Winter Bread Wheat Research Articles

The study of breeding material of winter bread wheat according to the main criteria of quality

The study of grain quality at all stages of a variety development, starting with the selection of parental pairs, is the most important condition for the efficiency of breeding. The purpose of the current paper was to estimate winter wheat samples according to the main criteria of grain quality and to select promising ones for further use in the breeding process. The study was carried out in 2019–2021. There were studied new varieties and promising lines of winter bread wheat from the main Competitive Variety Testing, according to green manure fallow. Criteria characterizing grain quality were determined in the laboratory conditions in accordance with methodology and GOSTs. Based on the conducted study, there were identified sources that were characterized by a high severity of grain quality traits. According to ‘grain unit’, there were distinguished such varieties as ‘Matritsa’, ‘Rubin Dona’ and the lines ‘1043/17’ and ‘1582/166’. According to the general kernel hardness there were identified such samples as ‘Matritsa’, ‘Priazovie’ and the line ‘1582/16’. The samples and lines ‘Ermak’, ‘Razdolie’, ‘Rubin Dona’, ‘Matritsa’, ‘Priazovie’, ‘1582/16’, ‘1043/17’, ‘1295/18’, ‘1431/18’, ‘1463/18’, ‘1518/18’, ‘1612/18’ and ‘1895/18’ corresponded to good quality according to SDS-sedimentation. The sample ‘1463/18’ was characterized by a high protein percentage in grain (15.02 %). There were also studied a quantity and quality of gluten, falling number and baking properties. The varieties ‘Rubin Dona’, ‘Matritsa’, ‘Priazovie’ and the lines ‘1582/16’, ‘1463/18’ were characterized by the best expression of the studied traits of quality. These genotypes can be used in the breeding process as sources of high protein and gluten percentage in grain and good baking properties.

Forecrops and sowing dates of the winter bread wheat variety ‘Yubiley Dona’ in the southern part of the Rostov region

The current paper has presented the results of the study conducted in the southern part of the Rostov region by the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2019–2021. The purpose of the work was to identify how grain productivity and its qualitative indicators of the winter bread wheat variety ‘Yubiley Dona’ are formed under the influ­ence of various sowing dates and after various forecrops and to estimate the economic efficiency of these elements of cultivation technology. There were used such dates in the trial as September 10, September 20, September 30, and October 10; such forecrops as peas (for grain), sunflower, black fallow, green-manured fallow (corn kale). When laying and conducting the trial, there were used conventional methods. The total area of the plots was 55 m2, the accounting area was 41.25 m2, with four-fold repetition. The seeding rate was 5 million germinated seeds per 1 ha. The soil of the experimental plot was ordinary calcareous heavy loamy blackearth (chernozem). The arable layer of the soil contained 3.2 % of humus; 7.0 of pH; 18.5–20.0 of P2O5; 342–360 mg/kg of K2O. The variety ‘Yubiley Dona’ showed its adaptabil­ity to the sowing dates when sown in black fallow. At the same time, there was identified a positive effect of the sowing in black fallow on September 20 and 30, where the productivity level of the variety reached 6.92–6.95 t/ha, and there was obtained the largest conditionally net income of 62058–62732 rubles/ha. There was established that the highest production profitability was 165.3–168.7 % when the variety was sown after peas on September 30 and October 10. There was a high adaptability to the sowing of the variety at the end of the optimal sowing dates in green-manured fallow, after peas and sunflower. The lowest productive profitability was established when the variety was sown after sunflower (135.4–153.4 %) and in green-manured fallow (127.5–139.2 %). The determining factor in the productivity formation was a productive thick stand, which, depending on the forecrops and sowing dates, varied from 452 to 654 pcs/m2. Black fallow, green-manured fallow and peas contributed to the production of high-quality grain.

