Winter Barley Varieties Research Articles

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ АКТИВНЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВ СЕМЯН-ДОНОРОВ НА ВСХОЖЕСТЬ, УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ И ДРУЖНОСТЬ СОЗРЕВАНИЯ ПЛОДОВ ТОМАТА ПРИ КАПЕЛЬНОМ ОРОШЕНИИ

The effect of pre-sowing treatment by extract of seeds-donor of different concentrations on germination, seedling vigor, and yield of tomato was shown. The seeds of different varieties of winter wheat, barley, oats, alfalfa, soybean, and maize were used as a seedsdonor of biologically active substances. It was found that these substances increased the seed germination and improved the seed vigor, plant development and product quality. This technology can be considered as a source of increasing in labour productivity and seed production.

Evaluation of winter barley breeding lines for productivity and adaptability under environments of forest- steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To evaluate new winter barley breeding lines under environments of Forest-Steppe of Ukraine for productivity and resistance to abiotic and biotic factors, to select the best ones for complex of agronomic traits as candidates-varieties to be transferred to State Strain Testing.Material and methods. The study was conducted at Breeding Barley Laboratory of the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS in 2009-2014. Winter barley breeding lines of competitive strain test of were the object of the research. Field evaluation for winter hardiness, duration of cropping season, resistance to lodging and to major leaf diseases was carried out. Adaptability indices were calculated by yield performance according to conventional methods.Results. In 2009-2010 field evaluation and rejection of breeding lines in control nursery and prove preliminary testing for winter hardiness has been carried out. Subsequently under relatively favorable wintering conditions the breeding lines were studied in the competitive strain testing for morpho-physiological traits related to winter barley winter hardiness such as sugar levels accumulated in tillering nodes at the moment of stopping growth and development of apical points in autumn and winter periods.With a number of methods to assess the adaptability mathematical and statistical analysis of yield for 40 winter barley breeding lines in 2012-2014 was carried out and parameters of plasticity and stability were defined. Based on the indices defined ranking and calculation of adaptability rating were carried out. In addition, weather conditions during years of research were favorable to objective evaluation of breeding lines for resistance to lodging and several leaf diseases - powdery mildew, barley leaf stripe, net blotch, spot blotch and barley leaf rust. Breeding lines that combine higher levels of yield and resistance and moderate resistance to individual or set of the factors mentioned above in field conditions were identified.Conclusions. Resulted from a comprehensive study in competitive strain testing of MIW breeding lines Pallidum 4816 (Luxor / Myronivs’ky 87), Pallidum 4857 (Osnova / Myronivs’ky 87), Pallidum 4659 (Erfa / Radical // Kromoz) possessing the most optimal ratio of yield potential, parameters of adaptability, resistance and moderate resistance to abiotic and biotic factors were singled out. These lines will be transferred to the State Strain Testing of Ukraine as new winter barley varieties.

Influence of exogenous phytohormone on the productivity and adaptation of winter barley varieties to lodging

At the beginning of the generative stage of barley before possible lodging of the plants, the spraying of crops with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid led to an increase in productivity of a tall-growing variety of barley and to adaptation of the crops to lodging.

Effects of different doses of nitrogen in topdressing and sowing density on yield of winter barley

The aim of this study was to determine and quantify the effect of nitrogen fertilizer in topdressing and sowing density on the yield of five varieties of winter barley in 2012/2013. On average for five varieties of winter barley and five sowing densities, the highest grain yield was obtained in the control treatment with no N-fertilizer application. With increasing amounts of fertilizer, yields declined to the highest dose. The reason for this effect was climatic conditions during the year that favoured mineralization of organic matter in soil, so the effect of the applied N-fertilizer was missing. NS Pinon and NS Zitos obtained significantly higher yields compared to other varieties in the trial. As a consequence of varietal specificity for N use efficiency, reaction of examined genotype to N-fertilizers was different. The yield obtained at sowing densities of 150, 250 and 350 viable seeds m-2 (on average for all varieties and N doses), was not different, an did was significantly higher compared to the sowing densities of 450 and 550 viable seeds m-2, also as a result of weather conditions in a year of investigation.

