Wingate Test Research Articles

Effects of photobiomodulation therapy on acute recovery after exhausting cycling exercise

The application of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) to delay skeletal muscle fatigue and shield against muscle damage represents a novel frontier in the field of exercise physiology. Further research is warranted to understand the physiological impact of PBMT on post-exercise recovery and muscle functionality. The objective of this research is to assess the impact of PBMT on the quadriceps following strenuous cycling, focusing on blood lactate (BL) levels, heart rate (HR), perceived exertion (RPE), and performance in the Wingate (WG) test. The study involved 12 male participants who were randomly allocated to either an active PBMT group or a control group, with treatments administered to the rectus femoris muscles bilaterally post-exhaustive cycling. The cycling exercise workload was 50 Watts (W); it increased by 50 W every 30 s at 60 rpm until the onset of exhaustion; and 30 s of active recovery was allowed between intervals. The BL, HR, and RPE were measured at several time points: pre-exercise, post-exercise, and at 10 min and 20 min post-exercise, as well as post-WG test. BL was significantly reduced in the PBMT group compared to the placebo group at the 10-min (p < 0.05) and 20-min (p < 0.01) marks post-exercise, and also post-WG test (p < 0.01). Additionally, HR was significantly lower in the PBMT group immediately following the WG test (p < 0.01). Both the mean (p < 0.05) and peak power outputs (p < 0.05) were found to be superior in the PBMT group. The application of PBMT to the quadriceps post-exhaustive exercise resulted in reduced BL and HR, along with improved WG test results, suggesting that PBMT may facilitate faster recovery following physical exertion.

Sex differences in the acute effect of caffeine on repeated sprint performance: A randomized controlled trial.

This study aimed to examine sex differences in acute caffeine intake on repeated sprint performance. Fifty-two resistance-trained individuals (age: 24.6±4.5years and sex (female/male): 26/26) participated in a randomized, triple-blind, cross-over, and placebo-controlled study. Participants ingested 3mg/kg caffeine or placebo and, after 60min, performed 4 Wingate tests (Wt), consisting of a 30 s all-out lower-body sprint against an individualized resisted load, with 90s rest periods between sprints. Mean (Wmean) and peak (Wpeak) power showed an interaction between sprint and supplement (P=0.038, ηp 2=0.095 and P<0.001, ηp 2=0.157, respectively), but only Wpeak reported a supplement and sex interaction (P=0.049 and ηp 2=0.166). Caffeine increased Wmean in Wt3 (3.5%, P=0.004, and g=1.059) and Wt4 (3.9%, P=0.012, and g=1.091) compared to placebo. Whereas, for Wpeak, caffeine increased Wpeak in the Wt1 (2.9%, P=0.050 and g=1.01) and Wt2 (3.2%, P=0.050, and g=1.01) in males and in Wt3 (5.2%, P=0.008, and g=1.79) and Wt4 (8.1%, P=0.004, and g=2.27) in female participants compared to placebo. No statistically significant sex differences were found in time to reach Wpeak, fatigue index. Acute caffeine intake stimulated a similar ergogenic effect on repeated sprint performance in men and women, except in peak power output, where caffeine increased performance during the first sprints in males and the last sprints in female participants.

High-intensity interval training with blood-flow restriction enhances sprint and maximal aerobic power in male endurance athletes.

We investigated the concurrent impact of HIIT and blood-flow restriction (BFR) as a novel approach to further enhance maximal aerobic and anaerobic physiology and performances in trained athletes. In a randomized controlled trial, eighteen endurance-trained males (V ̇O2peak 65.6±5.1 ml.min-1.kg-1) included three sessions of HIIT per week (sets of 15-s efforts at 100% maximal aerobic power, interspersed by 15-s recovery) into their usual training for three weeks, either with restriction imposed on both lower limbs at 50-70% of arterial occlusion pressure (BFR group, n=10) or without (CTL group, n=8), and were tested for sprint and endurance exercise performance. The total mechanical work developed during a 30-sec Wingate test increased only in BFR (3.6%, P=0.02). During the Wingate, changes in near-infrared spectroscopy-derived vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation (Δ(deoxy[Hb+Mb]), % arterial occlusion) were attenuated after BFR training (-8.8%, P=0.04). The maximal aerobic power measured during an incremental cycling test increased only in BFR (4.5%, P=0.0004), but there was no change in V ̇O2peak among groups. Both groups improved 5-km cycling time trial performance, but BFR displayed a concomitant greater elevation in [H+] (11%, P=0.02). Changes in other blood variables (e.g., pH, lactate, bicarbonate and potassium ion concentration, hemoglobin) were not different between groups. Combining short-duration HIIT performed at 100% aerobic power with BFR elicited greater changes in sprint performance and maximal aerobic power in endurance athletes, associated with locomotor muscle metabolic adaptations but no meaningful effect on cardiorespiratory fitness.

