Winter Nights Research Articles

Large contributions of biogenic and anthropogenic sources to fine organic aerosols in Tianjin, North China

Abstract. In order to better understand the molecular composition and sources of organic aerosols in Tianjin, a coastal megacity in North China, ambient fine aerosol (PM2.5) samples were collected on a day/night basis from November to December 2016 and from May to June 2017. The organic molecular composition of PM2.5 components, including aliphatic lipids (n-alkanes, fatty acids, and fatty alcohols), sugar compounds, and photooxidation products from isoprene, monoterpene, β-caryophyllene, naphthalene, and toluene, was analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and saccharides were identified as the most abundant organic compound classes among all of the tracers detected in this study during both seasons. High concentrations of most organics at night in winter may be attributed to intensive residential activities such as house heating as well as the low nocturnal boundary layer height. Based on tracer methods, the contributions of the sum of primary and secondary organic carbon (POC and SOC respectively) to aerosol organic carbon (OC) were 24.8 % (daytime) and 27.6 % (night-time) in winter and 38.9 % (daytime) and 32.5 % (night-time) in summer. In detail, POC derived from fungal spores, plant debris, and biomass burning accounted for 2.78 %–31.6 % (12.4 %; please note that values displayed in parentheses in the following are average values) of OC during the daytime and 4.72 %–45.9 % (16.3 %) at night in winter, and 1.28 %–9.89 % (5.24 %) during the daytime and 2.08 %–47.2 % (10.6 %) at night in summer. Biomass-burning-derived OC was the predominant source of POC in this study, especially at night (16.0±6.88 % in winter and 9.62±8.73 % in summer). Biogenic SOC from isoprene, α-∕β-pinene, and β-caryophyllene exhibited obvious seasonal and diurnal patterns, contributing 2.23±1.27 % (2.30±1.35 % during the daytime and 2.18±1.19 % at night) and 8.60±4.02 % (8.98±3.67 % and 8.21±4.39 %) to OC in winter and summer respectively. Isoprene and α-∕β-pinene SOC were obviously elevated in summer, especially during the daytime, mainly due to strong photooxidation. Anthropogenic SOC from toluene and naphthalene oxidation showed higher contributions to OC in summer (21.0±18.5 %) than in winter (9.58±3.68 %). In summer, toluene SOC was the dominant contributor to aerosol OC, and biomass burning OC also accounted for a high contribution to OC, especially at night-time; this indicates that land/sea breezes also play an important role in the aerosol chemistry of the coastal city of Tianjin in North China.

Performance of Solar Utilization System Developed with Capillary Tube Mats to Collect and Release Heat in Chinese Solar Greenhouses

HighlightsA solar utilization system was developed with capillary tube mats (SUSCTM) to heat Chinese solar greenhouses (CSGs) actively during winter nights.In the solar day, SUSCTM collected 28~33% of the accumulated solar energy on the north-wall and released 40.3~48.6% of the collected heat in night under the experimental conditions.The thermal performances of SUSCMT can be further improved by improving the heat insulation of the water tank, doubling and elongating the capillary tubes.Abstract.A solar utilization system composed of capillary tube mats, a water tank, recirculating pipes, and a pump (SUSCTM) was developed to improve the temperature of Chinese solar greenhouses (CSGs) during winter nights. The capillary tube mats were mounted on the north-wall to intercept solar radiation. By circulating water within the SUSCTM during the daytime, the solar energy can be absorbed and stored in the water tank. In the same way, the heat stored in the water tank can be recovered to increase the indoor air temperature (Tin) in the night. During the daytime hours of sunny days, SUSCMT stored the heat of 102.4~135.4 MJ under the test conditions, which accounts for 28~33% of the accumulated solar energy on the north wall. The heat released by the SUSCTM during the nighttime hours of sunny days accounted for 40.3~48.6% of the collected heat. As a result, the minimum Tin in the night was elevated by 1.6°C~1.9°C, with the coefficient of performance (COP) of 1.3~1.8. On the other hand, the SUSCMT only operated during the night hours of cloudy day and elevated the minimum Tin by 1.5°C. The COP was 1.2 as a result. In addition, the amount and flux of heat released by the SUSCMT per the north wall area matched the conventional north wall of CSGs. Based on the proposed model, the thermal performances of SUSCMT can be further improved by improving the heat insulation of the water tank, doubling and elongating the capillary tubes. Thus, the SUSCMT has the potential to increase the Tin of CSG during winter nights. Keywords: Capillary tube mats, Chinese solar greenhouse, Indoor air temperature, Solar utilization system, Water circulation.