Newly discovered genes for resistance to powdery mildew in the subtelomeric region of the short arm of barley chromosome 7H

Two dominant genes for resistance to powdery mildew (caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) from the PI296825 and PI466461 accessions of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum) were identified close to the subtelomeric region of the short arm of chromosome 7H. Genetic analyses predicted two resistance loci in F<sub>2</sub> populations established from crosses between each of the two accessions and the winter barley (H. vulgare) variety Tiffany. Genetic mapping revealed a highly effective (52% of phenotypic variation) resistance gene from PI296825 located between the markers GBMS192 and GBM1060. In F<sub>2</sub> plants exhibiting resistance reaction types (RT) 0 to RT1–2, specific DNA fragments for co-segregating markers were amplified. In plants with RT2 and RT2–3, the resistance was conferred by another unidentified resistance gene. In PI466461, the resistance gene found on the short arm of chromosome 7H was flanked by the markers GBM1126 and GBM1060. Another resistance gene coincided with the Mla locus. Resistance in RT0 plants was conferred by both resistance genes, which accounted for 58% of the total phenotypic variation. The two resistance genes with the same location on chromosome 7H have different phenotypic effects on the resistance in RT0 plants; therefore, the resistance alleles could be at different loci.

Effect of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on the drought response of barley, durum wheat and oat

Phytotron experiments were conducted to examine the impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 level (750 μmol mol−1) on the drought tolerance of winter barley (Petra), durum wheat (Mv Makaroni) and spring oat (Mv Pehely) varieties. Under drought stress conditions, the durum wheat variety was found to be unaffected by CO2 enrichment, as neither the biomass or grain yield nor the antioxidant enzyme activities changed compared to those at ambient CO2. Despite the fact that the spring oat variety had similar grain yield loss due to drought at both CO2 levels, it exhibited reduced antioxidant enzyme activities under less severe drought, indicating a slightly increased tolerance to drought. Winter barley, which exhibited an extremely positive reaction to CO2 enrichment at the control water supply level, also showed increased drought tolerance in response to high CO2. It had low glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase and ascorbate peroxidase activities even at the most severe drought stress levels, while it could also fully compensate for the negative effects of drought on biomass and grain yield parameters when grown at elevated CO2.

Control of the Influence of Minerals, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium during Cultivation of Some Varieties of Winter Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) for beer production

The object of this study is the control of the influence of minerals, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium during cultivation of some varieties of winter barley (hordeum vulgare L.) for beer production in the climatic conditions of Kosovo. During cultivation and production a total of six barley cultivars have been analyzed such as Bingo, Zlatko, Vannesa, Esterel, Barun while Rex was used as comparative (standard). The analysis of the breeding and production are conducted in two agro climatic regions of Kosovo (in Arbnesh Research farm of the agricultural institute of Kosovo, Peja – Dukagjin Field, and Pestova – Kosovo Fields). Experiments were carried out by the method of randomized blocks in repetitions. Area of each experiment was 10 m2. Soil analyses for minerals, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were conducted on two fields. In order to achieve a proper control the following factors were measured: the yield (kg/ha), the weight (1000 seeds in grams), the hectoliters weight (kg), the protein content (%), the humidity (%) and the starch. The obtained results showed that there were significant statistical differences between various levels for all investigated areas compared with the standard (Rex) and between various localities. These data served for a proper control of the quality of the beer production.

Evaluation of the use of high-density SNP genotyping to implement UPOV Model 2 for DUS testing in barley

Developments in high-throughput genotyping provide an opportunity to explore the application of marker technology in distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) testing of new varieties. We have used a large set of molecular markers to assess the feasibility of a UPOV Model 2 approach: "Calibration of threshold levels for molecular characteristics against the minimum distance in traditional characteristics". We have examined 431 winter and spring barley varieties, with data from UK DUS trials comprising 28 characteristics, together with genotype data from 3072 SNP markers. Inter varietal distances were calculated and we found higher correlations between molecular and morphological distances than have been previously reported. When varieties were grouped by kinship, phenotypic and genotypic distances of these groups correlated well. We estimated the minimum marker numbers required and showed there was a ceiling after which the correlations do not improve. To investigate the possibility of breaking through this ceiling, we attempted genomic prediction of phenotypes from genotypes and higher correlations were achieved. We tested distinctness decisions made using either morphological or genotypic distances and found poor correspondence between each method.

