Winter Half Year Research Articles

Evidence of a Solar Corpuscular Influence on Large-Scale Weather Phenomena.

view Abstract Citations References Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS Evidence of a Solar Corpuscular Influence on Large-Scale Weather Phenomena. McDonald, N. J. ; Roberts, W. O. Abstract Statistical evidence from three successive winter half-years strongly indicates that when the earth is bombarded by unusually intense solar corpuscular emission, certain low-pressure troughs in the 300-mb circulation are subsequently amplified. The troughs so affected enter or are formed in the Gulf of Alaska-Aleutian Islands area on the second, third, or fourth days after the start of the corpuscular increases. The trough amplifications maximize a variable number of days later, and in different locations, which may explain why the result was not apparent to earlier workers. The same result has been found independently, at about the same level of significance, in each of the three winters treated separately. For the three halfyears grouped together the probability of so strong a chance association is less than 10-6. Publication: The Astronomical Journal Pub Date: 1960 DOI: 10.1086/108060 Bibcode: 1960AJ.....65Q..54M full text sources ADS |

Irrigation in Jordan

N x O visitor arriving in Jordan in August would be surprised to learn that shortage of water is one of the country's chief problems. Bare, brown hillsides and dried up watercourses he will find all around him. Some 88 per cent of the country receives less than 200 mms. annual rainfall, and 95 per cent less than 400 mms. Rainfall tends to decrease both from north to south and from west to east, unless influenced by altitude. The hills east and west of the Jordan River have a higher rainfall. The Jordan Rift Valley is in a deep rain shadow between them. Rainfall is everywhere confined to the winter half year. Most of the irrigation schemes (Fig. 1) are to be found in the Rift Valley which south of Jordan's northern frontier falls into Koppen's BS climate, and south of Jisr Damiya into his BW climate. Herein are to be found nearly all the perennial rivers of the country. The most southerly is the Wadi Feifa, a short distance south of the Dead Sea. Here also are level lands which can be easily irrigated. Beyond the hills east of the Jordan lie the level lands of the Sirhan Depression, stretching southeastwards from Azraq. Here there are no perennial streams and the underground water supply is almost unexplored. Some parts may become important irrigation areas in the future, but at present it is a barren waste. In the hill regions shortage of level land restricts irrigation to tiny patches in the valley bottoms (Fig. 2). Well irrigation is important, however, in the Hebron district and some other places. The relatively higher rainfall of the hills makes irrigation less essential in the northern half of the country. The Jordan Rift Valley is not wholly flat although it contains areas of irrigable land. Between the Sea of Tiberias and the Dead Sea the valley bottom falls from -212 meters to -392 meters. South of the Dead Sea it rises gradually to a height of 200 meters and then drops again to sea level at Aqaba. Between the Sea of Tiberias and the Dead Sea, the valley falls into three distinct regions (Fig. 3). Along the River Jordan lies a narrow flood plain (the Zor). Above this on both sides is a bench (the Ghor). Between the two lies a narrow dissected zone (the Qattar). To the east and west of the Ghor rise the hills forming the edge of the Rift. The Ghor itself is dissected by the tributaries of the Jordan, which are more numerous on the east bank than on the west. Generally, an alluvial fan is built up at the point of debouchement from the hills. These features are repeated in some areas to the south of the Dead Sea.

Equivalent Tail-winds on the Shannon to Gander Route

An investigation has been made into the frequency distribution of errors in equivalent tail-winds on the great-circle air-route Shannon to Gander, as forecast at London Airport. In the course of the analysis the frequency-distribution of ‘actual’ equivalent head-winds as measured from the synoptic upper-air charts was also examined, and compared with seasonal means already published. The monthly extremes are tabulated and quarterly mean and standard errors are given, with frequency curves for the summer and winter half-years.

數理日射學について(II)

The explanation of tables and figures.Tables 1 to 6 contain the necessary coefficients for the computation of insolation by the method of expansion for any long period and the results of computation by this method for summer half, winter half and total year. By such method as explained in Part I etc. we have obtained the daily amount as shown in tables 7 and 8, and the half and total yearly as shown in tables 9 and 10. There exists a satisfactory coincidence between both methods concerning the half and total year.Tables 7 and 8 are shown graphically in Figs. 1-6, in relation to the longitude of the sun, taking the earth's latitude as parameter. These are the annual variations of the amounts. Tables 9-10 are shown in Figs. 7-10 in relation to the latitude. Results concerning to planes are here omitted because they shall be given in the next paper on the insolation on the inclined plane.

數理日射学としての研究(1)

The amount of direct solar radiation upon four vertical planes oriented to N, S, E, W, also upon vertical cylinder and sphere during any period at any place on earth can be computed by mathematical formula expanded into series, the atmosphere being neglected. In case of vertical planes, somewhat similar to Milankovitch's method concerning a horizontal plane, but in other cases the computation was carried out in an original method. In considering the atmospheric absorption the amount was obtained by numerical integral from every day's value which was similarly obtained from every hour's value, in cases of atmospheric trans. coeff. P=0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0. The author, has given all the necessary coefficients for expansion and the synoptical charts illustrating the summer and winter half years and of total year periods amount as well as of the annual variation of one day's amount for every 10 degrees of latitude from 0° to 90°, and for P=0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0.

Chart XII. Geographical distribution of “fast-moving” cyclones and their principal tracks for the winter half year. (Period 1893–1902)

Chart XII. Geographical distribution of “fast-moving” cyclones and their principal tracks for the winter half year. (Period 1893–1902)

XIV. [Letter regarding the paper 'Diurnal variations of the wind and barometric pressure' by F. Chambers

Dear Sir, I regret that in my paper on the “Diurnal Variations of the Wind and Barometric Pressure,” published in vol. xxv, p. 402, of the “Proceedings of the Royal Society,” I have inadvertently referred the Bermuda wind observations to civil time instead of to astronomical time. The correction of this error shows that the variation of the values of the hourly inequalities of the wind components at Bermuda is very much less during the hours when the sun is above the horizon than during, those when he is below it, especially in the winter half year.