Arctic transportation systems during World War II

The Lend-Lease program was the main international project on freight logistics in the Arctic during World War II. Delivering military and food supplies from the Allies became the key aspect of collaboration between the USSR, UK and USA. The Northern Sea Route was one of the main Lend-Lease transportation modes, allowing to deliver approximately 22.7% of all supplies to the USSR. The supplies mostly consisted of non-military goods (e.g. food), while military goods were presented by a smaller portion. Northern Sea Route was passing through the Norwegian and Barents Seas to Arkhangelsk and Murmansk. Even though it was relatively short, Northern Sea Route had some significant disadvantages. For instance, ships carrying supplies from the Allies would encounter with Nazi aviation and fleet based in Norway and Finland in a combat zone. The Soviet Union had to improve harbours’ infrastructure in Arkhangelsk and Murmansk to increase its capacity, which would require various transportation means including icebreakers and tugs, as well as handling equipment and workforce. Moreover, the Arctic convoys had to endure severe weather conditions, as hurricanes and tidal waves in autumn, polar night and drift ice in winter. Nevertheless, the Northern Sea Route played a vital strategic role as the main transportation system for the Soviet Union in 1941-1942, the most difficult period of World War II.

The Homes We Live In: A Review of The Daughter's Almanac by Katharine Whitcomb

The Homes We Live In:A Review of The Daughter's Almanac by Katharine Whitcomb Seanse Lynch Ducken (bio) The Homes We Live In: A Review of The Daughter's Almanac by Katharine Whitcomb Seanse Lynch Ducken Omaha, NE: The Backwaters Press, 2015. 62 pages. $16.00. When I first read Katharine Whitcomb's The Daughter's Almanac, I was in my third year at my MFA program, and I was looking for poetry of place to inspire my own writing. Whitcomb's collection demonstrated to me how a book about place could stretch beyond that to incorporate themes of loss, of the reactions to that loss, and of the way that places, people, even pets can reify that grief. In re-reading this collection, I am reminded of the complexity of Whitcomb's work. Place, or the movement through place, reflects the way in which we move through grief, isolation, and the longing for companionship as if these, too, are places we visit and houses we live in. Whitcomb's book, and winner of the 2014 Backwaters Prize, opens with the death of the poet's mother. This first section is one of the shorter sections in the collection, and yet what happens here infuses every other section. From this loss, part two seems to develop a heartbreaking but necessary solitude. In writing about grief and memory, Whitcomb often makes use of her imagistic talents and relates the emotional experiences of the speaker through striking figurative language. In "Ghost," the first poem in the collection, Whitcomb writes, "by the filing cabinet in my small office / I try to eat cold soup, soft summer / dusk at the windows & I feel her." Later in this section, the poem "Balfour" further addresses this great loss and the grief that impacts the speaker and her father: "After my mother died, my father would not row our boat with me / although I needed his help. We shivered out in the great water." Abrupt transitions signify the way in which loss affects the family dynamic. This strained, or perhaps careworn, relationship is more evident later when Whitcomb writes, "I said that he must try to take a turn with the oars / then lowered myself over the side." By setting this tone, by establishing early on the sense of loss, the effects of grief, Whit-comb signals to her readers that the work in this collection stems from that initial loss. The second part of the collection, titled "Claret and Gold," further develops this theme but also demonstrates the complexity of that grief by allowing the speaker to contemplate God, isolation, and memories. In the second section of the long poem "Vermont Suite," the speaker, replying to a series of questions drawn from Hamlet, states: "Sometimes I look around a room at all the faces and love each one in my old way. / Then, the good minute goes." Later, in part four of that poem, she writes, "I love every- / thing on earth even more in memory." And in "Tis Bitter and I am Sick at Heart," the speaker states, "these haunted winter nights vast / as mansions boomerang with memory." In each of these examples, Whitcomb lingers on memory. Even love, which is indeed present in these memories, becomes part of the past. As part two draws to a close, Whit-comb circles back to the place where this section began. In "Against Melancholy" Whitcomb directly acknowledges the ideas examined throughout the second section of her book: loneliness and melancholy. There's almost a sense that the previous poems avoided these ideas while also showing us that the speaker has been dealing with profound isolation. Here, at last, the poet is able to face the feelings present throughout previous works. The sense, for instance, of being alone even when "animals and lovers sleep next to you, / under your mother's quilt." Even in poems where the remembering takes a more narrative approach, as in "This Is Your Brain on Physics" or "The Plan of Ms. Wenz to Marry Up," there are moments of intense longing either for a [End Page 285] time that has passed or for a kind of companionship that seems perpetually evasive. In...

