Winter Hardiness Research Articles

Guiding principles in the Geneva® apple rootstock breeding program

The Geneva® apple rootstock breeding program has been operating for more than 50 years and through a rigorous breeding and selection process has released several rootstocks that have provided solutions for some of the major rootstock related problems faced by the apple industry worldwide. Research and development for new apple rootstocks encompasses diverse disciplines and research areas including plant physiology, genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, horticulture, and economics. The process of developing the plan for developing new apple rootstocks and related knowledge base is guided by grower-advised principles and distilled into priorities including disease and insect resistance (fire blight, replant disease, wooly apple aphids, viruses, and viroids), productivity, and sustainability (dwarfing, early bearing, yield efficiency, nutrient absorption efficiency, improved fruit size and quality and winter hardiness). The project continues to develop new breeding populations to address these priorities and discover new germplasm sources to increase resilience of the germplasm to future challenges

Evolution of methods for assessing and selecting winter wheat plants from advanced frost and winter hardiness in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Evolution of methods for assessing and selecting winter wheat plants from advanced frost and winter hardiness in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

The Effect of the Application of Inorganic Fertilizers under Winter Barley in the Karabakh Region

In terms of distribution and production in the world, barley ranks 4th among grains after wheat, rice and corn. The widespread use of barley in various fields (food, feed, brewing, etc.) distinguishes it from other cereals. Barley is an unpretentious, but at the same time valuable and cost-effective plant. Its ripening in a relatively short growing season, resistance to high temperatures, drought and salinity make it possible to cultivate it in many countries of the world. Barley grain contains 50-60% starch, 10-14% protein, 5.5% fiber and 2.1% fat. To obtain a high yield from autumn barley, it is necessary to fully satisfy its need for external life factors and create optimal living conditions; for this, it is necessary to carry out the necessary cultivation work in a timely manner. For the germination of autumn barley seeds, the minimum temperature should be +1°, +2°. Optimum temperature 20-25°C, maximum +35°, +40°C. Compared to winter wheat, autumn barley is less resistant to negative temperatures and winter. Therefore, it is impossible to grow it in regions with very harsh winters. The barley varieties cultivated in Azerbaijan tolerate temperatures of −14°, −16°C. The application of phosphorus fertilizers under the plow in the fall and as top dressing significantly increases the winter hardiness of plants.

New productive pear variety Favoritka

The results of the selection and variety study of pears in the conditions of the Southern Urals are considered. At the South Ural Research Institute of Horticulture and Potato Growing, a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Urfanits Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, breeding work was carried out to improve the assortment of pears for the Ural region. As a result of many years of breeding work, the range of fruit and berry plants was replenished with a new pear variety, Favoritka, which in 2022 was included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use. In the process of breeding work, the winter hardiness of pear varieties in the harsh climatic conditions of the Chelyabinsk region was studied, as a result it was noted that infield conditions when the temperature dropped to -40 ° C, freezing of trees of local varieties did not exceed 1 point. An assessment was made of the yield of local varieties, among which the following varieties stand out: Vekovaya, Myth, Favoritka, and Zolotoy Shar, with an average yield of 24 - 28 kg per tree. The economic indicators of the Favoritka pear variety (profitability level of 253.5%) indicate its suitability for cultivation in both industrial and amateur gardening in the Ural region. A pomological description and assessment of the economic usefulness of the new Favoritka pear variety are presented, which combines large fruit (fruit weight can reach 340 g), high winter hardiness, productivity, resistance to abiotic and biotic stressors (not affected by scab, resistant to pear gall mite), has fruits of excellent taste, suitable for fresh consumption, as well as for processing (preparing jams, preserves, compotes, etc.). The variety is in demand among the population and is of interest as a source of giant fruit in further breeding work.

