Winter Triticale Research Articles

Growth and yield responses of spring and winter triticale cultivated under Mediterranean conditions

Eight hexaploid triticale genotypes, five of spring and three of winter growth habit were used to study biomass production, contribution of the pre-anthesis assimilates to the grain yield, and their relationship to grain yield. Genetic effects for biomass production were found at anthesis but not at maturity. Growth-habit explained most of the detected differences for biomass production: winter triticale had around 15% higher dry matter than spring triticale at anthesis. However, the higher accumulated thermal time from sowing to anthesis could explain the observed differences, since the correlation coefficient between both variables was 0.78 ( P<0.001, n=24). Dry matter translocation (DMT) was 30% higher for winter than for spring triticales, representing a contribution to the grain yield of 60.9% for winter genotypes and 42.0% for spring ones. However, grains were 26.8% heavier in spring than in winter triticales, and, finally, spring triticales yielded around 21% more than winter types. For spring genotypes, crop dry weight at anthesis was positively related to yield, whereas for winter triticales the relationship for these two variables was negative. Highest values of triticale grain yield were reached when time from sowing to anthesis was comprised, approximately, between 1350 and 1420 growing degree-days (GDD), decreasing before and after this interval. Thus, time to anthesis for spring triticales were included into the optimum interval, which permitted to reach higher grain yield. We could conclude that spring triticales are much more adapted than winter triticales for grain production under Mediterranean conditions.

Changes in the germinability and vigour of winter triticale seeds with sprouting damage

Changes in the germinability and vigour of seeds with sprouting damage obtained after induced sprouting under laboratory conditions were investigated in winter triticale cultivars: Bogo,Moreno, Vero, in the years 1998&amp;ndash;2000. The seeds were tested directly after harvest, at the optimal time for sowing winter triticale and after accelerated ageing test. Average germinability evaluated directly after induced sprouting and at the optimal time for sowing winter triticale ranged from 78.0% to 92.7% and from 70.3% to 81.0%, respectively. Similar results were obtained for the length of the first leaf and the length of the longest root. The estimated components of variance showed that the year variation and interaction of years with seed sprouting damage made the greatest percentage (to 49.2% and to 31.8%, respectively) of the total variation. After accelerated ageing a&amp;nbsp;significant decrease in germinability and vigour of seeds was observed. That decrease was in proportion to sprouting damage which accounted for 57.6% of the total variation. These results point to poor storability of seeds with sprouting damage.

The influence of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and combustion quality of whole grain crops for solid fuel use

Whole grain crops can be suitable for the production of solid biofuels because they have a high biomass yield and can be harvested with a low water concentration. The concentrations of water, ash, nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl) and potassium (K) in solid biofuels should be as low as possible and calcium (Ca) concentrations high to avoid technical problems and environmentally harmful emissions during the combustion process. Since N fertilization can negatively influence the combustion quality of biomass, a conflict between yield and quality aims can arise. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the dosage of N fertilization on the yield and quality of the whole crop biomass of triticale, rye and wheat. In 1996 and 1997, field trials with winter triticale, winter rye and winter wheat were conducted at three locations in South-West Germany. N fertilizer doses were varied from 0 to 70 and 140 kg N ha −1 a −1. All N doses were applied between March and May. The whole crop biomass was harvested. The water concentrations and concentrations of ash, N, K, Cl and Ca in straw and grain were measured. A dose of 70 kg N significantly increased the yield of all cereal species, but yield increases at 140 kg N were not always significant when compared with 70 kg N. At 70 kg N the energy yields reached 137–249 GJ ha −1, for wheat, 142–263 GJ ha −1 for rye and 182–250 GJ ha −1 for triticale. The water concentration of the biomass, mainly of the straw, was significantly increased by N fertilization when the harvest was performed early at comparatively high water concentrations. For all cereal species a significant increase of N concentrations, especially in the grain, was measured at increased N fertilizer levels. The K concentrations of the straw and the Ca concentrations of straw and grain of all cereal species were also increased by N fertilization. N fertilization had little or no effect on the ash and Cl concentrations, which slightly decreased with increased N fertilization. N fertilization can, therefore, be used as a tool to influence the concentrations of N and K in the biomass. When combining yield and quality aims, 70–100 kg ha −1 a −1 N fertilizer was the best dosage for the whole grain crops at the southwestern German locations tested here.

