Wine Imports Research Articles

State of the International Wine Markets in 2023. The wine market at a crossroads: Temporary or structural challenges?

The global wine trade experienced a decline in volume and value in 2023 due to reduced real incomes, post-pandemic overstocking, and shifting consumer preferences. Non-sparkling red wines were more affected than sparkling wines, white wines and wines in bag-in-box formats, with notable declines in non-sparkling bottled wine imports across major markets. Despite this, an exceptionally low wine harvest in 2023 prevented a global oversupply. Regionally, some countries and appellations face an imbalance where grape supply exceeds demand due to misalignment with current consumption trends. The critical question for the wine sector is whether these declines are due to temporary factors, structural changes, or a combination of both. Excessive inventories accumulated in the post-pandemic period suggest a temporary decline in trade. However, there are growing concerns about changing consumption habits, particularly among younger consumers in Europe and the US. The relative influence of these factors remains uncertain. Premium wines still enjoy demand among traditional aficionados, but there is a clear shift in consumer preferences towards more refreshing products, including white wines, sparkling wines, and low-alcohol wines. To address these challenges, the wine industry must innovate and adapt its regulatory framework to support consumer-oriented innovation and diversified portfolios. The global wine industry is at a pivotal transition point, requiring a strategic response to evolving consumer preferences to maintain its market position.

Research and Recommendations on Marketing Strategies for Small and Micro Wine Import Companies in China

The Chinese economy’s rapid growth has led to an increased standard of living and a shift in consumer preferences from price to quality, particularly in the wine market. The demand for imported wines has surged, with China becoming one of the world’s largest wine importers since 2016. The younger generation, aged 25 to 45, is particularly interested in wine, focusing on brand culture and the origins of the wine. This demographic shift, along with China’s economic openness and the rise of e-commerce, has created a thriving market for imported wines. Research on the wine industry shows that China’s wine imports have grown significantly since joining the WTO in 2001, with the EU dominating the import sources. The development of wine tourism has also provided new opportunities for the industry. In terms of marketing, it’s suggested that China learn from European wine marketing models, focusing on cultural marketing and differentiation strategies targeting young consumers. Consumer behavior analysis indicates that young consumers prefer wine during social gatherings and are influenced by education and travel experiences, while celebrity endorsements can effectively promote wine products. Thus, some marketing strategy recommendations are as follows: Small and micro wine import companies in China should focus on understanding consumer behavior and preferences, leveraging online and offline sales channels, and promoting wine culture to capitalize on the growing wine market.

The significance of wine and the vine in the odyssey, suggestions for new technologies and experiential teaching approaches

The following study tries to present the multidimensional culture and importance of wine, analyzing examples from the Odyssey as one of the greatest heroic epics of antiquity. Through his epics, Homer deals with important values such as faith, a person's love for the country, as well as the power to overcome difficulties. However, the institution that seems to be of utmost importance, especially in the Odyssey, is that of “filoxenia” (hospitality), since the words “xenos” (foreigner) and "filoxenia” (hospitality) had great value in antiquity. All of the above is highlighted through the events and adventures that take place, with wine having an important place in terms of the development of the plot of the Homeric epic. Education is one of the areas, where New Technologies can be applied, and, therefore, have brought a variety of changes, perspectives and possibilities, both in teaching and learning. Similar efforts have been made to teach the "Odyssey" in schools, as well as use experiential approaches to attract adult cultural tourists.

수입개방 확대에 따른 한국의 수입 와인에 대한 소비자 태도 변화에 관한 연구

As the wine import market is showing explosive growth as the number of wine lovers increases, research on consumers' perceptions and attitudes is not being actively conducted. Therefore, the survey was conducted with the purpose of finding out consumer attitudes toward imported wine. The research was conducted through surveys. The results of the study showed that the benefits perceived by consumers regarding imported wine had a positive effect on brand attitude and repurchase intention, and the moderating effect of country of origin image perception also had a positive effect. It is believed that the establishment of STP strategies for each level of wine-related consumers is required in line with the increasing demand for high-end wine and the improving level of expert knowledge about wine in the future.