Brewing trials with spring and winter barley varieties

The effects of a set of barley varieties on the brewing process and quality of beer production intermediaries were studied in trial brews (40 l) prepared using the two-mash decoction process. The varieties included in the trial were selected based on the starch granule size distribution determined previously. A significant effect of the varieties on the saccharification time of both mashes was determined. The highest saccharification rate in brews was achieved with the variety Jersey; the saccharification time of the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> mash with the variety Tiffany was markedly longer. The varieties with a greater fraction of large starch granules (Tiffany and Luxor) exhibited a higher haze with sweet wort as well as hopped wort compared to the varieties with a low fraction of large starch granules (Jersey and Tolar). The effect on the lautering time was not demonstrated. Pronounced varietal differences were determined in the extract balance of the brewing process. The varieties Tiffany andLuxor exhibited significantly lower extract yields. The malts from these varieties had lower laboratory extracts and higher extract losses in spent grains. The effect of the variety on the sacharide composition in hopped wort was confirmed. The proportion of fermentable saccharides in hopped wort extract rose from the variety Tiffany (66.9%) to the varietyJersey (83.6%). A significant difference in the final attenuation was also determined (76% in beers prepared from the varieties Tiffany andLuxor compared to 81.5% from theJersey variety).  

Phenolic compounds as cultivar- and variety-distinguishing factors in some plant products.

The aim of the study was to determine whether phenolic compounds in some varieties of buckwheat, winter and spring barley and peas can be used as factors which distinguish selected cultivars and varieties of plant material. It was observed that the content of total phenolics might be useful as a cultivar-distinguishing factor for all the plant materials analyzed, but it was a distinguishing factor for only some varieties. Individual cultivars and varieties were best distinguished by the content of syringic acid. The levels of syringic and vanillic acids were in reverse proportion to the total amount of phenolics soluble in methanol and a positive correlation between syringic and ferulic acid was observed. Moreover, the protein content of plant material was analyzed and a significant (p ≤ 0.05) correlation between this component and ferulic and vanillic acids was noted.

Presence of deoxynivalenol in small-grain samples from 2009/10 harvest season

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is present in all growing regions of small grains and causes significant losses in yield and grain quality. In our environmental conditions, dominant species is Fusarium graminearum Group 2. During 2009/10 there was a significant Fusarium infestation on wheat, barley and triticale. The aim of this study was to examine the contents of deoxynivalenol (DON) in cereal samples taken after 2009/10 harvest season. We analyzed 22 NS varieties of small grains from Rimski Sancevi, including 16 varieties of winter wheat, one facultative wheat variety, four varieties of winter barley and one variety of triticale. Analytical methods based on clean-up by solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns and detection by liquid chromatography were used. Fifteen out the 22 analyzed samples were positive for the presence of DON at a mean level of 0.537 mg/kg. The highest concentration was 1.952 mg/kg. These findings were in correlation with percentage of the Fusarium damaged kernels.

The behavior of some winter barley varieties in the climatic conditions of the central Moldavian plateau

This paper presents the enviromental testing research results of seven romania varieties of winter barley, experienced on Agricultural Research and Development Station (ARDS) of Secuieni, Neamţ county, Romania, during 2007 - 2010. By this was followed the zoning of the most adjusted and efficient genotypes, increasing their biodiversity so that to reduce the genetic and ecological vulnerability of the agroecosystems. In the last three years (2007 - 2010) was revealed the tendency of large fluctuations occurrence, both in terms of rainfall and temperature, from a normal crop year (2007 - 2008) in a dry year (2008 - 2009) and a rainy year (2009 2010). In the crop year 2009 - 2010, because of spring weather conditions that favored the installation of pathogen agents (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei, Pyrenophora graminea, Pyrenophora teres, Puccinia hordei), but especially of the rainfall fallen in the last decade of June, which negatively influenced the evolution of the barley crop and contributed to the quantity (by shaking the beans in the ear) and quality deteriorating of

Influence of barley variety, timing of nitrogen fertilisation and sunn pest infestation on malting and brewing