K-pop을 활용한 외국인 유학생 전용 고전 문학 전공 수업 사례 연구 - 황진이 시조 〈동짓달 기나긴 밤을〉을 중심으로

연구의 목적은 외국인 유학생 전용 고전 문학 전공 수업에서 K-pop을 활용한 수업 방법의 효과를 실험 수업을 통해 검증하고 보완책을 제시하는 데 있다.BR 시조 〈동짓달 기나긴 밤을〉은 사랑과 이별의 보편적인 주제를 다루고 있다는 점, 추상적 관념을 구체적으로 형상화하고 있다는 점, 감각적인 시어가 호기심과 상상력을 자극한다는 점, 당대 관습과 생활상 및 당대인의 의식을 알 수 있다는 점 등에서 외국인 유학생이 학습하기에 적합한 작품이다. 그러나 실제학습에는 여러 가지어려움이 따른다. 그중에서도 학습 흥미와 동기를 지속시키거나 높이는 것이 가장 어렵다. 이를 극복하기 위해서는 다양한 매체 활용이필요하다. 적절한 매체 활용은 학생들의 흥미를 높일 뿐 아니라 능동적인 학습을 가능케 하기 때문이다.BR 〈동짓달 기나긴 밤을〉의 현대적 변용인 K-pop 〈누구 없소〉는 원작의 특성과 가치를 온전히 담고 있으면서 이를 효과적으로 전달한다. 이 작품을 적절히 활용한다면 원작에 대한 학습 흥미를 높이고 학생들의 이해를 도울 수 있을 것이다. 실험 수업 결과, 학생들은 작품의 시적 상황·정서·주제의식 등을 어렵지 않게 파악했다. 그리고 창작 학습 활동에 능동적으로 참여해 작품의 중요 표현 특성을 깊게 이해했다. 작품을 작가의 성격 및 생애와 연관지어 살피고 이를 당대 사회문화적 맥락에서 통합적으로 이해했다.BR 연구 결과, K-pop을 활용한 수업은 고전 문학에 대한 외국인 유학생의 흥미와 관심을 높이고 지속시키는 데 효과가 있었다. 이 연구는 대중문화 K-pop을 활용한 수업 방법과 사례를 세부적이고 구체적으로 제시하고, 실증적인 방법으로 그 효과를 검증함으로써 교수와 학습에 실질적인 도움을 주고자 했다는 데 의의가 있다.

Solar thermal performance of two innovative configurations of air-vacuum layered triple glazed windows

This study reports the optimal solar thermal performance of two innovative configurations of air-vacuum layered triple glazed window or Integrated Vacuum Window (IVW). These are when the vacuum layer of IVW is facing the warm or indoor side, i.e. IVWwarm, and when the vacuum layer of IVW is facing the cold or outdoor side, i.e. IVWcold, positions at dynamic solar insolation under winter and summer EN-ISO standard ambient conditions. A theoretically and experimentally validated finite element model is employed. The results show that in winter conditions, although the U-value of IVWwarm of 0.33 Wm−2K−1 is lower than that of IVWcold of 0.49 Wm−2K−1, the IVWcold has a higher solar heat gain. In sunny winter conditions, IVWcold provides higher energy efficiency while in winter night, IVWwarm provides higher energy efficiency than IVWcold. The results show that in summer conditions the U-value of IVWwarm and IVWcold are 0.34 Wm−2K−1 and 0.51 Wm−2K−1 respectively, while IVWwarm provides lower cooling-load and higher energy-efficiency compared to IVWcold. It is concluded that setting the vacuum gap at the indoor side position provides lower cooling-load and higher energy-efficiency compared to setting the vacuum cavity at the outdoor side position in summer ambient conditions.

