Yield Of Winter Rye Research Articles

The phenology of winter rye in Poland: an analysis of long-term experimental data

The study of the phenology of crops, although quite popular, has limitations, mainly because of frequent changes to crop varieties and management practices. Here, we present data on the phenology and yield of winter rye in western Poland collected between 1957 and 2012 from a long-term field experiment. Data were examined for trends through time and compared to climatological factors using regression analysis. Both annual air temperature and precipitation increased during the study period, equivalent to 2 °C and 186 mm, respectively, over the 52-year period for which met data were available. We detected significant delays in sowing date and recently in emergence, but significant advances were apparent in full flowering date equivalent to 4 days/decade. Yield and plant density experienced a step like change in 1986; yield increasing by ca. 70 % and plant density increasing by ca. 50 %, almost coinciding with a similar change in annual mean temperature, but most likely caused by a changed seed rate and use of herbicides. Future climate change is expected to have a greater impact on this crop, but farmers may be able to adapt to these changes by modifying water regimes, using new machinery and sowing new rye varieties.

Analyzing the impact of agrometeorological factors on winter rye yield in the Central Non-Black Soil zone

Agrometeorological conditions in Central Non-Black Soil zone and their impact on winter rye yield in the trial area and under production conditions are determined using the methods of the correlation, regression, and factor analysis. According to the obtained data, the temperature factor has the greatest impact on yield whereas the moisture regime is the secondary factor. The intensification of anthropogenic impact on winter rye agrocenosis causes the significant reduction of the impact of adverse agrometeorological factors on winter rye yield. There is the potential for increasing crop yield by weakening the negative effects of agrometeorological factors and using heat and moisture resources rationally.

Estimation of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) susceptibility to infection by powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis F. sp. secalis)

In cold and wet years, powdery mildew (<em>Blumeria graminis</em>) causes losses in the yield of winter rye (<em>Secale cerale</em> L.) amounting to 20%. In order to control the incidence of this disease and reduce the use of fungicides, it is recommendable to grow winter rye cultivars that are resistant or tolerant to infection by <em>Blumeria</em> <em>graminis</em>. The first step in the programmes of resistance-oriented cultivation of winter rye is the choice of adequate components for crossing. Such components should be characterized by resistance to powdery mildew infection, a trait which would be passed onto the new genotypes to be obtained. The paper discusses the outcome of research aimed at selecting inbred lines of winter rye distinguishable by the lowest susceptibility to infection by <em>Blumeria graminis</em>. The evaluation covered 233 winter rye genotypes which had been inoculated with a field population of the pathogen mentioned. The level of infection was defined in a five-point scale from 0 to 4 (the authors’ own scale). Next, the results were analyzed statistically. The genotypes under study were divided using Duncan’s test into homogeneous groups. Seven such groups were distinguished. The first homogeneous group, of the lowest level of infection, comprised five inbred lines of rye. These lines can serve as components for crossing experiments in programmes of resistance-oriented breeding.

Impact of genotype, harvest time and chemical composition on the methane yield of winter rye for biogas production

Abstract Rye ( Secale cereale L.) is an ideal crop for the agricultural biogas production in regions with less fertile and sandy soils. Maximum methane yield per hectare is the main aim of the farmer. Objectives were to establish differences by the Hohenheim Biogas Test among (1) 25 genotypes (experiment 1) and (2) three harvest dates (early heading, early and late milk ripening) and three plant fractions (ears, leaves and stems, stubbles) for four genotypes including an analysis of their nutrient composition (experiment 2). Significant ( P −1 and 840 m 3 ha -1 respectively, combined with moderate to high heritabilities (0.71–0.98). Both traits were highly correlated ( r = 0.95, P −1 . Accordingly, methane yield was reaching a mean of 4424 m 3 ha -1 and a maximum of 4812 m 3 ha -1 . No correlations between content of crude nutrients or cell-wall fractions and specific gas or methane yield were evident neither for the plant fractions nor for the whole plant. In conclusion, harvesting at late milk ripening was clearly superior in dry matter and methane yields although specific methane yield was higher at early heading. A selection for maximum dry matter yield in rye breeding should indirectly improve also methane yield.