Strong photosensitivity level doesn’t limit selection for high yield in winter bread wheat

Aim. The aim is to test the validity of home breeders assumption that strong photosensitivity in winter bread wheat limits the possibility of breeding improvement for productivity. Methods. Estimation of photosensitivity levels in modern high-yielding foreign cultivars (mainly from Western Europe) and in the set of F5 hybrids with photosensitivity diversity, which were selected only for relatively high yields. Results. Among the modern high-yielding foreign cultivars recommended for cultivation in Ukraine, carriers of strong photosensitivity have been identified with a significantly high frequency (up to 33.3 ± 0.75 %). In contrast, almost all modern Ukrainian cultivars are weakly photosensitive. When selecting in Odessa environment only the best-yielding families and lines from hybrid combinations, in which parents clearly differed in photosensitivity levels, F5 did not show a shift towards reducing the frequency of highly photosensitive phenotypes. It was statistically consistent with random variation without selection. Conclusions. High photosensitivity does not limit the efforts of breeders to improve the productivity potential of winter bread wheat. And for certain growing regions of this crop, it can be a factor in better environmental adaptability to get a real yield.

Physiological, biochemical and economic characteristics of transgenic winter wheat plants with RNA suppressor of the proline dehydrogenase gene

Aim. To analyze the physiological, biochemical and economic characteristics of genetically modified plants of new promising genotypes of winter bread wheat of seed generation T2 with a double-stranded RNA suppressor of the proline dehydrogenase gene. Methods. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in vitro; biochemical determination of proline dehydrogenase enzyme activity and free proline content; morphometric indicators and elements of crop structure; mathematical statistics. Results. It is shown that transgenic plants, in contrast to control, grow on a medium with mannitol more intensely, retaining a green color. It was found that both under normal conditions and under conditions of water deficiency, plants of seed generation T2 have an increased level of free Proline in the leaves compared to control genotypes. It was found that transformants are characterized by reduced activity of the enzyme proline dehydrogenase, which is manifested by changes in normal – stress – normal conditions. Transgenic T2 plants had a higher tolerance to water deficiency compared to the original, which was reflected in the nature of their growth. In conditions of soil moisture deficiency, the yield of most transformed lines was higher compared to untransformed plants. Conclusions. The results suggest that the use of a vector construct with a double-stranded RNA suppressor of the ProDH gene is effective for creating transgenic winter bread wheat plants with increased tolerance to water deficiency.

Relationship between the stem color and the ear spines presense with economically valuable traits of bread winter wheat

Determination of the breeding value of the presence or absence of ear spines and anthocyanin stem color in bread winter wheat plants in the steppes of the Black Sea coast of Ukraine. Methods. Growing plants in the field. Phenological observations, weight of 1000 grains, analysis of variance and statistical significantly of the difference by t - criterion in pairwise comparison. Results. Groups of lines with the presence or absence of ear spines and with anthocyanin or green color, as well as with different combinations of both phenotypic traits did not differ significantly in economically valuable traits, with one exception. Plants with anthocyanin-colored stems were, on average, statistical significantly five centimeters taller than those with green color. Among the lines that exceeded the standard varieties Antonivka and Kuialnyk, in terms of yield, there are lines of all possible combinations of stem color and the presence or absence of spines. Conclusions. The phenotypic differences of recombinant lines in stem color (anthocyanin or green) or the presence or absence of spines, as well as their various combinations, are not significantly related to differences in genotypes before earing period, plant height, 1000 grain weight and grain yield.

Winter wheat productivity formation under water deficit in soil

Aim. The aim of research was to investigate influence of water deficit in soil on morphology and productivity of bread winter wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). Methods. Wheat plants cultivars Podolyanka and Natalka were grown under optimal conditions until the earing-flowering phase, after that the experimental plants were transferred to drought regime for 8 days. The optimal supply of water was restored to the end of vegetation. The leaf surface area, the mass of internodes and ear were measured during the experiment. Ripened plants were analyzed by the yield structure. Results. It is established that the effect of water deficit in the critical earing-flowering phase of ontogenesis caused decreasing in the leaf surface area, mass of internodes and ear, weight of 1000 grains in both Podolyanka and Natalka cultivars. However, number of grains decreased only in cultivar Podolyanka under drought. Conclusions. Water deficit in the soil in the critical earing-flowering phase led to inhibition of growth processes and productivity reduction in bread winter wheat.