Increasing the Anaerobic Capacity Resulting from the Improvement of Buffering and Hypoxia Indicators in Healthy Men

Background: Increasing anaerobic capacity is a crucial factor in enhancing performance in strength sports. Objectives: This study investigated the effect of 10 weeks of weightlifting training with increased respiratory dead space on buffering capacity and anaerobic capacity in healthy men. Methods: Eighteen male weightlifters (mean age: 28.2 ± 3.02 years, BMI: 24.27 ± 1.34 kg/m²) were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two training groups: With and without masks. Both groups performed selected weightlifting exercises three times per week for 10 weeks at 80% of their one-repetition maximum. The mask group trained using a mask and tube to increase respiratory dead space throughout the training period. The Borg scale was used to measure perceived effort, and the Wingate test assessed anaerobic power and Fatigue Index (FI). Blood samples were taken to measure lactate, CO₂, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) levels. Data analysis was conducted using ANOVA with repeated measures (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Ten weeks of weightlifting training with a mask led to a significant increase in bicarbonate levels (P = 0.029), lactate (P ≤ 0.001), FI (P ≤ 0.001), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) (P = 0.041) compared to the group without a mask. There was no significant difference between the groups in HIF-1α levels (P = 0.079) or anaerobic power (P = 0.534). However, the percentage changes were greater in the mask group (anaerobic power = 5.9%, HIF-1α = 1.97%) compared to the group without a mask (anaerobic power = -0.9%, HIF-1α = 1.07%). Conclusions: Using the strategy of increasing respiratory dead space during weightlifting training has proven beneficial for enhancing buffering capacity and anaerobic power.

How Does Lavender Affect Lactic Acid Levels Increased With Exercise?

This study examines the effects of lavender plants on fatigue levels and performance. The research started by randomly dividing 60 participants aged 18-25 into study and control groups. The Wingate Anaerobic Test was applied to the participants and the study group was administered a sauna filled with lavender. Data were collected and analyzed by measuring blood lactate levels. In all physiological characteristics examined, the differences between the control group and the study group before the study were found to be statistically insignificant. In both the study group and the control group, except for diastolic blood pressure, changes in all physiological characteristics and blood values according to measurement times (0, 1, 5 and 15 min) were found to be very significant (p&amp;lt;0.001). When the control group and the study group were compared, significant differences were found between pulse values in the first minute (p=0.023), saturation in the fifth minute (p=0.020) and lactate averages (p=0.023). In particular, it was observed that the lactate average in the fifth minute was 1.64 units lower in the study group than in the control group. Blood sugar levels decreased gradually in both groups compared to the initial value. This feature decreased by 17.45 units in the control group and 9.30 units in the study group at minute 1 compared to the initial value. It can be said that the calmness provided by the lavender scent causes less blood sugar drops. Findings support lavender's fatigue-reducing effects and suggest it may reduce painful conditions. Our study shows that these effects occur because lavender reduces lactate levels. Additionally studies in the literature confirm these results. The mechanism of lavender explains that inhalation affects the limbic system and hypothalamus causing relaxation, decreased anxiety, increased attention and concentration. It has been emphasized that lavender inhalation is a safe option. The study states that the results of a more comprehensive study that includes a larger sample and gender differences are needed. However research points out the difficulty of finding sufficient participants. This study provides an essential contribution to the potential health benefits of lavender.