Yield and arbuscular mycorrhiza of winter rye in a 40-year fertilisation trial

The impact of different fertilisation treatments on soil organic matter, available soil nutrients, mycorrhizal and root properties, as well as on the yield response of winter rye (Secale cereale) was studied in a long-term field trial in Austria under dry site conditions. Winter rye has been grown since 1906 in soils treated with easily soluble mineral fertiliser, farmyard manure, and in an unfertilised control. We found the soil organic matter to be 96% higher in the plots fertilised with farmyard manure compared with easily soluble mineral fertiliser. Available soil phosphorous and potassium contents were at least 136% higher in both fertilised treatments than in the unfertilised control. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation (+46%) of winter rye roots by indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, arbuscule frequency (+20%), and the length of the extraradical arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelium (+18%) were higher in the unfertilised control and reduced in the NPK treatment compared with the farmyard manure treatment. The average grain yield of winter rye from 1960 to 2000 increased in all treatments. This increase was higher in the fertilised treatments, +41% for farmyard manure and +60% for easily soluble mineral fertiliser, than in the unfertilised control. Two main effects presumably accounted for the continuously increasing average winter rye yield in all fertilisation treatments: (1) the use of modern winter rye varieties with a higher nutrient efficiency; and (2) an ongoing atmospheric nitrogen deposition. We conclude that the preferential application of farmyard manure, typical for low-input farming systems, resulted in increased levels of soil organic matter, arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation and arbuscule frequency, supporting soil fertility by an enhanced crop nutrient uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under dry site conditions, thus promoting crop yield stability and sustainable plant growth.

Productivity of winter rye in organic vs. Conventional cropping system

Rye is a cereal which is very much demanded at the market, for making a special kind of bread, but it is little grown in Serbia. The aim of this paper is to investigate possibilities of organic growing of winter rye, comparing with the conventional one, in agroecological conditions of Valjevo hilly region during 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 cropping seasons. The trial was set up in a village of Kotesica, on soil which had not been used for agriculture for 7 years. In organic cropping system three combinations of microbiological fertiliser baktofil with zeolite and hydrogel were used prior to sowing. Half of each plot was treated with foliar microbiological fertiliser Slavol during crop growing period. In conventional cropping system three variants with mineral fertilisers were included: NPK, NPK+zeolite, NPK+hydrogel. Results of the yield obtained in the experiment showed a significant difference between two seasons, 2008/2009 and 2009/2010. In comparison with the control, the treatments in an organic cropping system resulted with statistically insignificant differences for mean values in both years, while the mean in conventional cropping system has significantly higher yield of winter rye. Organic cropping system under conditions of Valjevo hilly region did not give significantly lower rye yield compared with the conventional one in a moderate growing season such was 2008/2009. The combination of soil microbiological fertiliser (Baktofil) with foliar fertiliser (Slavol) and zeolite gave the highest winter rye grain yield in all other treatments in the second year of investigation. In a very wet season (2009/2010) mineral fertiliser NPK showed an advantage, especially in combinations with zeolite, and this treatment can be recommended.

Studies of sensitivity of a dynamic model of grain crop productivity to soil-hydrophysical information

The relationship between a target function of a mathematical model of grain crop growth and development—yield—and variations in the soil and hydrophysical information expressed by variations in the soil water-retention function is considered. The function is approximated with a formula based on soil-hydrological constants. The soil profile in the model is represented by a three-layer structure. Each layer has its own agrohydrological characteristics: maximal hygroscopic moisture, wilting moisture, the least moisture capacity, and saturation moisture. The model AGROTOOL, identified from long-term data on field experiment at the Men’kovo experiment station of the Agrophysical Research Institute (the Leningrad region), is used to estimate the influence of variations in these sets on the barley and winter rye yield. It is demonstrated that the yield is most sensitive to variations in the least moisture capacity of the soil and has the least sensitivity to the change in the maximal hygroscopic moisture.