Physiological, biochemical and economic characteristics of transgenic winter wheat plants with gene ornitin-Δ-aminotransferases

Aim. To analyze the physiological, biochemical and economic characteristics of genetically modified plants of new promising genotypes of winter bread wheat of seed generation T2 with the heterologous gene of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase of alfalfa. Methods. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in vitro; biochemical determination of the activity of the enzyme ornithine-δ-aminotransferase (OAT) and the content of free L-proline; morphometric indicators and elements of crop structure; mathematical statistics. Results. It was found that the presence of additional copies of the oat gene in transgenic plants leads to increased activity of the enzyme ornithine-δ-aminotransferase (on average 1.5 times compared to the original plants), but they do not differ significantly from plants of the original genotypes in free L-Proline is neither normal nor under conditions of soil drought. It has been shown that the introduction into the genome of wheat plants of a genetic construct that enhances the expression of the oat gene stimulates root growth both under normal and stressful conditions. Under conditions of insufficient moisture supply, plants of transgenic lines also exceeded untransformed plants in the number and weight of grains from the whole plant. Conclusions. Analysis of physiological and biochemical characteristics and economic characteristics of transgenic soft wheat plants containing the heterologous gene of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase of alfalfa showed their increased tolerance to soil drought compared to non-transgenic genotypes. Biotechnological plants are characterized by a more developed root system, which increased the ability of plants to grow in conditions of water scarcity.

Influence of wheat-rye translocations on yield and productivity elements of soft winter wheat in southern Ukraine

Topicality. The level of genetic yield potential and adaptive properties of modern bread winter wheat varieties at this stage of breeding development is at a fairly high level. So breeding, improve-ment of bread winter wheat is becoming increasingly difficult. For this purpose, the creation and identification of new genetic sources of valuable traits and creation of genetic diversity, evaluation and selection of desired genotypes is extremely relevant. Issues. Introduction of alien translocations into the gene pool of bread winter wheat can serve as one of such sources of new original genetic material. However, the effects of these translocations are manifested to varying degrees depending on the genetic environment of hybrids and agroclimatic conditions of genotype selection. Aim. To compare the changes in the yield of recombinant lines and plant productivity elements based on their drought and heat tolerance depending on their genetic effects of wheat-rye translocations (WRT) 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS. To determine the use effectiveness of each WRT in order to create more perfect varieties of bread winter wheat under the conditions of soil-air drought in the Steppe zone of Ukraine. Materials and Methods. In 2010-2020, field trials were carried out on the Institute’s fields on the by black fallow as the annual predecessor with the optimal agricultural background for breeding work. During the analysis of experimental data, all changes in meteorological conditions over the years of research were taken into account. In general, weather conditions were arid, which is typical for the Steppe zone. The studies of 112 lines (9.2 %) were carried out in the Department of Genetic Basis of Breeding of the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute at the National Center of Seeds and Cultivar In-vestigation led by A. I. Rybalka, the rest 1093 lines (90.8 %) were studied in the Institute of Plant Pro-tection NAAS led by N. A. Kozub and I. O. Sozinov. The material of competitive variety trials was tested on the presence of translocations and their state by DNA markers in the Department of General and Molecular Genetics of the the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute at the National Center of Seeds and Cultivar Investigation led by V. I. Fait. Mathematical processing and analysis of the study results were performed using the methods of B. A. Dospekhov and P. F. Rokitskyi, and with Microsoft Excel 2007. Results. It was established that genetic effects of the most widespread in the world breeding practice wheat-rye translocations 1АL.1RS and 1ВL.1RS are considerably modified by features of their interaction in genetic environment and depending on agroclimatic conditions of growing introgressive genotypes. The positive effect of 1AL.1RS on the yield, total and productive tillering, and head productivity elements was significantly revealed due to simultaneous positive effect of translocation on drought and heat tolerance of plants. As a result of complete breeding cycle, a series of bread winter wheat varieties was developed on the material of 1AL.1RS, such as Zhytnytsia Odeska, Oktava Odeska, Liha Odeska, Duma Odeska, Versiia Odeska, which provided 10–15 % increase in yield to standards according to the station and state variety testing. These varieties are listed in the State Register of Ukraine and Moldova. Conclusions. The use of WRT 1AL.1RS is perspective for further bread winter wheat breeding, and in the the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute at the National Center of Seeds and Cultivar Inves-tigation as one of the next stages of improvement of bread winter wheat varieties for arid conditions of the South of Ukraine. The use of 1ВL.1RS in wheat breeding in the region is less promising method, but does not exclude the possibility of obtaining a positive result in a favorable combination with highly adapted local varieties. Keywords: bread winter wheat, recombinant lines, yield, wheat-rye translocations 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS.