Effects of Cluster vs. Traditional Sets Complex Training on Physical Performance Adaptations of Trained Male Volleyball Players.

This study aimed to examine the impact of different set configurations during combination of resistance and plyometric training (complex [COX]) on jumping ability, power output, strength, and hormonal adaptations in young male volleyball players after a 6-week training period. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with twenty-four trained male volleyball players under the age of 19, who were assigned to one of two groups for lower-body COX training: cluster sets (CS-COX: n = 8) or traditional sets (TS-COX: n = 8), with an additional active control group (CON: n = 8). The players underwent evaluations for countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ), spike jump (SPJ), T-test change of direction speed (T-test CODS), one repetition maximum (1RM) in the back squat and leg press, and the Wingate Anaerobic Test before and after the 6-week training intervention (12 sessions in total). Blood samples were also collected before and after training to assess resting testosterone and cortisol responses. Following the training, both the CS-COX and TS-COX groups exhibited significantly greater (p = 0.001) changes than the CON group in the variables, while similar improvements in maximal strength, mean power output, and testosterone adaptations were observed following the training (p < 0.05). Moreover, the CS-COX group demonstrated greater improvements in CMVJ (effect size [ES] = 0.36), SPJ (ES = 0.06), T-test CODS (ES = -0.60), and peak power output (ES = 0.72), along with greater reductions in resting cortisol (ES = -0.30) levels compared to the TS-COX group after the 6-week intervention (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the results indicate that incorporating cluster sets during COX training sessions led to more favorable changes in bio-motor ability, peak power output, and cortisol adaptations, with greater consistency and uniformity in adaptations among the players compared to traditional set configurations.

Comparison of Anthropometric and Physical Fitness Variables Based on Gender and Position in Elite Field Hockey Players

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to derive anthropometric and fitness characteristics required by sex and position in Korean elite field hockey athletes.METHODS: This study included 14 male (29.8±3.6 years) and 14 female (27.2±3.5 years) elite field hockey players. They were examined for anthropometric (weight, height, %body fat, etc.) and physical fitness variables (push-up, sit-up, side-steps, etc.), including isometric strength (handgrip and back &amp; leg strength), anaerobic capacity (Wingate 30s test), and trunk isokinetic peak torque (30°/s and 120°/s).RESULTS: Male players outperformed female players on most physical fitness variables. Specifically, female athletes had significantly lower isometric muscle strength (26–37%, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.001) and anaerobic capacity (36%, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.001) than male athletes, but these differences were less pronounced in measures of muscle power variables (12–23%, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.001) and cardiorespiratory endurance (14%, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.001). Forwards (FW) excelled in push-ups compared to defenders (DF; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.05), and midfielders (MF) had higher mean and peak powers in the Wingate tests compared to FW and DF (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.05). Finally, the correlation between anthropometric and physical fitness variables appears to differ depending on sex.CONCLUSIONS: Male athletes performed better than female athletes on most physical fitness measures, although differences were observed depending on their motor ability. MF showed higher anaerobic power than FW and DF. In addition, the correlation between anthropometric and physical fitness variables appears to differ depending on sex. Therefore, the findings of the present study emphasize the need for sex-specific and positional demands in training programs to optimize performance.

Single and consecutive 10-day remote ischemic preconditioning modify physical performance, post-exercise exerkine levels, and inflammation.

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a method of protection against induced ischemia reperfusion injury, and an increasing number of studies showed some of its inconclusive ergogenic effects in sports. RIPC involves short cycles of cuff inflation followed by its deflation which may affect many body systems. While most of the studies focus on single RIPC effects, there is insufficient data regarding training-like repeated RIPC interventions. Thus, in this study, we analyzed the effect of a single- and consecutive 10-day RIPC procedure on a single leg, focusing on the exerkine levels and changes in inflammation markers following the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). Two single-blinded, sham-controlled protocols were designed to evaluate the 1) single (crossover study) and 2) consecutive 10-day (parallel study) RIPC effects on the WAnT performance and exercise-induced lactate, glucose, exerkine, and inflammation markers (BDNF; IL-6; IL-10; IL-15; LIF; oncostatin M). In each protocol, 37 physically active men (19.98 ± 1.17 years) were randomly assigned into two groups according to a particular study design. An increase in participants' mean (4.81%, p < 0.05) and peak power (6.25%, p < 0.05) during the WAnT was observed only after the consecutive 10-day RIPC. Similarly, a significant 15.5% (p < 0.05) decrease in the IL-6 concentration 120 min after the WAnT was observed only in the consecutive 10-day RIPC protocol, as well as a 12.2% (p < 0.01) increase in oncostatin M 60 min after the WAnT. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the consecutive 10-day RIPC procedure in modulating exercise performance and post-exercise inflammation markers.

ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОФИЛЬ ГИМНАСТОВ ВЫСОКОЙ КВАЛИФИКАЦИИ

The purpose of the research was to determine the model functional profile of highly qualified gymnasts. Methods and organization of the research. The main research methods were anthropometry, stabilometry, bioimpedance analysis of the body and determination of anaerobic power using the Wingate test (foot and hand), implemented within the framework of the organization of a mobile laboratory during the I All-Russian Spartakiad of the strongest athletes of Russia in summer sports: artistic gymnastics competitions. Pedagogical observation of the competitive activities of the best gymnasts (Honoured Master of Sports (HMS), Master of Sports of International Class (MSIC), Master of Sports (MS)) was conducted at these competitions (n=15). The gymnasts were divided into three groups: group 3 - gymnasts-masters of sports (n=8), group 2 - gymnasts, members of the Russian national team, winners of championships and cups of Russia (MS, MSIC) (n=5), group 1 - elite gymnasts, leaders of the Russian national team, including 1 Olympic champion (MS, HMS) (n=2). The functional profile was determined by finding relationships between sports results and functional parameters of the gymnasts; comparison between the groups was carried out using one-way analysis of variance. Research results and their discussion. Differences in anthropometric indicators were revealed in three groups of gymnasts: group 1 has the highest index of torso length, while this group has the lowest index of relative arm length. Group 2 has a proportional body type. The anaerobic performance indicators of the gymnasts of group 1 are statistically significantly different from those of the gymnasts of groups 3 and 2 (p≤0.05), with the peculiarity of group 1 being the registration of the absolute peak power parameter PP (W), shown by the arms (982.50±16.60), which is greater than the similar indicator shown by the legs (817.85±60.45), when performing the Wingate test (5 sec). The gymnasts of group 1 also differ significantly in terms of body composition indicators, especially in terms of the proportion of active body mass (67.65%±1.05). Conclusion. As a result of the research, functional profiles of elite gymnasts, gymnasts of the national team and gymnasts-masters of sports were determined, which can be used as a guide when interpreting the results of functional diagnostics of gymnasts and concluding about their prospects from the functional component.

The Effect of Post-Exercise Warm Water Immersion on Anaerobic Power Performance in College Students

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a short-term passive post-exercise heat acclimation (HA) protocol on anaerobic performance in college students. Methods: In total, 28 participants (age 22.3 ± 2.1 years, height 168 ± 9.1 cm, mass 71.5 ± 16.6 kg) volunteered and were randomly divided into either an intervention (INT) or control (CON) group. Both groups followed a consecutive two-day protocol, consisting of a 25 min submaximal cycle @ 50–60% heart rate reserve (HRR), followed by a 25 min hot water immersion (INT) or nothing (CON). All participants performed a 30 s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) on four separate occasions—familiarization, pre-intervention, acutely post-intervention, and 24 h post intervention. The WAnT measured their peak power (W), relative peak power (W/kg), mean power (W), fatigue index (%), and total work (kJ). Results: From the results of the Factorial ANOVA, it was found that there were no significant differences, with no main effect for group (INT vs. CON) or time (Trials 1–4) and no significant interaction across all measured variables (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: A two-day post-exercise passive HA protocol utilizing hot water immersion had no significant effect on the measurement of anaerobic performance in college students.

Peak Lower-Extremity Power Unadjusted for Body Mass Predicts Fastball Velocity in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers.