Long-term brown carbon spectral characteristics in a Mediterranean city (Athens)

This study analyses 4-years of continuous 7-λ Aethalometer (AE-33) measurements in an urban-background environment of Athens, to resolve the spectral absorption coefficients (babs) for black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC). An important BrC contribution (23.7 ± 11.6%) to the total babs at 370 nm is estimated for the period May 2015–April 2019, characterized by a remarkable seasonality with winter maximum (33.5 ± 13.6%) and summer minimum (18.5 ± 8.1%), while at longer wavelengths the BrC contribution is significantly reduced (6.8 ± 3.6% at 660 nm). The wavelength dependence of the total babs gives an annual-mean AAE370-880 of 1.31, with higher values in winter night-time. The BrC absorption and its contribution to babs presents a large increase reaching up to 39.1 ± 13.6% during winter nights (370 nm), suggesting residential wood burning (RWB) emissions as a dominant source for BrC. This is supported by strong correlations of the BrC absorption with OC, EC, the fragment ion m/z 60 derived from ACSM and PMF-analyzed organic fractions related to biomass burning (e.g. BBOA). In contrast, BrC absorption decreases significantly during daytime as well as in the warm period, reaching to a minimum during the early-afternoon hours in all seasons due to photo-chemical degradation. Estimated secondary BrC absorption is practically evident only during winter night-time, implying the fast oxidation of BrC species from RWB emissions. Changes in mixing-layer height do not significantly affect the BrC absorption in winter, while they play a major role in summer.

Long-term variability, source apportionment and spectral properties of black carbon at an urban background site in Athens, Greece

This study aims to delineate the characteristics of Black Carbon (BC) in the atmosphere over Athens, Greece, using 4-year (May 2015–April 2019) Aethalometer (AE-33) measurements. The average BC concentration is 1.9 ± 2.5 μg m−3 (ranging from 0.1 to 32.7 μg m−3; hourly values), with a well-defined seasonality from 1.3 ± 1.1 μg m−3 in summer to 3.0 ± 4.0 μg m−3 in winter. Pronounced morning and evening/night peaks are found in the BC concentrations in winter, while during the rest of the seasons, this diurnal cycle appears to flatten out, with the exception of the morning traffic peak. On an annual basis, the biomass-burning fraction (BB%) of BC accounts for 22 ± 12%, while the fossil-fuel combustion (BCff) component (traffic emissions and domestic heating) dominates during summer (83%) and in the morning hours. BCwb exhibits higher contribution in winter (32%), especially during the night hours (39%). BC levels are effectively reduced by precipitation, while they significantly build-up for wind speeds <3 m s−1 and mixing-layer height (MLH) < 500 m. Normalizing the BC diurnal course by the MLH variations on a seasonal basis reveals that the residential wood-burning emissions are mostly responsible for the large BC increase during winter nights, whereas the low BC levels during daytime in the warm season are mainly attributed to dilution into a deeper MLH. BCwb is highly correlated with other BB tracers during winter nights (e.g. levoglucosan, non-sea-salt-K+, m/z 60 fragment), as well as with the fine fraction (PM2.5) OC and EC. The Delta-C, which represents the spectral dependence of BC as the absorption difference between 370 and 880 nm, is analyzed for the first time in Athens. It exhibits a pronounced seasonality with maximum values in winter night-time, and it appears as a valid qualitative marker for wood combustion.

Seasonal variation and sources of derivatized phenols in atmospheric fine particulate matter in North China Plain