Occurrence of cytogenetic effects under the action of epimutagen in winter wheat

Research on studying the features of 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.50% epimutagen Triton-X-305 impact at the cellular level, which means the way of identifying the viability of pollen in plants of the first generation, and cytological analysis of chromosomal aberrations in the cells of the primary meristem of germinal roots during germination of bread winter wheat seeds have been conducted. Research in this direction allows us to significantly improve the monitoring of same type of substances in the environment and to forecast the nature of their action at the DNA-level. Genotypes Podolyanka and Spivanka created by Ukrainian selection and varieties of French selection Altigo, Courtot, Lyrik, Flamenko have been studied. These genotypes were selected in order to characterize possible genotype-mutagenic interactions for a compound of complex hereditary pattern for a range of concentrations with maximum contrast taking into account the possible high site-specific effect. The main purpose of this research was to identify the specificity of impact of the agent Triton X-305 at the cellular level and identify parameters fully showing the effect of this substance on the subsequent induction of biodiversity and the enhancement of hereditary variability at the cellular level. Such indicators as pollen sterility effected by various concentrations, the total frequency of chromosomal rearrangements, the spectrum of chromosomal rearrangements, including fragments and double fragments, single and double bridges, micronuclei and lagging chromosomes have been investigated. The ratio of fragments to bridges as an indicator of the active factor nature, the number of cells with two or more rearrangements as an indicator of genetic toxicity of this substance has been established. As a result, a significantly weaker effect of the epimutagen on the overall frequency of chromosomal rearrangement has been shown unlike other factors of a mutagenic nature, at the same time changing the ratio of the obtained aberrations in favour of micronuclei and lagging chromosomes. In addition, other parameters are determined as more meaningful for identifying a specific agent of impact, and the differences in concentrations are less contrasting. There is also a less significantly decreasing fertility, however, this parameter is highly dependent on the source material. In the future, we intend to assess the variability, primarily of a hereditary nature, by the way of a visual analysis of the obtained material in subsequent generations, as well as through biochemical analysis, yield qualities analysis and morphometry of the obtained material.

Получение растений-регенерантов озимой мягкой пшеницы с использованием метода культуры пыльников