Registration of ‘NE422T’ Winter Triticale

Crop ScienceVolume 43, Issue 1 p. 434-435 Registrations Of Cultivar Registration of ‘NE422T’ Winter Triticale P.S. Baenziger, Corresponding Author P.S. Baenziger Pbaenziger1@unl.edu Dep. of Agronomy and HorticultureCorresponding author (Pbaenziger1@unl.edu)Search for more papers by this authorK.P. Vogel, K.P. Vogel USDA-ARS and Dep. of Agronomy and Horticulture, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0915Search for more papers by this author P.S. Baenziger, Corresponding Author P.S. Baenziger Pbaenziger1@unl.edu Dep. of Agronomy and HorticultureCorresponding author (Pbaenziger1@unl.edu)Search for more papers by this authorK.P. Vogel, K.P. Vogel USDA-ARS and Dep. of Agronomy and Horticulture, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0915Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2003 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2003.4340Citations: 3 Cooperative investigations of the Nebraska Agric. Res. Div., Univ. of Nebraska, and USDA-ARS. Contribution no. 13646 from the Nebraska Agric. Res. Div. Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume43, Issue1January–February 2003Pages 434-435 RelatedInformation

Registration of ‘NE422T’ Winter Triticale

Registration of ‘NE422T’ Winter Triticale

Variability of field emergence of winter triticale seeds with sprouting damage

Field emergence of winter triticale seeds with sprouting damage, cv. Bogo, Moreno and Vero, differing in their tendency to sprout, was investigated in two-factor, split-plot field experiments in the years 1998-2000. Fieldemergence determined on the 21 s t day after seeding ranged from 33.9 % to 80.8 %. The lowest field emergence values and germination rates, established on the basis of Maguire's coefficient, were noted for seeds with the greatest sprouting damage, which during the induced sprouting developed a shoot and three roots. A significant interaction between the degrees of sprouting damage and the cultivars, and a significant effect of sprouting damage on field emergence were found. Considering the estimated components of variance, the greatest influence on field emergence was exerted by sprouting damage, which accounted for 66.0 % - 87.3 % of the total variation.

Patterns of grain filling of spring and winter hexaploid triticales

Eight hexaploid triticale genotypes, five of spring and three of winter growth habit were used to study the genetic variability of grain filling characteristics and their relationship with grain yield. Four trials were carried out under rainfed and irrigated conditions in Northeast Spain. Grain dry weight data was fitted to a logistic curve. Genetic variability existed for the length of the period from sowing to anthesis, maximum grain filling rate and maximum grain weight. Most of this variation was associated to the growth-habit of the genotypes. Winter triticales required 11% more thermal-time from sowing to anthesis, and had a maximum grain weight, which was 25% lower than that of spring genotypes. The maximum grain filling rate was 40% higher in spring than in winter triticales. Grain filling duration was mainly controlled by environmental conditions, and was not correlated with grain yield. A negative phenotypic correlation was detected between grain filling duration and maximum grain filling rate ( r p=−0.41, P<0.05), and a positive correlation between maximum grain weight and maximum grain filling rate ( r p=0.77, P<0.001). Spring genotypes yielded around 21% more than winter types, probably because they escaped from terminal water stress. Grain yield was strongly correlated phenotypically and genetically to the maximum grain weight ( r p=0.87, r g=0.92, P<0.001) and maximum grain filling rate ( r p=0.78, P<0.001; r g=0.79, P<0.05). Short duration from sowing to anthesis, high grain filling rate and high maximum grain weight seem to be major traits to optimise triticale grain yield under Mediterranean conditions.

Effect of physical, physiological and genetic factors on callus induction, differentiation and regeneration of winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm.)

Callus was initiated from immature embryos of winter hexaploid triticale cultivars Bogo, Moniko, Moreno, Newcale, Salvo and Vero. Salvo was used in its original version (cytoplasm Triticum aestivum) and as alloplasmic (fertile) inbred line (B11) with Triticum timopheevi cytoplasm (SalvoTt). The MS induction medium was supplemented with 4 mg/cm3 of dicamba. Regeneration was performed on hormone free MS medium. In this study, the influence of genotype, embryo size and cold treatment during the induction phase on the culture efficiency were determined. Calli fresh weight, their differentiation pattern and plant regeneration rate were evaluated. On average from 3 to 14 plants per plated embryo were obtained. Genotype, embryo size and their interaction significantly influenced the culture parameters while the treatment of 5 °C (10 days) applied after 4 weeks of induction made no effect. Salvo and SalvoTt responded at the highest rate to the culture conditions, however T. timopheevi cytoplasm influenced negatively the regeneration rate. Embiyo at late globular or early scutellar stage produced calli with the highest regeneration potential.