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of derivatized phenols in Beijing and in Xinglong were performed from 2016 to 2017 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed substantially more severe pollution in Beijing. Of the 14 compounds detected, the total average concentration was 100 ng/m3 in Beijing, compared with 11.6 ng/m3 in Xinglong. More specifically, concentration of nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs) (81.9 ng/m3 in Beijing and 8.49 ng/m3 in Xinglong) was the highest, followed by aromatic acids (14.6 ng/m3 in Beijing and 2.42 ng/m3 in Xinglong) and aromatic aldehydes (3.62 ng/m3 in Beijing and 0.681 ng/m3 in Xinglong). In terms of seasonal variation, the highest concentrations were found for 4-nitrocatechol in winter in Beijing (79.1 ± 63.9 ng/m3) and 4-nitrophenol in winter in Xinglong (9.72 ± 8.94 ng/m3). The analysis also revealed diurnal variations across different seasons. Most compounds presented higher concentrations at night in winter because of the decreased boundary layer height and increased heating intensity. While some presented higher levels during the day, which attributed to the photo-oxidation process for summer and more biomass burning activities for autumn. Higher concentrations appeared in winter and autumn than in spring and summer, which resulted from more coal combustions and adverse meteorological conditions. The significant correlations among NACs indicated similar sources of pollution. Higher correlations presented within each subgroup than those between the subgroups. Good correlations between levoglucosan and nitrophenols, nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids, with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.66, 0.69 and 0.69, respectively, indicating an important role of biomass burning among primary sources.

Permafrost distribution in steep rock slopes in Norway: measurements, statistical modelling and implications for geomorphological processes

Abstract. Permafrost in steep rock slopes has been increasingly studied since the early 2000s in conjunction with a growing number of rock slope failures, which likely resulted from permafrost degradation. In Norway, rock slope destabilization is a widespread phenomenon and a major source of risk for the population and infrastructure. However, a lack of precise knowledge of the permafrost distribution in steep slopes hinders the assessment of its role in these destabilizations. This study proposes the first nationwide permafrost probability map for the steep slopes of Norway (CryoWall map). It is based on a multiple linear regression model fitted with multi-annual rock surface temperature (RST) measurements, collected at 25 rock slope sites, spread across a latitudinal transect (59–69∘ N) over mainland Norway. The CryoWall map suggests that discontinuous permafrost widely occurs above 1300–1400 and 1600–1700 m a.s.l. in the north and south rock faces of southern Norway (59∘ N), respectively. This lower altitudinal limit decreases in northern Norway (70∘ N) by about 500±50 m, with a more pronounced decrease for south faces, as a result of the insolation patterns largely driven by midnight sun in summer and polar night in winter. Similarly, the mean annual RST differences between north and south faces of similar elevation range around 1.5 ∘C in northern Norway and 3.5 ∘C in southern Norway. The CryoWall map is evaluated against direct ice observations in steep slopes and discussed in the context of former permafrost studies in various types of terrain in Norway. We show that permafrost can occur at much lower elevations in steep rock slopes than in other terrains, especially in north faces. We demonstrate that the CryoWall map is a valuable basis for further investigations related to permafrost in steep slopes in terms of both practical concerns and fundamental science.

Variability and predictability of winter cold nights in Argentina

Extreme cold events can cause crop damage as well as an increase in energy demand and even in the mortality rate. Identifying the atmospheric processes associated with the occurrence of these extremes would allow decision-makers to implement preventive and mitigation actions. The goal of this study is to identify predictors of cold extremes of minimum temperature during winter in Argentina (north of 40 °S), and their modulation by the different El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases for the period 1970–2015. Lagged correlation analysis between winter cold nights and several global and regional climate indices identified ENSO, subtropical jet intensity, position and intensity of the South Pacific Anticyclone (SPA), and a blocking index as the dominating forcings. The El Niño phase is associated with a decrease in the occurrence of cold extremes. In addition, an increase in the number of blocking events together with a weaker subtropical jet and, a less intense and northward shift of the SPA also inhibit the occurrence of cold extremes of the minimum temperature. Our results indicate persistence in the winter cold nights series compared with the previous season in eastern Argentina. Two winters with opposite extreme conditions (high and low frequency of cold nights) were selected as case studies. Since both cases occurred under ENSO neutral conditions, we also searched for cold nights predictors considering only neutral years. We detected the presence of an equivalent barotropic structure located in southeastern Pacific in both events, which confirmed the importance of the SPA intensity and blocking events as predictors in absence of an active El Niño.