This paper presents a multivariate approach to investigate the influence of barley variety, timing of nitrogen fertilisation and sunn pest infestation on malting and brewing. Four spring and two winter barley varieties were grown in one location in southern Europe. Moreover, one of the spring varieties was infested with sunn pest, in order to study the effects of this pest on malting quality, and subjected to different nitrogen fertilisation timing regimes. The samples were micromalted, mashed, brewed and analysed. The data showed that even though the two winter barleys seemed to be the best regarding their physical appearance (sieving fraction I + II > 82%), this superiority was not confirmed in the malt samples, which showed low values of Hartong extract (27.1%) and high values of pH (6.07-6.11) and β-glucan content (12.5-13.2 g kg(-1)), resulting in low-quality beers. The barley sample subjected to postponed fertilisation had a total nitrogen content (19.5 g kg(-1) dry matter) exceeding the specification for malting barley and gave a beer with a low content of free amino nitrogen (47 mg L(-1)) and high values of viscosity (1.99 cP) and β-glucan content (533 mg L(-1)). The beer obtained from the barley sample subjected to pest attack had good quality parameters. All spring barleys gave well-modified malts and consequently beers of higher quality than the winter barleys. Moreover, postponed fertilisation was negatively related to the quality of the final beer, and sunn pest infestation did not induce important economic losses in the beer production chain.

Post-Registration Study of Barley Varieties (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The article provides summary of post-registration research on Barley varieties in 2008-2009. Best varieties of Winter and Spring Barley for different climatic and soil conditions of Ukraine are specified, as well as their productivity subject to the influence of environmental factors.

The effect of light, temperature and desiccation on differential stability of mrna, from spring and winter wheat seedlings

The research focused on working out a molecular method of assessing stress-steadiness and photoperiodism of wheat and Barley varieties Selekcia KN11 grown under stress conditions. A total RNA preparation was isolated from spring and winter seedlings using phenol-detergent method, and the isolated poly (A) RNA were recovered from the total RNA using Affinity chromatography with poly Uracil sepharose as an absorbent. One of the objectives of the study is to adapt mini preparation procedure for the effective and rapid isolation of poly (A) RNA, from total RNA preparation. Variable yields of poly (A) RNA were obtained from four days old seedlings of winter and spring wheat and barley varieties, Celekcia KN11 which were sown under various environmental condition, the poly (A) RNA was studied and analyzed and the findings for photo-periodism of wheat varieties: krasnodarskaya-39, Bezostaya-1 and Drujna showed that the former two varieties are highly light sensitive (long day) while the latter is moderately long day variety. Variety Spectra was found to be neutral to light (photo-periodism). On the other hand, the result of 3 varieties krasnodarskaya-39, Olimpiya and Bezostaya-1is consistent with the findings of conventional breeding for the assessment of wheat stress-steadines. The three varieties are all relatively resistant to drought in the following order: Krasnodarskaya-39 > Olimpiya > Bezostaya-1 at P

Regulation of Freezing Tolerance and Flowering in Temperate Cereals: The VRN-1 Connection

In winter wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties, long exposures to nonfreezing cold temperatures accelerate flowering time (vernalization) and improve freezing tolerance (cold acclimation). However, when plants initiate their reproductive development, freezing tolerance decreases, suggesting a connection between the two processes. To better understand this connection, we used two diploid wheat (Triticum monococcum) mutants, maintained vegetative phase (mvp), that carry deletions encompassing VRN-1, the major vernalization gene in temperate cereals. Homozygous mvp/mvp plants never flower, whereas plants carrying at least one functional VRN-1 copy (Mvp/-) exhibit normal flowering and high transcript levels of VRN-1 under long days. The Mvp/- plants showed reduced freezing tolerance and reduced transcript levels of several cold-induced C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR transcription factors and COLD REGULATED genes (COR) relative to the mvp/mvp plants. Diploid wheat accessions with mutations in the VRN-1 promoter, resulting in high transcript levels under both long and short days, showed a significant down-regulation of COR14b under long days but not under short days. Taken together, these studies suggest that VRN-1 is required for the initiation of the regulatory cascade that down-regulates the cold acclimation pathway but that additional genes regulated by long days are required for the down-regulation of the COR genes. In addition, our results show that allelic variation in VRN-1 is sufficient to determine differences in freezing tolerance, suggesting that quantitative trait loci for freezing tolerance previously mapped on this chromosome region are likely a pleiotropic effect of VRN-1 rather than the effect of a separate closely linked locus (FROST RESISTANCE-1), as proposed in early freezing tolerance studies.