Grazing impacts on litter and roots: Perennial versus annual grasses

Soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage in grasslands is a function of litter and root mass production. Research on how annual grasses compare with perennials for above ground and below ground mass production, and contributions to the soil C pool under pasture management is scarce. The objective of this research was to evaluate grazing intensity effects on litter and root mass, C and N pools of perennial grasses, smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) and meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rhem.), and the annual grass, winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack). Litter mass and C pool for the perennial grasses were greater than those for triticale. Litter C and N pools generally decreased with increased grazing intensity. Root mass was greater for the perennial grasses than for triticale at all grazing intensities. Meadow bromegrass generally produced more root mass than smooth bromegrass. Root C and N pools for triticale were 31 and 27%, respectively, of that for the perennial grasses. Estimated total C contribution (roots and litter) to the resistant soil organic C pool was 1.5 times greater for light compared to heavy grazing. Total C (litter + root) contribution for perennial grasses was 2.7 times greater than that for triticale. Perennial grasses provided a larger litter base and root system that promote greater storage of C in the soil compared with triticale.

Diversity of seven glutenin and secalin loci within triticale cultivars grown in Europe

Analysis by SDS-PAGE of the majority of hexapoid triticales (× Triticosecale) (134 cultivars) grown in Europe allowed to identify 40 alleles at seven loci: Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-R1, Gli-R2, Glu-B2, Glu-A3 and Glu-B3. Glu-B1 and Glu-B3 loci were the most polymorphic with 9 alleles at each locus. 95 allelic combinations were observed including 71 specific for one cultivar each. On the basis of allelic frequencies at the seven loci, genetic distances between hexapoid triticales grouped according to their origins revealed two clusters: winter triticales mostly originating from European germplasm and spring triticales essentially of CIMMYT origin. Comparison of allele frequencies between hexaploid triticale cultivars and a world collection of bread (Triticum aestivum) and durum (Triticum durum) wheat was investigated at Glu-A1 and Glu-B1: only a significant association was found for Glu-A1 alleles (γ2=2.26, p=0.36) between triticale and bread wheat.

Grazing Impacts on Litter and Roots: Perennial versus Annual Grasses

Soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage in grasslands is a function of litter and root mass production. Research on how annual grasses compare with perennials for above ground and below ground mass production, and contributions to the soil C pool under pasture management is scarce. The objective of this research was to evaluate grazing intensity effects on litter and root mass, C and N pools of perennial grasses, smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) and meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rhem.), and the annual grass, winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack). Litter mass and C pool for the perennial grasses were greater than those for triticale. Litter C and N pools generally decreased with increased grazing intensity. Root mass was greater for the perennial grasses than for triticale at all grazing intensities. Meadow bromegrass generally produced more root mass than smooth bromegrass. Root C and N pools for triticale were 31 and 27%, respectively, of that for the perennial grasses. Estimated total C contribution (roots and litter) to the resistant soil organic C pool was 1.5 times greater for light compared to heavy grazing. Total C (litter + root) contribution for perennial grasses was 2.7 times greater than that for triticale. Perennial grasses provided a larger litter base and root system that promote greater storage of C in the soil compared with triticale. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v55i1_mapfumo

Grazing Impacts on Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus under Parkland Pastures

Because intensive grazing is new to the humid western Canadian parkland (prairies), there is little information available about its effects on soil N and P status. This study addressed the question of grazing intensity and pasture species effects on soil macronutrient status in a Typic Haplustoll at Lacombe, Alberta. Paddocks of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rhem.), and winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack.), replicated 4 times, were subjected to 3 grazing intensities (heavy, medium, and light as defined by frequency and severity of defoliation) using yearling beef heifers. Nitrogen (N), P and K fertilisers were broadcast annually at 100, 22 and 42 kg ha(-1) during production years. The experiment was maintained on the same paddocks for 4 years. In the establishment year and in the third and fourth production years, soil samples were taken randomly from each paddock to a depth of 60 cm. Concentrations of nitrate-N (NO3-N), ammonium-N (NH4-N), mineral-N (the sum of NO3-N and NH4-N), total Kjeldahl-N, and extractable-P were determined in the 0-15, 15-30, 30-60, and 0-60-cm depths. Nitrate-N concentration was (1.7 to 2.4 times) greater for heavy than light grazed treatments for each soil depth increment and the amount of NO3-N in the 0-60 cm depth was 2.2 times greater than light paddocks. More NO3-N was measured under perennials than triticale (22.2 vs 13.6 mg kg(-1), respectively) at the 30-60-cm depth. Ammonium-N amount (0-60 cm) was greater in meadow bromegrass (30 kg ha(-1)) than in triticale (25 kg ha(-1)), but not smooth bromegrass paddocks for the 0-15-cm depth. Extractable-P concentration was greater in the 0-15-cm depth of heavy (154 mg kg(-1)) than in medium (138 mg kg(-1)) or light-grazed (127 mg kg(-1)) paddocks and was higher under meadow bromegrass than under triticale. Given the large amounts of NO3-N in the heavy paddocks, there is potential for loss through both leaching and denitrification. Differences among treatments for NH4-N, and P concentrations are not of particular concern environmentally, but are important from a fertility management point of view. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v54i6_baron