Air Quality Impacts of Smoke from Hazard Reduction Burns and Domestic Wood Heating in Western Sydney

Air quality was measured in Auburn, a western suburb of Sydney, Australia, for approximately eighteen months during 2016 and 2017. A long open-path infrared spectrometer sampled path-averaged concentrations of several gaseous species, while other pollutants such as PM 2.5 and PM 10 were sampled by a mobile air quality station. The measurement site was impacted by a number of indoor wood-heating smoke events during cold winter nights as well as some major smoke events from hazard reduction burning in the spring of 2017. In this paper we compare the atmospheric composition during these different smoke pollution events and assess the relative overall impact on air quality from domestic wood-heaters and prescribed forest fires during the campaign. No significant differences in the composition of smoke from these two sources were identified in this study. Despite the hazard reduction burning events causing worse peak pollution levels, we find that the overall exposure to air toxins was greater from domestic wood-heaters due to their higher frequency and total duration. Our results suggest that policy-makers should place a greater focus on reducing wood-smoke pollution in Sydney and on communicating the issue to the public.

Diurnal patterns of N-nitrosodimethylamine and formaldehyde behaviors in different seasons in surface water influenced by effluent from sewage treatment plants

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and formaldehyde (FAH) are probable carcinogenic disinfection by-products and have been found to occur in areas of the Yodo River basin that are influenced by treated wastewater. The diurnal patterns of them were examined with water samples collected over 4 years in different seasons at five outlets of four sewage treatment plants (STPs), seven main stream sites, and five tributary sites in the basin. Based on mass flux calculations, STPs were shown to be the main sources of the downstream for NDMA and FAH loads in the study area. Moreover, results revealed that photo degradable NDMA and non-photo degradable FAH showed different fates during the river transportation. For NDMA, in addition to direct photolysis, water temperature was identified as an important factor in NDMA attenuation in surface waters. NDMA attenuated significantly in the daytime and even during summer nights but persisted during winter nights, while attenuation of FAH was found to mainly be influenced by water temperature, and persisted during winter. Their behaviors were compared in an artificial river channel and whole study area, clearly demonstrating the importance of monitoring them in the water environment during periods of low UV intensity and water temperature, especially winter nights.

Opposite effects of winter day and night temperature changes on early phenophases.

Changes in day (maximum temperature, TMAX ) and night temperature (minimum temperature, TMIN ) in the preseason (e.g., winter and spring) may have opposite effects on early phenophases (e.g., leafing and flowering) due to changing requirements of chilling accumulations (CAC) and heating accumulations (HAC), which could cause advance, delay or no change in early phenophases. However, their relative effects on phenology are largely unexplored, especially on the Tibetan Plateau. Here, observations were performed using a warming and cooling experiment insitu through reciprocal transplantation (2008-2010) on the Tibetan Plateau. We found that winter minimum temperature (TMIN ) warming significantly delayed mean early phenophases by 8.60 d/°C, but winter maximum temperature (TMAX ) warming advanced them by 12.06 d/°C across six common species. Thus, winter mean temperature warming resulted in a net advance of 3.46 d/°C in early phenophases. In contrast, winter TMIN cooling, on average, significantly advanced early phenophases by 5.12 d/°C, but winter TMAX cooling delayed them by 7.40 d/°C across six common species, resulting in a net delay of 2.28 d/°C for winter mean temperature cooling. The opposing effects of TMAX and TMIN warming on the early phenophases may be mainly caused by decreased CAC due to TMIN warming (5.29 times greater than TMAX ) and increased HAC due to TMAX warming (3.25 times greater than TMIN ), and similar processes apply to TMAX and TMIN cooling. Therefore, our study provides another insight into why some plant phenophases remain unchanged or delayed under climate change.

Fate and removal of antimony in response to stringent control activities after a mine tailing spill

When tailing spill accidents occur, the risk of contamination by antimony (Sb) tailings into adjacent rivers, sediments, aquifers and soil environments is high. The Sb concentrations in water and sediment under different stringent control activities were investigated for 60 days in the Jialing River basin after a tailing spill accident. Both reservoir regulation and the construction of a temporary dam with coagulation dosing remarkably reduced the Sb levels in the river water. The increase in dissolved Sb caused by the spill was reduced from ~400 μg/L in the inflow to ~200 μg/L in the outflow by reservoir regulation. Moreover, reservoir regulation led to a high concentration of Sb in the reservoir sediment, which was difficult to remove and may cause subsequent unpredictable long-term ecological and health risks. In contrast, the Sb-enriched deposition inside the temporary dam was convenient to remove. Notably, temperature alternations between day and night in winter resulted in a large fluctuation in coagulation efficiency, which may cause the failure of stringent control projects. The results of this study suggest potential improvements to stringent control activities after mine tailing accidents to mitigate environmental impacts and prevent secondary risks.