Abstract. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of cultivation conditions and the genotype of winter bread wheat samples on the formation of embryogenic callus and regenerative capacity, to identify regenerated plants in order to develop new initial material for breeding new varieties. Scientific novelty. There has been estimated the share of influence of induction nutrient media with different composition and genotype on the amount of regenerated plants of winter wheat in anther culture; there have been identified the new samples with high regeneration potential. Methods. The objects of the study were the donor plants of winter bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) of F3 generation from breeding nurseries of the winter wheat department of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”, namely 13 hybrid combinations developed in the laboratory for breeding and seed production of winter bread wheat of half-intensive type. There has been used a methodology of obtaining haploids in anther culture in vitro including such methods as sterilization during work with in vitro; preparation of nutrient media; selection and pretreatment of plant explants; determination of the stage of microspores’ development; isolation and planting of anthers on an induction nutrient medium; regeneration of plants from callus tissues. Results. There has been found the most favorable nutrient media for the induction of and rogenesis in vitro. There has been identified a maximum percentage of new formations from the anthers of winter bread wheat in the sample Vol’nitsa × Gerda. There have been developed the largest number of green haploid regenerated plants from pollen callus from the samples Vol’nitsa × Gerda, Kapitan × Vol’nyy Don. There has been revealed that the contribution of the genotype and nutrient medium into the number of new formations and the regeneration of green plants was statistically significant.

The effect of growing conditions on productivity, grain and flour quality of the new winter bread wheat varieties for the Republic of Kalmykia

In accordance with the purpose of the current study, there have been presented the study results of the productivity and grain quality of the co-breeding winter bread wheat varieties. Kalmykia RAI, the branch of the “Pre-Kaspy AFRC RAS” in cooperation with the FSBSI “NCG named after P.P. Lukyanenko” developed five winter bread wheat varieties. The Competitive Variety Testing was laid down in 2 layers in 4-fold repetition using a CH-16 seeder in 2017–2021. The accounting area of the plot was 50 m². The sowing was carried out at the optimal time, in the third decade of September. The seeding rate was 300 germinating seeds per 1 m². The crop was sown in weedfree fallow. The mean grain productivity of the co-breeding varieties through 5 years in the arid conditions of the Republic of Kalmykia was 3.06 t/ha. The variety ‘Khasyr’ had the maximum productivity. The study has confirmed that the co-breeding varieties formed high-quality grain suitable for baking. The highest percentage of protein (14.8%) and gluten (31.1%) among the varieties through the past 5 years was in 2020. Grain unit of all varieties exceeded the basic rate of 750 g/l and ranged from 765 to 786 g/l. The best grain unit was demonstrated by the new variety ‘Khamdan’. Grain sedimentation among the varieties varied on average from 42.0 to 49.4 ml, which is an average ratio for this crop. The flour strength ranged from 171 to 299 u.a. Strong flour was obtained from the variety ‘Bulgun’. In recent years the bread volume varied from 515 to 650 cm³, the total rate of grain and flour of the co-breeding varieties was 4.0 - 4.8, which is typical for valuable and strong wheat.

Adaptability of winter bread wheat by environmental plasticity and stability

Purpose and objectives. The work was aimed to determine the winter bread wheat adaptability by environmental plasticity and stability via assessing yields and to identify high-yielding sources adapted to the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
 Material and methods. Twenty-nine winter bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accessions from nine countries were studied: 14 mid-tall accessions and 15 short-stemmed ones. The accessions were studied and their adaptability was determined by appropriate methods using general-scientific, special and genetic-statistical approaches.
 Results and discussion. It was determined that the genotypic effect (εi) for yield ranged from 0.08 to 3.88 in the mid-tall group and from 0.11 to 5.64 in the short-stemmed group. The best adaptability (sum of ranks 2) in terms of environmental plasticity and stability was recorded for two mid-tall high-yielding domestic varieties (Haiok (εi = 2.24; Ri = 0.97) and MIP Lada (εi = 0.90; Ri = 0.92) (UKR)) and for two short-stemmed ones (sum of ranks 3) (MIP Valensiia (εi = 0.11; Ri = 0.67) (UKR) and Patras (εi = 1.38; Ri = 1.18) (DEU)). Dyvo and Optima Odeska (UKR) were noticeable for high freeze tolerance (7 points).
 Conclusions. The study demonstrated that the highest genetic potential of adaptability in combination with high yields was intrinsic to the mid-tall domestic genotypes, Haiok and MIP Lada (UKR), which are valuable starting material for creating highly adaptable and promising winter bread wheat varieties for the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Economic valuable indicators of winter bread wheat accessions with different pigmentation of kernels