King, BW, Snow, TK, and Millard-Stafford, M. Peak lower-extremity power unadjusted for body mass predicts fastball velocity in collegiate baseball pitchers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-The relationship between lower-extremity power production and fastball velocity in collegiate pitchers remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between lower-extremity power and throwing velocity in 33 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I baseball pitchers. Lower-extremity power was quantified using countermovement jump (CMJ) testing on force plates and the Wingate anaerobic cycling test. In-game fastball velocities were collected using TrackMan technology. Pearson correlations and linear regressions were used to evaluate the association between lower-body power and fastball velocity. The strongest predictor of peak fastball velocity was body mass ( r = 0.58, p = 0.0004), followed by lean mass ( r = 0.52, p = 0.002). Peak power (W) produced on the Wingate and CMJ tests were each statistically significant predictors of peak velocity ( r = 0.44, p = 0.011; r = 0.43, p = 0.014, respectively), but CMJ power relative to body mass ( r = 0.19), jump height ( r = 0.07), and Sparta Scores ( r = -0.06) were not ( p > 0.05). Linear regression indicated Wingate and CMJ absolute peak power tests each independently explained 19% of the variance in fastball velocity but added little to the model when combined with body mass (∼34 vs. 32% of total variance). Because total body mass and lower-body power are important predictors of pitching velocity, absolute power output is a more relevant predictor of baseball pitching velocity than lower-body power variables influenced by body mass (e.g., jump height and Sparta Score).

Effects of concurrent heat and hypoxic training on cycling anaerobic capacity in men

Physical training in heat or hypoxia can improve physical performance. The purpose of this parallel group study was to investigate the concurrent effect of training performed simultaneously in heat (31 °C) and hypoxia (FIO2 = 14.4%) on anaerobic capacity in young men. For the study, 80 non-trained men were recruited and divided into 5 groups (16 participants per group): control, non-training (CTRL); training in normoxia and thermoneutral conditions (NT: 21 °C, FIO2 = 20.95%); training in normoxia and heat (H: 31 °C, FIO2 = 20.95%); training in hypoxia and thermoneutral conditions (IHT: 21 °C, FIO2 = 14.4%), and training in hypoxia and heat (IHT + H: 31 °C, FIO2 = 14.4%). Before and after physical training, the participants performed the Wingate Test, in which peak power and mean power were measured. Physical training lasted 4 weeks and the participants exercised 3 times a week for 60 min, performing interval training. Only the IHT and IHT + H groups showed significant increases in absolute peak power (p < 0.001, ES = 0.36 and p = 0.02, ES = 0.26, respectively). There were no significant changes (p = 0.18) after training in mean power. Hypoxia appeared to be an environmental factor that significantly improved peak power, but not mean power. Heat, added to hypoxia, did not increase cycling anaerobic power. Also, training only in heat did not significantly affect anaerobic power. The inclusion of heat and/or hypoxia in training did not induce negative effects, i.e., a reduction in peak and mean power as measured in the Wingate Test.

Wingate anaerobic test as a potential predictor of 500-m time in short track speed skating

ABSTRACT Short-Track Speed Skating (STSS) is an Olympic discipline in which anaerobic performance plays a central role. An established assessment tool for anaerobic performance in STSS athletes is the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). The aim of this study was to investigate whether WAnT could be used as a predictor of sport-specific performance in the STSS 500-m races. Data from 72 German national STSS athletes (33 female, 39 male) were analysed retrospectively. The statistical analyses included descriptive procedures as well as linear mixed-model analyses. The results showed significant correlations between WAnT outcomes and 500 -m performance of STSS athletes. In male athletes, the coefficients were −0.40 for relative Mean Power (rMP) and −0.32 for relative Peak Power (rPP) (p < 0.001). For female athletes, the rMP showed no significant correlation whereas rPP was significantly correlated with a coefficient of −0.41 (p < 0.001). Marginal R2 values ranged between 0% and 12%. Conditional R2 reached up to 76% depending on sex and WAnT parameter investigated. In conclusion while WAnT can be regarded as a potential predictor of time in 500-m STSS races, it should be used in conjunction with other performance metrics and individualized assessments to better predict performance.

Impact of the TTN C > T Polymorphism on Selected Variables of Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity after a 12-Week Training Program.