Features of clonal micropropagation of plum PK SK 1 clonal rootstock

Methodological features of the main clonal micropropagation stages of plum PK SK 1 clonal rootstock (of NCFSCHVW selection) are described. The rootstock is characterized by a high adaptability to soil and climatic conditions of the region. In particular, it exhibits good winter hardiness, resistance to overwatered soils, tolerance to drought, and the capacity to grow on heavy soils. Plum seedlings on this rootstock develop a powerful root system. These advantages render the development and improvement of methods for clonal micropropagation of plum PK SK 1 clonal rootstock highly relevant. The research was carried out in 2019-2022. The period of active shoot growth, i.e., the first and second decade of may, was established to be the most optimal period for introduction of explants into in vitro culture. In this period, regeneration reaches 78.1–93.8 %. Eff ective shoot multiplication proceeds on MS medium with Fe-EDTA or MS medium with Fe-EDDHA and 6-BAP in the amount of 1 mg/L, with the highest number of shoots formed from one explant following the fourth passage (on average, 11.7 and 12.3 shoots per explant). A signifi cant eff ect of the 6-BAP concentration on the number of shoots formed was observed. The combined eff ect of the form of chelated iron and 6-BAP concentration on the number of shoots formed was established only after 3-5 passages on MS medium with Fe-EDDHA. The rooting stage of PK SK 1 rootstock can also be carried out on a hormone-free MS medium with Fe-EDDHA. The rooting effi ciency reaches 57.1–61.8 %. On average, 2.4 roots are formed per shoot with a length from 1.2 to 5.1 cm, with the root quality being high (not cartilaginous and not brittle). For the adaptation stage, rooted shoots with a height of at least 2 cm having two or more roots with a length of at least 2-3 cm are selected. A mixture of the Agrobalt plant nutrient soil, vermiculite, and perlite in a ratio of 3:1:1 can be used as a substrate. Following four weeks of adaptation, the number of adapted plants averaged 87.5 %.

Selection assessment of promising forms of natural Hippophae rhamnoides (Elaeagnaceae) populations and their offspring in the Kazakhstan Altai Mountains

Abstract. Vdovina TA, Isakova EA, Lagus OA, Sumbembayev AA. 2024. Selection assessment of promising forms of natural Hippophae rhamnoides (Elaeagnaceae) populations and their offspring in the Kazakhstan Altai Mountains. Biodiversitas 25: 1809-1822. This article presents the results of studying the genetic diversity of sea buckthorn, Hippophae rhamnoides L. in natural populations of the East Kazakhstan region. This made it possible to identify valuable forms based on which targeted breeding work was carried out. Selection work has shown that this species has a unique gene pool. As a result of the analytical selection of H. rhamnoides in the first, second, and third generations, promising seedlings were obtained: ´Podarok Bajtulinu Sh-9-81 (4-6) II´, ´Jubilejnaja Kotuhova T-2-82 (2-22) III´, ´Dolgozhdannaja ?5 (3-24) III´, ´Shetlastinka ?7 (2-24) III´, ´Nesravnennaja Sh-9-81 (3-27) III´, ´Krasavica Sh-9-81 (3-30) III´, ´Solnyshko Sh-12-81 (1-18) III´ with high yield, large fruits, long stalk and low fruit tearing force. Among the male plants, the following forms are distinguished: ´Gustoj Tuman T-2-82 (1-24) III´, ´Ljubimec T-17-82 (2-20) III´, ´Krasavchik K-8-82 (1-34) III´, ´Bogatyr' T-17-82 (2-20) III´ with high winter hardiness and pollen productivity. A scale has been developed for the force of fruit separation and the density of the “cob” for local forms. A selection achievement (variety) patent was received for the ´Jubilejnaja Kotuhova´ form. The next two forms (´Shetlastinka´ and ´Podarok Bajtulinu´) pass the state test for economic usefulness. The richest gene pool of sea buckthorn in the Altai mountainous country indicates its high heterogeneity.