Purpose and objectives. To screen modern varieties and breeding lines of winter bread wheat with different pigmentation of grain for valuable economic and biochemical characteristics, determining the stability of their expression.
 Materials and methods. Sixty-six winter wheat accessions, including 2 white-grained accessions, 3 accessions with violet kernels, 6 accessions with a blue aleurone layer (the other accessions were red-grained), were studied. The field experiments were conducted in 2017–2020 in compliance with the methods of qualification examination of plant varieties. The total content of phenolic compounds, total antioxidant activity, as well as contents of anthocyanins and micronutrients were determined. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and analysis of variance were used to statistically process the data obtained.
 Results and discussion. The accessions with a pigmented aleurone layer formed ears 4–7 days later than the check variety and were not resistant to diseases. Plants were taller than 109 cm in Ferugineum 1239, Kharkivska 63, Germakianum 2005-87, Viridiferrugineum 2022-87, BLUExRED, Vavilovy 2004-87, Chornobrova, and Chornozerna. It was the productive stem density (which was less than 6.5 points in the accessions with atypical grain color) that determined the yield level. The accessions yielding over 9 t/ha were selected of the red-grained varieties; most of them had been bred in Ukraine. The accessions with blue and violet kernels gave significantly lower yields, but they were characterized by high total content of phenols in meal (over 800 μg/g of gallic acid equivalent), high content of anthocyanins, and high total antioxidant activity (over 500 μg/g of chlorogenic equivalent).
 Conclusions. The accessions with atypical grain color were noticeable for high contents of biologically active substances, but they were significantly inferior to the commercial varieties in terms of yield due to low adaptability to the local conditions. By involving them in hybridization, we obtained material adapted to the conditions of Ukraine; however, further breeding is needed to create a commercial variety.

Stability, plasticity, and adaptability of winter bread wheat under rainfed conditions with unstable moisture supply

Stability, plasticity, and adaptability of winter bread wheat under rainfed conditions with unstable moisture supply

Effectiveness of and Perspectives for the Sedimentation Analysis Method in Grain Quality Evaluation in Various Cereal Crops for Breeding Purposes.

The existing standardized methods for assessing the quality of marketable grain do not always meet the requirements of the breeding, such as the method’s rapidity, sufficiency of the minimum amount of experimental material, the minimal modifying influence of the external environment on the degree of expression of a criterion, and genetic determination and heritability of the latter. One of the methods that meets these requirements is the sediment volume test. The present study offers an analysis and examples of methodological developments in relation to the assessment of winter bread wheat grain in arid regions of cultivation, as well as of winter triticale. The fluorescent probing method was used as an example for demonstrating the prospects for assessing the swelling of ground grain products of both bread and durum wheat, and for such crops with a less-strong complex of storage polymers as triticale, rye, and millet. A two-stage sedimentation procedure that allows a successful differentiation of samples has been developed for sorghum and maize grain. It is presented here alongside with methodological works on wheat from different countries of the world. Examples of the proven high reproducibility of the sediment volume test in the offspring, and its genetic determination are provided. In general, the data obtained and the material accumulated by various researchers indicate that a modification of the sedimentation method, correctly chosen for specific goals and objectives, solves the problem of assessing grain quality in breeding samples starting from early progenies. All these circumstances make the sedimentation testing the leading or most promising method for assessing grain quality when breeding of a broad range of grain crops is carried out.