The TTN gene encodes a large muscle protein called titin, which provides structure, stability, and flexibility to skeletal and cardiac sarcomeres. The aim of this study was to determine whether the TTN C > T polymorphism (rs10497520) influenced training-induced changes in selected variables of aerobic and anaerobic capacity. We studied genotypes distribution in a group of 156 Caucasian females examined for aerobic capacity evaluated by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and anaerobic capacity measured with the Wingate anaerobic test, before and after a 12-week training program. The most important finding was a genotype by training interaction for anaerobic capacity (AnC) during the Wingate test (p = 0.003). In response to training, carriers of the CT and TT genotypes demonstrated a significant increase in the total amount of work accomplished. We also showed that the applied training program improved all the Wingate test variables in the CT + TT genotype group by 10%. The obtained results suggest that the CT and TT genotypes may enhance anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity changes induced by regular training. We also suggest that T allele carriers may possess a metabolic adaptive advantage towards the anaerobic metabolism. Thus, the TTN gene may be considered a promising marker used in sports science, underlying variability in achieving sporting goals in events where the anaerobic energy system predominates.

Postural Effects On Power Outputs And Lactate Recovery During The Wingate Test

Postural Effects On Power Outputs And Lactate Recovery During The Wingate Test

Partial sleep deprivation affects the athletic performance of Sanda athletes: An RCT study

This study explored the effects of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) on Sanda athletes' athletic performance, an area with limited research. Using a randomized crossover controlled trial with 18 male athletes, the PSD group had 4 h of sleep while the NSN group had 8 h. Results showed that after PSD intervention, the RAT time significantly increased compared to the NSN group (P = 0.0311). However, there was no significant change in CMJ (P = 0.2396) or YBT (left leg: P = 0.2767, right leg: P = 0.3225) between the PSD and NSN groups. In the Wingate test, the PSD group exhibited significant reductions in Pmax and Pave at 10s, 30s, and 60s (P＜0.0001), as well as a significant decrease in Prel at 60s (P＜0.0001), with no significant differences in Prel at 10s and 30s. These findings underscore the detrimental impact of limited sleep on anaerobic performance and agility in Sanda athletes, emphasizing the need for proper sleep management for optimal athletic outcomes.

Submaximal Verification Test to Exhaustion Confirms Maximal Oxygen Uptake: Roles of Anaerobic Performance and Respiratory Muscle Strength.

Background: The incremental exercise test is commonly used to measure maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), but an additional verification test is often recommended as the "gold standard" to confirm the true VO2max. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) obtained in the ramp incremental exercise test and that in the verification test performed on different days at submaximal intensity. Additionally, we examined the roles of anaerobic performance and respiratory muscle strength. Methods: Sixteen physically active men participated in the study, with an average age of 22.7 ± 2.4 (years), height of 178.0 ± 7.4 (cm), and weight of 77.4 ± 7.3 (kg). They performed the three following tests on a cycle ergometer: the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), the ramp incremental exercise test (IETRAMP), and the verification test performed at an intensity of 85% (VER85) maximal power, which was obtained during the IETRAMP. Results: No significant difference was observed in the peak oxygen uptake between the IETRAMP and VER85 (p = 0.51). The coefficient of variation was 3.1% and the Bland-Altman analysis showed a high agreement. We found significant correlations between the total work performed in the IETRAMP, the anaerobic peak power (r = 0.52, p ≤ 0.05), and the total work obtained in the WAnT (r = 0.67, p ≤ 0.01). There were no significant differences in post-exercise changes in the strength of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles after the IETRAMP and the VER85. Conclusions: The submaximal intensity verification test performed on different days provided reliable values that confirmed the real VO2max, which was not limited by respiratory muscle fatigue. This verification test may be suggested for participants with a lower anaerobic mechanical performance.

