the gripper and tested. Finally, the gripper is tested on the continuum arm made of pre-bent actuator. The actuator broadens the application form of SMA wire actuated actuator and provides a new method for designing lightweight and miniaturized soft gripper.