Ethanol Production from Winter Hulless Barley

This study examined the potential of two winter hulless barley varieties, Eve and VA125, as feedstock for ethanol production. Starch and -glucan contents of the barley samples were analyzed using official analytical techniques. Both whole-grain and flour samples were hydrolyzed by enzymes and heat treatment preceding fermentation experiments. A simultaneous saccharification and fermentation method was used to convert starch to ethanol. Eve variety had higher starch content than that of VA125. The -glucan content of VA125 was higher than that of Eve. The highest ethanol conversion efficiency, 88.6%, was attained with the mash prepared from whole-grain Eve. This study demonstrated that winter hulless barley can be a viable feedstock for bio-ethanol production with similar starch content to corn. Dry milling can be used to obtain high starch content flour fractions from barley grain. It is possible to produce ethanol from winter barley varieties with acceptable conversion yields. Optimization of dry milling and ethanol conversion process parameters could improve the economic feasibility of barley-to-ethanol conversion operations.

Production of ethanol from winter barley by the EDGE (enhanced dry grind enzymatic) process

BackgroundUS legislation requires the use of advanced biofuels to be made from non-food feedstocks. However, commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol technology is more complex than expected and is therefore running behind schedule. This is creating a demand for non-food, but more easily converted, starch-based feedstocks other than corn that can fill the gap until the second generation technologies are commercially viable. Winter barley is such a feedstock but its mash has very high viscosity due to its high content of β-glucans. This fact, along with a lower starch content than corn, makes ethanol production at the commercial scale a real challenge.ResultsA new fermentation process for ethanol production from Thoroughbred, a winter barley variety with a high starch content, was developed. The new process was designated the EDGE (enhanced dry grind enzymatic) process. In this process, in addition to the normal starch-converting enzymes, two accessory enzymes were used to solve the β-glucan problem. First, β-glucanases were used to hydrolyze the β-glucans to oligomeric fractions, thus significantly reducing the viscosity to allow good mixing for the distribution of the yeast and nutrients. Next, β-glucosidase was used to complete the β-glucan hydrolysis and to generate glucose, which was subsequently fermented in order to produce additional ethanol. While β-glucanases have been previously used to improve barley ethanol production by lowering viscosity, this is the first full report on the benefits of adding β-glucosidases to increase the ethanol yield.ConclusionsIn the EDGE process, 30% of total dry solids could be used to produce 15% v/v ethanol. Under optimum conditions an ethanol yield of 402 L/MT (dry basis) or 2.17 gallons/53 lb bushel of barley with 15% moisture was achieved. The distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) co-product had extremely low β-glucan (below 0.2%) making it suitable for use in both ruminant and mono-gastric animal feeds.

Candidate markers for powdery mildew resistance genes from wild barley PI284752

PI284752, an accession of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) resistant to pow- dery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei, was studied with the aim of identifying genes involved in powdery mildew resistance. An F2 population (456 plants) was established from a cross between the winter barley variety 'Tiffany' and PI284752. This cross demonstrated a two-locus model of resistance. Linkage analysis using polymorphic DNA markers was carried out on 180 plants. The RGH1a gene sequence from the Mla locus was used as a source for developing the RGH1aE2I2 marker. By interval mapping on chromo- some 1HS, one resistance gene was found to be tightly linked with RGH1aE2I2 and it was found to be located 2 cM from GBMS062 .I n F 2 plants exhibiting resis- tance reaction type (RT) 0, specific DNA fragments for the RGH1aE2I2 marker were amplified. In plants with RT1 to RT2-3, the resistance was conferred exclu- sively by the second R gene that we identified, which is linked with Bmac0134 and GBMS247 on chromosome 2HS. The aforementioned markers may be valuable

Characterization and chromosomal location of powdery mildew resistance genes from wild barley PI282605

The objective of this work was to find the identity of three resistance genes against powdery mildew by mapping in an F2 population derived from a cross between winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety ‘Tiffany’ and the wild barley (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum) accession PI282605, an effective powdery mildew resistance source.