Winter stress resistance of apple tree under the conditions of Krasnodar Territory

Background. Physiological and biochemical research on winter stress resistance of apple-tree cultivars of different ecogeographic origin under global warming is important for identifying the most adaptable genotypes for use in breeding practice. Such resistance is associated with the content of carbohydrates and anthocyanins, and the activity of peroxidase.Materials and methods. Two winter apple-tree cultivars developed at the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine making (NCFSCHVW) and 3 foreign winter cultivars were studied using conventional physiological and biochemical methods.Results and discussion. The apple-tree cultivars ‘Orfey’ and ‘Prikubanskoye’ bred at the NCFSCHVW, when compared with foreign cvs. ‘Enterprise’, ‘Florina’ and ‘Ligol’, demonstrated higher contents of total water (by 2.5 %), starch (by 9.5 mg/g) and water-soluble sugars (by 19.3 mg/g) in shoots during the winter period. In the process of wintering, the anthocyanin content increased 2.9–4.3 times in the domestic cultivars, and 2.4–2.8 times in foreign ones. No regularities were found between the level of total peroxidase activity and winter hardiness of the studied apple cultivars.Conclusion. Cvs. ‘Orfey’ and ‘Prikubanskoye’ showed increased adaptability to the winter conditions in the unstable climate of Southern Russia, and can be recommended for cultivation in Krasnodar Territory and use in breeding practice.

Sudogda is a new variety of winter triticale for fodder production

Sudogda is a new variety of winter triticale for fodder production

Перспективы селекции вики озимой мохнатой (Vicia villosa Roth.) в Нечерноземной зоне России

In the Non-Chernozem zone, winter vetch is the only legume component of winter grain crops for forage purposes. In spring, summer and autumn, it can be used for feeding animals, harvesting hay, silage, and haylage. However, due to the relatively low winter hardiness, it has not yet been widely used in the feed production of the Non-Chernozem zone. The average winter hardiness of most vetch varieties in the Moscow region is 57–65%. In Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology has developed a strategy for creating winter vetch varieties with high winter hardiness, resistance to abiotic stresses, high yields in green mass and seeds. The work was based on the thesis that the external environment can be used as an effective selective background, allowing genotypes with low adaptive potential to stress factors to be excluded from the population during the replanting process. As a source material, it is recommended to use old-town, naturally formed populations belonging to the Central Russian ecological and geographical group by the method of intraspecific hybridization in combination with targeted artificial and natural selection in phytocenosis and provocative backgrounds, varieties of winter vetch Lugovskaya 2 and Lugovskaya 3 were created. Winter hardiness of these varieties reaches 90–92%, dry matter yield 52–79 centner/ha, seeds 9.1–10.5 centner/ha. The values of the Serpukhovskaya standard variety were 64%, 37 and 4.1 centner/ha, respectively. High winter hardiness and increased competitiveness in the phytocenosis of new varieties is provided mainly by the formation of shoots from underground and lower aboveground nodes.

Оценка эффективности смесей фестулолиума с люцерной в лесостепи Приобья (Западная Сибирь)

The results of the research of festulolium and alfalfa in a joint herbage with different methods of sowing and doses of mineral nitrogen conducted in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia in the period from 2020–2023 are presented. The growth and development of crops in the initial period of life, winter hardiness, productivity and economic feasibility of cultivation were taken into account both in favorable 2019–2021 (HTC = 1.0...1.29) and in unfavorable 2022–2023 (HTC = 0.6...0.99). A high response of perennial grasses was achieved in sowing festulolium one row + alfalfa three rows — 38.13 t/ha of green mass, which corresponds to a single-species alfalfa crop. Sowing with a mixture of seeds is 21% less productive. A positive effect was obtained from optimizing the level of cenosis and foliage of alfalfa by 56%, which was confirmed by an average correlation (r = 0.58). The energy efficiency coefficient (CEE) had maximum values of 9.8–11.7 and was characterized as high, the profitability of cultivating mixtures was 407–465%. A positive effect was obtained when N30 was introduced into the sowing of festulolium one row + alfalfa three rows — 21–36% to 37.41 t/ha of green mass. In comparison with the unfavorable background, the share of festulolium in the yield of mixtures increased to 58–71%, alfalfa decreased to 29–42%. CEE = 4.9–5.6 (the value is from medium to high), the profitability of cultivating mixtures is 325–378%. The application of mineral nitrogen N60 to joint crops of festulolium and alfalfa increases the collection of green mass compared with single-species sowing of festulolium by 10–20%, to 34.74–37.93 t/ha of green mass due to the maximum proportion of cereals in mixtures — 62–80% with its responsiveness to fertilization. CEE = 4.5–4.9 (average value), the profitability of cultivating mixtures is 323–365%.