The impact of sowing density of small grains on rill and ephemeral gully erosion in concentrated flow zones

Despite the fact that soil erosion by water causes considerable on-site and off-site problems, farmers in Europe are reluctant to adopt prevention and control measures when such measures require additional labour and material inputs. This paper documents the impact of multiple sowing of small grains on concentrated flow erosion rates and grain production for a winter triticale field ( X Triticosecale Wittmack ex. A. Camus) in the Belgian loess belt. Multiple sowing refers to drilling more than once in zones of concentrated flow erosion in order to increase the total root mass in this zone. Multiple sowing strongly altered the morphology of erosion channels and reduced soil loss significantly. Statistical analysis confirmed that differences in channel dimensions could be explained by the seedling density. Doubling the root mass in the topsoil by multiple sowing, resulted on average in a reduction of soil loss by 42% for the whole growing season. For the winter period, soil loss reduction, mainly attributed to the triticale roots, amounted even to 53%, showing the tremendous impact of seedling roots on soil erosion by concentrated overland flow in the early stages of vegetation growth. Furthermore, total grain yield in the multiple drilled zones was not significantly smaller compared to the conventionally drilled parts of the field. Grain size of cereals was slightly smaller. The results of this case study indicate that double sowing in concentrated overland flow zones may be a viable soil erosion control technique.

Assessing genotypic variability for plant development in spring and winter triticale

Assessing genotypic variability for plant development in spring and winter triticale

Heterosis for yield and other agronomic traits of winter triticale F1 and F2 hybrids

AbstractTriticale is generally treated as a self‐pollinating crop and line breeding is practised. Hybrid breeding has been discussed for some time, but there is little information for winter triticale. This study investigated heterosis for eight agronomic traits in F1 and F2 hybrids grown together with their parents as drilled plots in three environments. On average, grain yield heterosis was 12.5 dt/ha (a relative 10.5%) compared with the mid‐parent value for F1 hybrids, and 6.2 dt/ha (5.0%) for F2 hybrids and withawide range of 4.4–17.1 dt/ha for F1 hybrids. A positive contribution to the heterosis of yield was made by kernels/spike and 1000‐kernel weight, whereas spikes/m2 showed negative heterosis. Hybrid plants in F1 and F2 were taller than mid‐parents (8.3 cm and 5.3 cm, respectively), with a tendency to earlier heading. The negative heterosis for falling number in F1 and F2 hybrids could be a problem for commercial production of triticale hybrids. By selecting parents for combining ability and the identification of heterotic patterns, grain yield heterosis of 20% appears feasible.

Grazing impacts on soil nitrogen and phosphorus under Parkland pastures

Because intensive grazing is new to the humid western Canadian parkland (prairies), there is little information available about its effects on soil N and P status. This study addressed the question of grazing intensity and pasture species effects on soil macronutrient status in a Typic Haplustoll at Lacombe, Alberta. Paddocks of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rhem.), and winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack.), replicated 4 times, were subjected to 3 grazing intensities (heavy, medium, and light as defined by frequency and severity of defoliation) using yearling beef heifers. Nitrogen (N), P and K fertilisers were broadcast annually at 100, 22 and 42 kg ha(-1) during production years. The experiment was maintained on the same paddocks for 4 years. In the establishment year and in the third and fourth production years, soil samples were taken randomly from each paddock to a depth of 60 cm. Concentrations of nitrate-N (NO3-N), ammonium-N (NH4-N), mineral-N (the sum of NO3-N and NH4-N), total Kjeldahl-N, and extractable-P were determined in the 0-15, 15-30, 30-60, and 0-60-cm depths. Nitrate-N concentration was (1.7 to 2.4 times) greater for heavy than light grazed treatments for each soil depth increment and the amount of NO3-N in the 0-60 cm depth was 2.2 times greater than light paddocks. More NO3-N was measured under perennials than triticale (22.2 vs 13.6 mg kg(-1), respectively) at the 30-60-cm depth. Ammonium-N amount (0-60 cm) was greater in meadow bromegrass (30 kg ha(-1)) than in triticale (25 kg ha(-1)), but not smooth bromegrass paddocks for the 0-15-cm depth. Extractable-P concentration was greater in the 0-15-cm depth of heavy (154 mg kg(-1)) than in medium (138 mg kg(-1)) or light-grazed (127 mg kg(-1)) paddocks and was higher under meadow bromegrass than under triticale. Given the large amounts of NO3-N in the heavy paddocks, there is potential for loss through both leaching and denitrification. Differences among treatments for NH4-N, and P concentrations are not of particular concern environmentally, but are important from a fertility management point of view.