CFD analysis of greenhouse heating using flue gas and hot water heat sink pipe networks

In this study, CFD analysis has been conducted and compared with already developed heat transfer model (HTM) to predict the heating load generated by (i) flue gas heat sink pipe network (FGHSPN) handling flue gas at 350 °C and (ii) hot water heat sink pipe network (HWHSPN) receiving hot water at 65 °C for accurately computing the heating requirements in order to determine the effect of each system on the greenhouse temperature rise. The heat was generated using innovatively designed forced draft paddy straw bale combustor (FDPSBC) through combustion of paddy straw biomass bales in single operation of FDPSBC which was coupled with a 100 m2 area greenhouse. The results of both CFD and HTM have been compared with the experimental results performed during winter night in Ludhiana city (30.56°N latitude, India). The heat released through radiation and free convection was computed through two methods viz; an unstructured mesh with 509,153 elements was used for simulation using CFD. The simulation was 3D pressure-based, transient analysis with activated energy, laminar viscous and surface to surface radiation models without taking into account the effect of incident solar radiation. Simulated results show that the total heat transfer by radiation and convection mode was 8.70 kW and 4.68 kW (total 13.38 kW) respectively resulting in steady-state greenhouse temperature rise of 10.35 °C above the ambient air. The CFD simulated results match with heat transfer model results of 12.98 kW (RMSE of 1.5%) and also comparable with experimentally observed temperature profile inside the greenhouse with RMSE of 1% which show the utility of CFD to study greenhouse microclimatic parameters and predict the heating load requirements without using complicated heat transfer equations and mathematical solutions.

John Locke: the Philosopher as Christian Virtuoso by Victoro Nuovo

Reviewed by: John Locke: the Philosopher as Christian Virtuoso by Victoro Nuovo Benjamin Storey NUOVO, Victor. John Locke: the Philosopher as Christian Virtuoso. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2017. 263 pp. Cloth, $74.00 In his latest book, Victor Nuovo, editor of the Clarendon Edition of the Works of John Locke, argues that Locke should be understood as a "Christian virtuoso." Nuovo uses that term to designate a group of seventeenth-century philosophers who practiced an empirical science based on naturalistic principles derived from pagan thinkers, while also earnestly professing Christianity. The virtuosi were concerned for Christianity's fate in their time and sought to reconcile their competing scientific and religious commitments. Nuovo's distinctive, well-documented reading of Locke deserves the attention of all who wish to understand Locke's thought in its original context. [End Page 801] Nuovo describes Christian virtuosity as arising in response to a seventeenth-century "crisis of atheism," a crisis created by the newfound prominence of "Democritean naturalism and its Epicurean successor." He places Locke in a tradition of Christian virtuosi whose "prototype" was Francis Bacon and whose "archetype" was Locke's friend and mentor, Robert Boyle. Boyle coined the term in an unfinished work, The Christian Virtuoso, which Nuovo argues Locke read in manuscript in 1681. Like Locke and Boyle, many of the virtuosi were members of the Royal Society and sought to advance naturalistic inquiry rooted in Democritean atomism, while showing that science to be compatible with Christianity. Doing so was a tricky business, and Nuovo describes the virtuosi as haunted by the shadow of atheism, which they "could not escape, for it was their very own." Nuovo traces the impetus for Locke's magnum opus, the Essay concerning Human Understanding, to a meeting of virtuosi on a winter night in 1671. The friends were brooding over the question of how to preserve "the principles of morality and revealed religion" in the face of the crisis of atheism in which they were embroiled. Nuovo conjectures that their conversation may have been rendered particularly acute by the publication of Spinoza's Theological-Political Treatise in 1670, for Spinoza "reduced the whole of reality to a single substance, which he called God but equated with nature," and described revelation as "as an all-too human invention devised for reasons of political expedience." In his Essay, Locke responded to the problem this overweening naturalism presented by reconceiving the structure of human knowledge itself, and thereby creating a new logic to rival that of Aristotle. Nuovo argues that Locke's investigations led him to conclude that "Morality is the proper Science, and Business of Mankind in General" and to "deny the possibility of a science of nature." The self-aware "philosopher of nature," Locke held, should regard himself as "pilgrim," whose basic concerns are religious and moral, and whose scientific inquiries reflect only "a modest curiosity" about this passing world, along with a charitable interest in the advantages human beings might derive from understanding nature's causal mechanisms. Although Locke elevated morality to the status of mankind's proper science and business, he never produced a systematic treatment of ethics. Nuovo argues, however, that he did in fact possess such a moral theory, which he developed by following in the tradition of "the great hedonist moralists, in particular Epicurus." Reconstructing this moral theory mostly from the Essay and Locke's Some Thoughts concerning Education, Nuovo describes it as "a scheme of pagan ethics" with "Christian and biblical interjections" inserted here and there. Nuovo concludes his account of Locke's work with a reading of The Reasonableness of Christianity and the Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul, which he argues should "count as major works of Biblical theology." Locke's project in these works was to enlarge "the scope of reason" to include "authenticating and interpreting revelation." In the [End Page 802] Reasonableness of Christianity, Locke found in the gospels "a moral truth suited for all sorts and conditions of men, surpassing in its cogency and efficacy all the discoveries of philosophy." In the Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul, Locke argued for the coherence of Paul's teaching beneath his "exuberance and abundant expression." In both...