Obtaining standard clonal rootstocks of the Maak cherry by green cuttings

The Maak cherry (Cerasus maackii Rupr.) has been studied for use as a scion in nursery production. The culture has such economically valuable features as resistance to diseases and pests, winter hardiness, fast regenerative ability, high rooting capacity of green cuttings. The article deals with the peculiarities of cultivation of the Maak cherry by green cuttings in the conditions of the Chelyabinsk region. The objective of the study was to evaluate the Maak cherry for the rooting ability and the possibility of obtaining a standard clonal scion. It has been found that using green shoots of the Maak cherry, 20, 30 and 40 cm long, the rooting capacity of cherry increases by 2.5; 12.5 and 19.1%, respectively, compared to the control variant (15 cm). The yield of standard rootstocks increases, when using longer cuttings 30–40 cm, when compared to the control (15 cm), or 2.5–3.4 times, respectively. Changes also occurred in the increase in the diameter of the conditional root neck, it increased by 9.3; 28.0 and 50.0% more than the control (3.2 mm). It has been proved by the experiment that at cutting length of green cuttings of the Maak cherry with the length of 40 cm, it is possible to get more than 150 pieces of clonal rootstocks suitable for winter grafting from 1m2 of the protected ground during one vegetation period. In green cuttings of the Maak cherry in a greenhouse equipped with a fogging unit, the length of green cuttings planted for rooting has a significant effect on rooting and yield of the uniform clonal rootstocks. When using 30–40 cm long annual shoots cut during the active growth period, rooting ability of the Maak cherry increased 1.3 times, the diameter of the conditional root neck – 1.5 times, the total yield of the suitable for grafting rootstocks – 3.4 times compared to the control variant (15 cm).

Состояние и агроэкологическое районирование семеноводства райграса пастбищного в России

The area of cultivation of perennial grasses and their productivity are determined by the biological capabilities of plants to adapt to natural soil and climatic conditions. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a mesophilic species with a limited winter hardiness resource. The purpose of the work is to conduct acomparative assessment of the effectiveness and stability of the yield level of perennial ryegrass seeds in various places in the area of its cultivation and, taking into account the agroclimatic resource of the territories, to identify areas with the highest potential for effective commercial seed production. It has been established that the cultivation of perennial ryegrass for feed purposes is most effective in areas where the values of the hydrothermal coefficient for the growing season are 1.3–1.4 and higher. When cultivated for seeds, the HTC values are optimal in the range from 1.1–1.2 to 1.3–1.4. The highest probability of obtaining high yields in terms of the provision of agroclimatic resources of 83% is in the Central region, as well as parts of the adjacent regions of the North-Western region. This allows us to classify this area as a zone of sustainable seed production of perennial ryegrass. On average, seed yield in the first year of use in the Central region was in the range of 0.53–0.84 t/ha with Cv 16.3–27.4%, in the second year of use — 0.15– 0.36 t/ha with Cv 19.9–32.9%. Based on the assessment of the level and stability of seed yields and their comparison with natural resources in the area of cultivation of perennial ryegrass, the zone of effective commercial seed production is generally limited from the north and northeast schematically along the line St. Petersburg – Vologda – Kirov – Perm, from the south and the southwestern — line Bryansk – Orel – Lipetsk – Tambov – Saransk – Kazan – Izhevsk.

Influence of mineral, organic, organomineral fertilization on winter hardiness components of columnar apple tree (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.)