Content of crude protein in bread winter wheat grain depending on nitrogen fertilization and foliar application of effective microorganisms

The aim of this study was to determine the grain protein content of wheat varieties grown under different application rates of effective microorganisms (EM) and nitrogen, and two sowing rates. Three-year research was conducted at the experimental filed of the Scientific Institute PKB Agroekonomik Padinska Skela, using four varieties of wheat (Ratarica, Pobeda, Nogal and Apache), two sowing densities of 400 and 500 seeds/m2 and T1 fertilization (150 kg/ha N); T2 (150 kg/ha N + one foliar treatment, T3 (100 kg/ha N + two foliar treatments), and T4 (50 kg/ha N + three foliar treatments). The preparation EM Aktiv 7 l/ha, a mixture of multiple selected microorganisms, was used for foliar treatment with EM. The average protein content was 13.95% and was statistically significantly dependent on the variety, fertilization, and their interaction p0.01. The Ratarica and Pobeda varieties had the highest grain protein content. T3 treatment had the greatest impact on grain protein content in all three years of research, by using effective microorganisms, the level of protein in the grain can be maintained when the amount of nitrogen is reduced.

Screening of the world winter bread wheat collection for leafstem disease resistance in the Lower Volga region

The current paper has presented the study results of collection winter bread wheat samples. The purpose of the study was to screen the world collection of winter bread wheat for disease resistance in the Nizhnevolzhsky region. The study was carried out on the basis of the FSBSI “Federal Agricultural Research Center of the South-East” (Saratov). In 2017–2021 there was conducted an estimation of the resistance of 152 winter bread wheat samples to the main pathogens. The samples were sown at the optimal time with the SSFC-8 seeder on plots of 3 m2 in a single repetition. The seeding rate was 450 germinating seeds per m2 . There have been studied the world collection varietal samples of winter bread wheat VIR (from breeding centers of the USA, Canada, Ukraine, Slovakia, Latvia, Hungary, etc.), as well as the samples of domestic breeding (FANC of the South-East, NTsZ named after P.P. Lukyanenko, Severokavkazsky FNATS, etc.). There have been identified the most harmful leaf-stem diseases, such as brown rust (Puccinia triticina Erikss.) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. Tritici), septoria (Septoria tritici Rob. et Desm.) and yellow leaf blotch (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died) Drechsler). There has been characterized the resistance of the winter bread wheat collection to the complex of leaf-stem diseases. There have been identified two samples with group resistance to brown and stem rusts, septoria and pyrenophorosis; one sample resistant to leaf rust and stem rust; three samples resistant to stem rust and septoria; one sample resistant to leaf and stem rust and septoria; six samples resistant to septoria and pyrenophorosis.

Estimation of adaptable properties of winter bread wheat varieties developed by the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”

An important aspect in breeding programs is to increase a potential of winter wheat productivity. At the same time, modern genotypes are required to possess not only high productivity with appropriate grain quality, but also resistance to the unfavorable effects of growing conditions. Thus, the study of the genotype according to its interaction with the environment is an integral component in the search for ways to further productivity increase of varieties. The purpose of the current study was to identify the stability and interaction of the genotype with the environment in the winter bread wheat varieties developed by the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”. In the study there were used 14 varieties of winter bread wheat grown after sunflower in 2018–2021. As a result of the study, there was found that the factor “year” had the greatest effect on productivity (53.72%), the factor “variety” influences on productivity on 20.17%, and the correlation of the factors “year × variety” affected on productivity on 22.40%. On average, through the years of study, the varieties’ productivity ranged from 4.81 t/ha (the variety ‘Don 107’) to 5.38 t/ha (the variety ‘Zolotoy Kolos’). The varieties ‘Lidiya’ (bi = 1.04), ‘Zhavoronok’ (bi = 1.32), ‘Kaprizulya’ (bi = 1.41), ‘Lilit’ (bi = 1.44), ‘Podarok Krymu’ (bi = 1.59) and ‘Krasa Dona’ (bi = 1.64) have shown a strong responsiveness to the changes of the environment. The varieties ‘Polina (Hom = 94.27; Cv = 8.90%) and ‘Ayuta’ (Hom = 238.85; Cv = 5.73%) were characterized by high homeostatic indices and low values of the coefficient of variance.