Improvement of Muscular Strength and Anaerobic Power in Middle-Aged Men after Consumption of Citrulline Malate Supplementation

Background: Given the prevalence of citrulline malate supplementation to improve athletic performance and the conflicting results in this area, this study aimed to investigate the acute effect of citrulline malate supplementation on maximal strength and anaerobic capacity in middle-aged male tennis players. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was conducted using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-group, counterbalanced design. For this purpose, 16 volunteer male tennis players aged 45-64 years were randomly assigned to two groups that used supplement and placebo in different orders. The citrulline malate supplement was used by the participants in the form of a drink containing 8 g of citrulline malate. In the placebo phase, maltodextrin replaced citrulline malate. A one-week washout period was scheduled between the two phases of supplement and placebo consumption to eliminate the influence of the supplement. One hour after the consumption of the supplement or the placebo, the grip strength, vertical jump, and anaerobic Wingate tests were carried out at five-minute intervals. The paired t-test was used to test the research hypotheses. Results: Statistical analysis showed that according to the Wingate test, the peak and mean anaerobic power values of participants were significantly higher after the consumption of citrulline malate supplementation, compared to those after the placebo consumption (P&lt;0.001). In addition, the vertical jump record was better after citrulline malate consumption in comparison to that after the placebo consumption (P&lt;0.001). Moreover, maximal and average grip strength values were higher after the supplementation usage, compared to those after the placebo usage (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Consumption of citrulline malate 1 h before exercise would significantly improve the maximum strength and anaerobic capacity in middle-aged male tennis players.

Determining the Levels of Cortisol, Testosterone, Lactic Acid and Anaerobic Performance in Athletes Using Various Forms of Coffee.

Coffee is considered one of the most preferred and consumed beverage types in the world, and caffeine is known to increase physical performance due to its ergogenic properties. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of coffee consumption in different forms on cortisol, testosterone, lactic acid and anaerobic performance levels. A total of 15 licensed male football players participated in the research voluntarily. The research was implemented in a single-blind, counterbalanced, randomized and crossover study design. Participants were given caffeinated coffee (CK), decaffeinated coffee (placebo) (DK), powdered caffeine (in a gelatin capsule) (PC) and powdered placebo (maltodextrin in a capsule) (PM) on different days, and the Wingate test protocol was performed after the warm-up protocol. Blood samples were collected post-test. Cortisol, testosterone and lactic acid levels in the serum samples taken were determined by the ELISA method. As a result, it was revealed that caffeinated coffee given to participants who exercise increased anaerobic power. However, it was observed that lactic acid levels were higher in placebo and decaffeinated coffee. The highest level of cortisol was found in caffeinated coffee and powdered caffeine compared to the placebo. Testosterone values were observed to be highest in caffeinated coffee and decaffeinated coffee compared to a placebo. The study suggests that the type of caffeine is a factor that affects absorption rate, which impacts performance and hormone levels.

Effect of Fitness Level on Time Course of Recovery After Acute Strength and High-Intensity Interval Training.

Grammenou, M, Kendall, KL, Wilson, CJ, Porter, T, Laws, SM, and Haff, GG. Effect of fitness level on time course of recovery after acute strength and high-intensity interval training. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-The aim was to investigate time course of recovery after acute bouts of strength (STR) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). A secondary goal was to assess the influence of total fitness score (TFS), composed of handgrip strength and maximum aerobic power on recovery. Twenty-eight resistance-trained individuals completed 8 testing sessions within a 14- to 17-day period. Subjects performed a testing battery comprising isometric midthigh pull (IMTP), countermovement jump (CMJ), and a modified Wingate test (WINmod) at baseline, immediately after exercise, as well as at 6 and 24 hours after the training sessions. A one-way ANOVA was performed to examine time changes after the training sessions. Subjects were then grouped based on their TFS in high, medium, and low groups. To examine the influence of TFS on time course of recovery, we performed a linear mixed-effects model. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Both training sessions resulted in a significant reduction in peak force (PF) that persisted for up to 6 (p < 0.05) and 24 hours (p < 0.001). The STR session showed immediate and 24-hour postexercise declines in jump height and reactive strength index modified (RSImod) compared with baseline. The low TFS group exhibited a significant RSImod reduction immediately after HIIT (p < 0.001), compared with the medium TFS group (p = 0.0002). In the STR session, the high TFS group displayed an increased eccentric displacement during CMJ 24 hours after exercise compared with baseline (p = 0.033). Overall, subjects with high TFS may be able to recover CMJ performance at the same rate as other TFS groups, despite performing more work.