Intensive biological technologies of apple-tree cultivation with application of organic and mineral fertilizers form high nitrogen nutrition, thus leading to prolonged growth of fruit plants and reducing their winter hardiness. Columnar apple tree fail to demonstrate high potential for winter hardiness. Therefore, research into regularities and mechanisms behind the influence of nutritional status of columnar apple tree on indicators of plant winter hardiness is considered relevant. The research was aimed at establishing the influence of mineral, organic, organomineral fertilization on the components of winter hardiness of columnar apple trees grown on podzolic soil. Materials and methods. The research involved the ‘Triumph’, ‘President’, ‘Ostankino’ columnar apple varieties, as well as organic and mineral fertilizers. The experiment was conducted in 2016–2021 in the agrochemical experiment station of the Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery (Moscow region) on podzolic soil of medium-loam particle size distribution. The experimental design included 4 variants: 1) control without fertilizers; 2) N90K90; 3) organic fertilizers 100 t/ha; 4) N90K90 organic fertilizers 100 t/ha. Naa (ammonium saltpeter), KCl mineral fertilizers were applied annually, organic fertilizer (horse manure with sawdust) was applied in 2014. Winter hardiness components and plant samples were analyzed according to generally accepted methods. According to the research into the influence of mineral, organic, organomineral fertilization on the components of winter hardiness of columnar apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh.) grown on podzolic soil in the conditions of the Moscow region, the fertilizer is found inefficient in terms of providing the optimal level of nitrogen nutrition of columnar apple tree plants, except for ‘Triumph’ variety when getting organic fertilizers at a dose of 100 t/ha. In January, fructose prevailed in the sugars of annual shoots of columnar apple tree plants. The ‘Triumph’ and ‘President’ varieties showed a tendency to increase in the content of fructose and glucose as compared with the control when getting organic fertilizers and their combination with mineral fertilizers. The same tendency was observed in the ‘Ostankino’ variety for the content of ascorbic acid in annual shoots, whereas this indicator of the ‘Triumph’ and ‘President’ varieties demonstrated the opposite trend. The ascorbic acid content in annual shoots in winter appeared consistent with its content in August shoots and remained independent on the content in leaves in August. With a decrease in temperature to -40 °C (component II of winter hardiness), the ‘Triumph ‘and ‘Ostankino’ varieties suffered reversible damage to the vegetative buds from 0 to 2.0 points, the ‘President’ variety introduced with 100 tons/ha organic fertilizers demonstrated an increase in damage to the vegetative buds to 3.17 points. The greatest damage to reproductive buds in the ‘President’ and ‘Ostankino’ varieties (3.85-3.91 on the control) was observed in component II of winter hardiness. The application of mineral and organic fertilizers increased these damages to complete death of reproductive buds. Injuries to bark, cambium in all variants of the studied varieties did not exceed 2.0 points. Wood appeared more damaged in the ‘Ostankino’ variety (up to 4.03 points in the combined application of N90K90 and 100 t/ha of organic fertilizers) as well as in the Triumph variety (up to 3.80 points in the N90K90 variant). As for component III of winter hardiness, an irreversible damage was noted for reproductive buds of the studied varieties in all variants of the experiment. In terms of component IV of winter hardiness, irreversible changes occurred in reproductive buds to the greatest extent (complete death in the ‘Triumph’ and ‘President’ varieties); in the tissue under reproductive buds, to the greatest extent in the ‘President’ variety (3.07 points in the variant of 100 tons/ha of organic fertilizers) and in the ‘Ostankino’ variety (2.76 points in N90K90), at the core, the maximum damage was noted in the N90K90 variant in the ‘Triumph’ (3.22 points) and ‘Ostankino’ (2.76 points) varieties.

Economic-biological estimation of pear varieties in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals

The paper presents the results of long-term research into winter hardiness, yield, and resistance to scab of introduced pear varieties. The research was carried out in 2021-2023 on collection plots (established in 2002, 2003) of the Orenburg branch of the Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery in accordance with generally accepted methods. Objects of research included pear varieties ‘Krasnobokaya’ (K), ‘Krasulya’, ‘Vekovaya’, ‘Myth’, ‘Kuibyshevskaya Zolotistaya’, ‘Nezhnost’, ‘Isetskaya Sochnaya’, ‘Lel’, ‘Bolshaya’. The analysis of the obtained data showed that the damaging factors for the pear in the Orenburg region included low negative temperatures and thaws in winter, followed by frosts (2021 and 2023). The maximum degree of freezing (3.0 points) was observed in ‘Kuibyshevskaya Zolotistaya’ and ‘Nezhnost’ varieties in the winter of 2023, affecting their productivity (4.6 t/ha and 5.0 t/ha, respectively). Most of the studied varieties were found to be winter-hardy (slight freezing up to 2.0 points): ‘Krasnobokaya’ (K), ‘Krasulya’, ‘Vekovaya’, ‘Myth’, ‘Isetskaya Sochnaya’, ‘Lel’, ‘Bolshaya’. It was revealed that the maximum average yield for three years of research was obtained in varieties ‘Krasnobokaya’ (K) (8.3 t/ha), ‘Krasulya’ (9.1 t/ha), ‘Vekovaya’ (8.1 t/ha), ‘Myth’ (8.2 t/ha),’ Isetskaya Sochnaya’ (9.7 t/ha), ‘Lel’ (7.9 t/ha), ‘Bolshaya’ (8.5 t/ha). The highest average fruit weight was obtained in varieties ‘Vekovaya’ (120.6 g) and ‘Bolshaya’ (101.2 g). Meanwhile, ‘Bolshaya’ and ‘Lel’ varieties revealed no significant deviations in fruit sizes from the pomological description, unlike the other varieties. It was found that the degree of leaf scab damage varied from 0 (‘Krasulya’, ‘Vekovaya’, ‘Myth’, ‘Bolshaya’) to 2.0 points (‘Kuibyshevskaya Zolotistaya’, ‘Nezhnost’), fruit damage occurred in varieties ‘Nezhnost’ (1.0 point) and ‘Kuibyshevskaya Zolotistaya’ (1.5-2.0 points). Long-term research afforded ground for comprehensive economic and biological evaluation of the introduced pear varieties and identifying valuable samples to be involved in the selection process in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals: ‘Krasnobokaya’ (K), ‘Krasulya’, ‘Vekovaya’, ‘Myth’, ‘Isetskaya Sochnaya’, ‘Lel’, ‘Bolshaya’.

Survival analysis of freezing stress in the North American native perennial flax, Linum lewisii Pursh

Abstract The expansive range of Lewis flax (Linum lewisii Pursh.), an herbaceous perennial, exposes the species to a diversity of climatic conditions. As interest in the domestication and adoption of perennial crop alternatives grows and interest in this species for natural area restoration continues, the assurance of a commercial plant variety’s ability to endure the full range of possible climatic extremes is paramount. This study examines the freezing tolerance of a geographically representative sampling of 44 Lewis flax accessions at winter temperature extremes experienced in the northern Great Plains of the United States. Survival analysis models were adapted to include temperature exposure, in replacement of ordinal time typically used in such models, to produce statistics evaluating reactions to extreme temperatures that Lewis flax would encounter in our field environments. Our results revealed Lewis flax is more freezing tolerant than previously reported, and revealed four accessions with significantly superior genetic freezing tolerance than the released ‘Maple Grove’ cultivar. Furthermore, regrowth analyses indicate variation among accessions not associated with survival, which could lead to improving regrowth rate and survival simultaneously. These findings and their methodology expand the understanding of Lewis flax adaptation for winter hardiness and offer an efficient, new model that can be used to evaluate freezing tolerance at ordinal temperatures without requiring extensive prior physiological knowledge for a species.