The Sacroiliac Joint in 2019

The Sacroiliac Joint in 2019

復温時のショックにリオチロニンナトリウム（L–T3）が奏効した粘液水腫性昏睡の1例(Myxedema coma with shock during rewarming period managed effectively with liothyronine sodium: a case report)

要旨粘液水腫性昏睡は緊急度が高い救急内分泌疾患である。低体温症の合併頻度が高いにもかかわらず，復温方法には一定の見解が得られておらず，また，ホルモン治療には議論の余地が残されている。60歳代の女性が，寒い冬の夜に低体温症を来し，当センターへ救急搬送となった。来院時は，心拍数51/分，血圧125/80mmHg，呼吸数15/分，Glasgow coma scale E3V4M5，体温30.4℃であった。血液検査で遊離トリヨードサイロニン（FT3）と遊離サイロキシン（FT4）が低下しCO2ナルコーシスを伴っていたため，甲状腺機能低下症および粘液水腫性昏睡と診断した。中心静脈留置型経皮的体温調節装置システムを用いて復温したところショックへと状態が悪化し，人工呼吸管理や心血管作動薬の調節を必要とした。搬入5時間後，および7時間半後にレボチロキシンナトリウム（L–T4）を2度にわたり経管投与したが効果に乏しく，搬入19時間後にリオチロニンナトリウム（L–T3）を投与したところ循環動態が改善した。第10病日まで心血管作動薬の継続が必要であったが，第26病日に人工呼吸器から離脱できた。ホルモンの内服調節などを行い，第54病日に自宅退院した。迅速にL–T3が利用でき，先行投与または復温と同時投与できれば，ショックを避け得る，もしくは軽減でき得る可能性が，本症例経験より示唆された。

Movable Thermal Screen For Saving Energy Inside The Greenhouse

In this work, a movable thermal screens was designed and examined for the purpose of decreasing greenhouse heating loss in Baghdad during winter nights. Three types of automatic movable thermal screens were tested to decrease the heat loss inside a greenhouse. The transparent cover area was 29.2 with 4 mm glass cover thickness. The mathematical model was formulated in four parts which are the inside air, transparent cover, soil surface, and subsoil layer. The results of the thermal curtains showed that the average temperature of the inside air during the night for the polyethylene, polypropylene, and bubble films was 8.1 ̊C, 10.3 ̊C, and 12.5 ̊C respectively and greenhouse without screens was 5.9 ̊C. These results showed that the bubble film was more effective in a saving energy than polypropylene and polyethylene films. Good agreement was obtained between the mathematical model and the measured values (with relative root mean square errors below 5%). It was shown that the suggested different types of movable thermal curtains were powerful in decreasing heating losses, which is reached about 21.7 % compared with a greenhouse without curtains.