秋播ライコムギの窒素施肥反応 : コムギ、ライムギとの比較

秋播ライコムギの窒素施肥反応 : コムギ、ライムギとの比較

Moniliformin Accumulation in Kernels of Triticale Accessions Inoculated with Fusarium avenaceum, in Poland

Twelve Polish winter triticale cultivars and 14 doubled haploid lines (DH) (derived from the cv. Lasko × line SZD 366 hybrids) were inoculated with Fusarium avenaceum isolate ATCC 64451, mycotoxin moniliformin (MON) producer to evaluate their susceptibility to Fusarium head blight (FHB). Chemical analysis revealed MON accumulation in kernels of all inoculated cultivars in three consecutive years with the following averages and ranges: 1.50 mg/kg (0.47–2.67 mg/kg) in 1996, 2.63 mg/kg (0.11–8.14 mg/kg) in 1997 and 0.25 mg/kg (0.07–0.47 mg/kg) in 1998. Cultivar Malno kernels accumulated a low level of MON in all 3 years of the experiment. In most of the genotypes examined the reaction to the pathogen and MON content changed significantly from season to season. DH lines accumulated on average 2.62 and 0.85 mg/kg of MON in 1997 and 1998, respectively. Yield parameter reductions (1000 kernel weight, kernel number per head and kernel weight per head) were higher in 1997 than in 1998. The correlation coefficient for MON content/Fusarium damaged kernels percentage was 0.539 in cultivars and 0.548 in the DH lines. This is the first report of FHB of a segregating population in triticale.

Investigation of seed storage protein and bread-making quality of triticale

The subunit composition of reduced prolamin fractions of winter triticale cultivars of different pedigrees was investigated by means of SDS-PAGE. A comparative analysis of the electrophoregram patterns of triticale cultivars and those of wheat and rye revealed that each cultivar had a unique pattern. Both the glutenin subunits of wheat and the secalin units of rye could be found in triticale cultivars. Whole-grain flour of triticale and wheat was used in baking experiments. The HMW glutenin subunit composition and baking quality of triticale cultivars were in the predicted correlation. Flour from the triticale cultivars could be used in breadmaking by mixing it with up to 30% wheat flour.

Competitive Ability in Mixtures of Small Grain Cereals

Morphological and physiological differences in competitive ability among species and genotypes can affect the growth, development, and subsequent composition and value of feedstuffs produced from small grain cereal mixtures. Our objective was determine the final grain yields of the components of mixtures and compare these yields with those expected based on the yields of the monocrops. Three field studies were conducted to evaluate the productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), triticale (× Triticosecale rimpaui Wittm.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) grown as monocrops and mixtures. Seeding rates ranging from 250 seeds m−2 to 750 seeds m−2 were evaluated to determine their effect on competitive ability of genotypes and species of small grains. Differences in competitive ability were found. The semi‐dwarf barley ‘Kasota’ was less competitive than the standard‐height ‘AC Lacombe’ and ‘Seebe’. ‘Noble’ barley was more competitive than ‘AC Mustang’ oat or ‘Wapiti’ triticale. ‘Prima’ winter rye was more competitive than ‘Pika’ winter triticale. Relative grain yields were generally not different than 1.0 g g−1, but when significantly different they were usually higher than one, indicating that the yields of those mixtures were better than expected based on yields when the cultivars were grown as pure stands. Seeding rates had little effect on competitive ability. The specific factors that lead to better than expected grain yields of mixtures and to good competitive ability of cultivars and species are difficult to predict and must be evaluated on a case‐by‐case basis.