Pinus sibirica Du Tour в условиях интродукции на примере Полярно-альпийского ботанического сада-института

The study has been conducted at the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute, the northernmost botanical garden in Russia (67°38′ N). The aim of this work has been a comprehensive analysis of the condition of Siberian stone pine trees (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) during their introduction in the Arctic. The condition of 8 specimens of the species cultivated at the experimental plot in the town of Apatity has been examined. Their phenological development has been analyzed: the swelling and breaking of the vegetative buds, the end of the elongation and maturation of the needles, the beginning and end of growth of the annual shoots, the lignification of the shoots, the beginning and end of pollen dispersion. The degree of lignification of the annual shoot, the winter hardiness, the habit, the shootforming capacity, the height increment, the generative development and the reproduction in the plantation have also been assessed. The risk of a tree falling has been determined by considering its surroundings and exposure to wind. The root zones, the butts, the trunks, the crown bases, the boughs and the crowns have been examined for the presence of hollows, cracks, decomposition, fungal fruit bodies, damage, weak forks, dead branches, etc. The application of an approach combining the analysis of seasonal development, viability and risk of tree fall is promising for a comprehensive and objective assessment of the condition of Siberian stone pine trees by morphological and phenological characteristics during the introduction to the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The phenological rhythm of the studied trees corresponds to the environmental conditions during the introduction to the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute named after N.A. Avrorin. Vegetation begins in late May. By the end of August the annual shoots lignify, which indicates the readiness of the plants for the winter period. The close timing of the onset of phenophases and their low variation may indicate a low dependence of the seasonal development of Siberian stone pine on weather conditions during the introduction to the central part of the Kola Peninsula. The trees are winter-hardy, retain the life form inherent to the species, have a high shoot-forming capacity and annual height increment. They reach the generative stage of development. For their propagation in the plantation, it is necessary to attract seed material from other regions. The trees are monocormic, unimucronate and bimucronate. They are characterized by dense crowns. Their apical and lateral shoots are developed. In rare cases, the increment of lateral shoots is reduced. The V-shaped forks have been noted on the stems and a hollow in the butt area has been found on one of the trees. An additional instrumental examination is needed to determine the effect of diseases or pathogens on the stability of the trees.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ВЕГЕТАТИВНОГО РАЗМНОЖЕНИЯ ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫХ СОРТОВ HIBISCUS X MOSCHEUTOS L.

Hibiscus x moscheutos L. is a promising decorative perennial for inclusion in green plantings in the southern regions of Russia. Currently, there is no data available on the most effective methods of propagating hibiscus in the conditions of southern gardening in Russia. Since 2014, FSBSI «North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making» (Krasnodar) has been carrying out work on introduction and variety study of H. x moscheutos. The collection includes 47 varieties. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the potential of vegetative propagation of promising varieties using the herbaceous cuttings method. The study included 18 varieties and hybrids. In the experiment 2 cutting periods were studied: 1st period – spring (II-III decade of May), 2nd period – summer (III decade of June – 1st decade of July (control). It was established that herbaceous cuttings can be carried out in 2 periods – in the II decade of May, with the placement of mother bushes in protected ground, and in the III decade of June, with the preparation of cuttings from mother plants growing in open ground. For most varieties, spring cuttings are preferable. In this case, young plants overwinter better, and the yield of marketable seedlings after 1 year of growing in pots is higher. During wintering of plants of summer cuttings, a high percentage of death was observed, which is associated with the low winter hardiness of young plants. A significant decrease in the yield of marketable seedlings after 1 year of growing in plants of summer cuttings was detected in the following varieties: Berry Awersome, Midnithe Marvell, Plam Flambe, Perfect Storm – a decrease in the yield of seedlings of I grade was observed by almost 2 times in comparison with plants rooted in spring. The best performance in herbaceous cuttings was found in the following varieties: Cherry Cheescake, Cranberry Crush, Peppermint Schnapps, Jazzberry Jam, Summer in Paradise, Krasny Rusanova, Hybrid № 5. These cultivars combine in their genotype adaptability to abiotic stress factors and increased productivity of uterine bushes during cuttings and provide a high yield of marketable seedlings when grown in pots. Key words: ROSEMALLOW (HIBISCUS MOSCHEUTOS), VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION, HERBACEOUS CUTTINGS, POT CULTURE

НОВАЯ ГИБРИДНАЯ ФОРМА КАК КЛЮЧЕВОЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТ В СЕЛЕКЦИИ СТОЛОВЫХ СОРТОВ ВИНОГРАДА