Estimation of the winter bread wheat productivity according to the parameters of ecological adaptability in the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk region

The extension of winter bread wheat areas in Western Siberia is accompanied by the introduction of new varieties, the adaptive properties of which require careful evaluation. The purpose of the current work was to characterize the numbers of the Competitive Variety Testing (CVT) according to the parameters of ecological adaptability and stability. The objects of research through the years of 2016–2020 were 12 winter bread wheat samples from the CVT laboratory for winter grain crop breeding of the FSBSI “Omsk Agricultural Research Center”. The highest values of the linear regression coefficient were identified in the lines ‘22/16’, ‘24/16’, the varieties ‘Yubileinaya 180’, ‘Omskaya 4’ (bi = 1.15–1.19). The varieties ‘Priirtyshskaya’, ‘Priirtyshskaya 2’, the lines ‘38/17’, ‘47/16’, ‘42/18’ (bi = 0.81–89) reacted weaker to environmental changes. The lines ‘25/16’, ‘26/16’ and ‘43/18’ (bi = 1.01–1.02) had adaptability close to a unit. The most stable productivity was identified in the line ‘24/16’ (S2 d = 0.01). The similar productivity was provided by the variety ‘Priirtyshskaya’ and the lines ‘47/16’, ‘43/18’ (S2 d = 0.05–0.10). Among the less stable varieties were ‘Omskaya 4’, ‘Priirtyshskaya 2’, the lines ‘22/16’, ‘26/16’, ‘38/17’ (S2 d = 0.30–0.48). The variety ‘Priirtyshskaya’, the lines ‘38/17’, 43/18’ (V = 22.8–23.8%) had a relatively lower productivity variability. The line ‘43/18’ (5.70 t/ha) was the best in productivity. The varieties ‘Priirtyshskaya 2’ (5.29 t/ha), ‘Yubileinaya 180’ (5.19 t/ha), the lines ‘38/17’ (5.18 t/ha), ‘47/16’ (5.01 t/ha), the variety ‘Priirtyshskaya’ (4.85 t/ha) also had a significant excess over the standard variety ‘Omskaya 4’ (4.24 t/ha). In general, the estimation of the productivity adaptability has shown that the best numbers according to this trait are characterized by different reactions to growing conditions. The most productive line ‘43/18’ is adaptable. The variety ‘Yubileynaya 180’ is of intensive type. The response to environmental changes of the varieties ‘Priirtyshskaya’, ‘Priirtyshskaya 2’, the lines ‘38/17’, ‘47/16’ was weak.

Results of conducting the primary seed production using the method of electrophoresis in the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy

The current paper has presented the study and estimation results of winter bread wheat varieties in primary seed production (2019-2021) based on the method of electrophoresis. In order to maintain varietal purity in different varieties there were used different methods of primary seed production. The main method was the method of laying down the plots (a field testing method) for testing progeny with a two-year estimation of families according to progeny (PIP-1 and PIP-2). In laboratory conditions, there was used the method of electrophoresis, where there was studied the polymorphism of wheat gliadin reserve proteins. The purpose of the study was to estimate the efficiency of the method of electrophoresis on reserve proteins, to develop varietal purity and belonging of winter wheat seeds to the variety in primary seed production. On the basis of the conducted study, there was found that for winter bread wheat varieties there was possible to change the biotype composition from heterogeneous to monomorphic in PIP-1 by selecting families according to morphological traits (a field testing method), and the introduction of the method of electrophoresis into seed production made it possible not only to identify varieties on changes in the biotype gliadin composition in the varieties, but also to track the ratio in which it was necessary to purposefully preserve families in primary seed production, excluding monomorphism in heterogeneous varieties. All varieties were characterized by an individual set of gliadin-coding loci, which allowed using electrophoresis on reserve proteins to identify any variety and its varietal purity.