The new donors of dominant short-stern characteristic of Winter Rye (Secale cereale I.)

New donors of short-stem dominant characteristic Gnom 1 (G1), Gnom 2 (G2), Gnom 3 (G3) have been created to the purpose of further increasing the yield of Winter Rye and effective redistribution of assimilation products to the benefits of the grain. Genetic and Statistical analysis of 10 selective characteristics of these donors has been conducted and options to improve them were determined. Application of G1 in the prospective breeding programs G1 on 10 characteristics would not create considerable difficulties. Engagement in the crossing of G2 and G3 donors may create complications in the expression of- productivity characteristics of the ear and plants in the progenies. Crossing used in transgress and combinative breeding is preferable for applying. Application of G3 may be accompanied with technical inconvenience in perfor-ming directed crossing. Application of G3 attracts by the creating conditions for uniting desirable height of plant with the constitutionnal components of Winter Rye productivity.

Causal pathways when independent variables are co-related: new interpretational possibilities

We propose a novel interpretation in classical path analysis, whereby the influence of k independent variables on a dependent variable can be analyzed. The approach should be useful to study a causal structure with the assumption that this structure is true for the situation investigated. We propose a new coefficient, <i>Q<sub>i</sub></i>, which provides a better interpretation of classical path analysis. We provide an example in which effects of certain soil properties on grain yield of winter rye (<i>Secale cereale</i> L.) were examined.

THE GRAIN CROP YIELD IN DIFFERENT CROP ROTATION AND EFFICIENCY OF HERBICIDES AND FUNGICIDES TREATMENT

Complex field experiments were carried out in Agricultural research institute in 1969. The field trials included five different crop rotation systems. In each 6-field rotation system the specific percentage of cereals (%) varied from 50 to 100%, perennial grass (clover+ timothy) - 16.7 to 33.3%. The highest winter rye yields were obtained from crop rotation systems with cereal proportion up to 66%. Including buckwheat in the crop rotation winter rye cultivation is highly productive in crop rotation systems with cereal proportion even up to 83%. Yield of winter rye in long-term monocultural sowings decreases even up to 0.74h-1. Winter ryetreatment with herbicide Grodil increases its yield up to 0.40 ha'1. Foreplants of barley according to their good influence on barley yield (descending): buckwheat, oats, winter lye. Barley yield in long-term monocultural sowings decreases for up to 1.17 t ha-1.Oats in crop rotation systems with cereal proportion up to 83% had very low yield amount alterations after different foreplants. Essential oat yield decreasement was noticed in perennial monocultural sowings. The best foreplants for spring wheat are buckwheat and lupine. The highest yield of buckwheat is get from monocultural sowings, but using potatoes as buckwheat foreplant gives essential yield decreasement. Distribution of perennial weeds, especially quickgrass, is 7,4 times more in crop rotation systems with high cereal proportion than in systems where also buckwheat and potatoes are cultivated. Treatment of herbicides and fungicides is more effective in monocultural sowings than in crop rotational systems, however increasement of crop yield after pesticide treatment is less remarkable than if we follow right crop rotation and choose optimal foreplants for each culture. Latest results from years 2002 to 2004 are shown in this article and are considered to be an addition to previous publications.

가축분뇨의 종류, 시비량 및 시비시기가 호밀의 생육특성과 생산성에 미치는 영향

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of liquid manure source, application rate and time on the agronomic characteristics and forage yield of winter rye. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design. The treatments were : CFB150

Impact of weather on yield components of winter rye over 30 years

This study examines the relationships between atmospheric influences and grain yields as well as yield components: crop density (ears m −2), number of kernels per ear and kernel weight of winter rye. The study uses data of a long-term field experiment at Berlin-Dahlem for the period between 1962 and 1996. The crop density and kernel number of winter rye were positively influenced by warm and sunny weather in autumn. An early start of the growing season after winter was also important for the satisfactory development of these components. Moderate temperatures prior to the beginning of shooting prolonged the period of spikelet formation and led to an increased number of spikelets and finally to a high number of kernels per ear. The kernel weight was negatively influenced by high temperatures and drought during the ripening stage. This weather situation reduced the duration of the grain filling period and thus the kernel weight. The yield of winter rye increased continuously from the mid 1980s as a result of a higher crop density and kernel number. Probably this is a positive climate change effect. Particularly the higher temperatures in winter time and an earlier beginning of the growing season seem to be favourable in this context.