This article presents the results of observations and varietal study of a new hybrid form of grapevine of private breeding under the work-ing title Hudozhnik in the conditions of the Experimental Field of ARRIV&W – Branch of the FSBSI FRARC. In the course of the study, an ampelographic description of the hybrid form was made according to the leading fea-tures, the flower type was determined as transi-tional. Hybrid Hudozhnik stands out for its size characteristics of bunches (average weight for the years of observation was 612 g) and berries (average weight of 15.8 g), high yield (112.7 c/ha), very high marketability due to the size characteristics in combination with good dense pulp and balanced flavor without aromas. Hy-brid Hudozhnik is distinguished by a very good pollination of bunches, as well as a very attrac-tive pink-red color of berries, which practically does not change even with a long stay of the crop on the bushes. The vineyards are non – irrigated, grafted, uncovered, shaped like a fan on the middle trunk, planting scheme 3×1.5 m, pruning is medium. During the varietal study were used generally accepted in viticulture methods and standard technology of cultiva-tion of vineyards. Hybrid Hudozhnik has an early ripening period (116 days from bud breaks to full maturity of berries), middle re-sistance to downy mildew, powdery mildew and botrytis, good winter hardiness and fruit-fulness in uncovered culture. Hybrid Hudozh-nik can be recommended for use in further breeding of colored table grapevine varieties as a source of size characteristics of bunches and berries, as well as a stable table grape for culti-vation in industry and home gardening.

ОЦЕНКА СОРТА ОЗИМОЙ РЖИ СИБИРЬ 5

The objective of the study is to evaluate the new variety of tetraploid winter rye Sibir' 5 in terms of yield and grain quality, and elements of crop structure. The experiments were conducted in 2021–2023 in the fields of the Omsk Agricultural Research Center. The object of research was tetraploid rye varieties from competitive variety testing of the winter crop selection laboratory. Sibir' 5 variety was obtained by individual-family selection from a combination of crossing Yubileynaya 25 / Tetra korotkaya. The growing season of the new variety is 327 days. Winter hardiness of Sibir' 5 variety is at the level of the standard Sibir variety (95 versus 96 %). The new variety is resistant to shattering (5 points) and lodging (4.4 points). Sibir' 5 va¬riety is more productive than Sibir' and Sibir' 4 winter rye varieties previously created in the laboratory. The excess in grain yield amounted to 0.43 to 0.49 t/ha. The new variety is less tall. Sibir' 5 variety is distinguished by better expression of productive tillering, grain content and ear grain weight. Among the grain quality indicators, the new variety is characterized by a high falling number (171 s). Among the elements of the yield structure, it has an average level of variation in the ear grain content (17.1 %). This trait in all rye varieties is most closely associated with the ear grain weight (r = 0.854–0.897), and therefore selection by it will be more effective than by the weight of 1000 grains (r = 0.582–0.686). Sibir' 5 variety has been submitted for State Variety Testing in 2023 and is recommended for use in the Ural, West Siberian and East Siberian Regions.

Characteristics of new varieties and elites of domestic apple trees in the Samara Region

Hybrid seedlings of domestic apple trees for scab resistance were selected at the age of 1–2 years in a breeding nursery after their artificial infection. Transplanted into a breeding garden, the selections were immediately evaluated for winter hardiness, resistance to low extreme temperatures and other factors of the winter period. At the age of 9–10, they were allocated to the elite in terms of taste and fruiting. Elite plants with signs of better taste and high yield from among stable hybrids were selected in the field and on a tasting commission. The qualities of taste and fruiting were dominant in determining the culture of hybrid apple trees in the continental climate characteristic of the Samara Region. Elite seedlings were grown in a nursery on a semi-dwarf rootstock 54–118 and transplanted two-year-olds into a collection garden for primary variety study. The observations were carried out at the Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants «Zhigulevskie Sady» in the village of Malaya Tsarevshchyna. The variety study included a visual and tasting assessment of fruit quality (appearance, taste, size, pulp structure), yield, character, stability and type of fruiting of the tree, assessment of crown shape, general condition of trees, stability of scab resistance and hardiness, and others.