Downy brome (Bromus tectorum) control in winter wheat and winter rye

Field studies were conducted over 4 yr to identify herbicides for selective control of downy brome in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter rye (Secale cereale L.). Cinmethylin, diclofop, and napropamide did not control downy brome in any year. BAY SMY 1500 applied pre-emergence or early postemergence at 1.5–2.0 kg ha−1 controlled downy brome and increased the yield of winter wheat. However, BAY SMY 1500 treatments often reduced the growth and yield of winter rye. Metribuzin applied early postemergence at 0.42 kg ha−1 effectively controlled downy brome and increased the yield of both winter wheat and winter rye. Metribuzin applied at 0.42–0.56 kg ha−1 pre-emergence on a coarse-textured soil with 2% organic matter injured winter wheat and reduced yield. Key words:Bromus tectorum L., cinmethylin, diclofop, BAY SMY 1500, metribuzin, napropamide

The effect of mercury, quintozene and thiophanate-methyl on the yield of winter rye at the Kotkaniemi experimental farm during the years 1972—1978

The spraying of the seedlings in the autumn with thiophanate-methyl gave the highest yield increase when there was snowmould present. In most cases the yield increase was obtained even in the absence of the disease. Seeddressing with this product also appeared very beneficial. The results of quintozene-spraying and mercury-seeddressing were not as good. The difficulty of finding the correct timing for quintozene-spraying limits its efficiency in practice.

Über die Wirkung von Pydanon auf Halmlänge und Ertrag von Winterweizen und Winterroggen

Influence of Pydanon upon Stalk Length and Grain Yield of Winter Rye and Winter Wheat..In pot experiments with three varieties of winter rye a considerable reduction of stalk length was obtained by the growth regulator Pydanon without a significant reduction of grain yield. The necessary amount of active substance however was rather high and the period of time for optimal application was limited. Winter wheat did not respond to Pydanon.

Grain yield of winter rye and winter wheat in relation to leaf number and leaf age.

In trials in 1966-7, removal of the upper leaves of wheat and rye at heading gave lower yields of grain and straw than removal of the lower leaves. Removal of all leaves reduced grain yields of winter rye by 44% and winter wheat by 43%. The proportional increase in stem weight after flowering compared with that of ear weight, was appreciably greater in rye than in wheat. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

The effect of a spray with 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) on nitrogen nutrition and yield of winter rye (Secale Cereale L.)

Spraying a young cereal crop with the herbicide DNOC enhances yield apart from its weed-eliminating action. This study examined the extent to which this increase is due to the nitrogen-fertilizing effect of the spray. To this end the effects of a spray on growth, nitrogen uptake and yield of winter rye were examined at four nitrogen levels in two field experiments. Analogous in many respects to nitrogen fertilizing, the DNOC spray stimulated vegetative growth and the production of photosynthesizing area, retarded chlorophyll breakdown at ripening and increased yield by improving both the number of ears and number of grains per ear. It differed, however, in that growth stimulations was preceded by a temporary retardation and also in that the other positive effects were generally strongest not under conditions of nitrogen deficiency but when DNOC was applied together with nitrogen. The thousand-kernel weight was affected in opposite directions by the two treatments. The extra amounts of nitrogen taken up by the DNOC-treated plants could not account for the magnitude of the effects of the spray. It is argued that the DNOC spray, rather than replacing nitrogen, promotes a better use of it by inducing stronger growth of the root system and a prolongation of the vegetation period. This involves both a larger uptake of nitrogen from the soil and a better distribution of it in the plant.