Potable intellectual property: WTO TRIPS and EU geographical indication wines

AbstractThe World Trade Organization (WTO) protects geographical indication (GI) wines such as Bordeaux and Chianti. However, there is scant empirical evidence on the effectiveness of this protection. Our triple difference panel data analysis of EU wine exports from 1995 to 2019 finds a significant effect. When countries join the WTO, their import of GI wines increases by about 25% more than non‐GI wines, compared to non‐joiners. Our findings suggest that specific trade provisions matter and that the EU policy of also including wine GIs in bilateral agreements is an attempt to further improve enforcement of GI protection in third countries.

The characteristics of grape and wine production and consumption in Hungary

The aim of this research is to provide an insight into the historical importance of grapes and wine, their impact on health, changes in wine consumption factors and their significance. Our research examines the evolution of grape and wine production in the world, the European Union and Hungary in recent decades, in the shadow of global warming, an ageing society and economic shocks. The consumption of wine as an alcoholic beverage goes back thousands of years and has a long history at international and national level. Hungary's unique and traditional wine production could also be a benchmark at international level, thanks to its famous wines, its wine regions with a long history and its uniqueness. The study uses Hungarian and international literature and secondary research databases to illustrate the evolution of international, domestic wine and grape production, consumption patterns and the current commercial situation, which, due to economic and other drastic changes, show a divergence from the past in both wine and grape production, both at domestic and international level.

Port Wine and Wine Tourism: The Touristic Dimension of Douro’s Landscape

Wine tourism is one of the most important products for developing tourism in Portugal. The aim of this paper is to assess the importance of Port Wine for the tourism development of the Douro landscape, using a case study approach based on interviews with several stakeholders, through qualitative research. For this purpose, we selected a sample of respondents composed of the sector stakeholders of Port vineyards. The results allow us to ponder and highlight the importance of the Port Wine culture for the region’s development, as well as to identify the economic, social, and emotional values inherent to those who work in the sector based on an identity connected to the territory. This study focuses mainly on the approach taken to wine tourism, identifying the level of investment made in this area in terms of specialized training for employees, the creation of facilities and procedures suited to the practice of this type of tourism, as well as the values of the territory and wine that should guide the development of wine tourism activities in the Port Wine region. The impacts of COVID-19 on the sector are also analyzed, classifying them into different dimensions.

Destination-Centric Wine Exports: Offering Design Concepts and Sustainability

With more than 40% of produced wine crossing borders, wine represents a truly global beverage. Wine export serves as a sales lever, especially for producers where home wine consumption diminishes but the global wine business is highly competitive. The literature tells that in competitive market innovation, customer centrism, and increasing sustainability are key. Wine export offerings need to meet the customer’s desires in the targeted foreign destinations. German wine providers have to catch-up in regard to destination-specific preferences so they can offer adaptation or suffer a competitive disadvantage in sustainability positioning. The main aims of this study were to validate the importance of sustainability in wine import and to explore destination-specific preferences and potential sustainable offer designs on the basis of new, fungus-resistant grape (FRG) wines by an explorative, qualitative approach. Evaluating the key export markets for German wine, the study delved into a performance assessment on how German providers who are marked by small-scale structures and fragmentation are positioned in regard to the primary purchasing factors in global wine competition, in regard to sustainability, and how to overcome performance gaps by tailoring destination-specific export offerings. In order to close a lack of research on destination-oriented sustainable wine offer design and to provide orientation for practitioners, an empirical study tested wine export offerings in the form of four concepts with a strong emphasis on sustainability and FRGs. More than 100 wine experts in the five key countries for German wine exports served to explore country preferences for offer elements and perceived performance of German wine producers. The interviews revealed (a) that sustainability is a must for wine export sales; (b) that German wine producers limp in sustainability reputation; (c) the existence of country-specific preferences allowing exporters to tailor their offerings to the specific needs in their ambition to increase export performance; (d) that German wine producers can potentially claim sustainability on the basis of a fitting concept; (e) FRGs are potentially suited to reposition innovatively and sustainably; (f) a playful exploitation of stereotypes for German suppliers is risky; (g) that an offer concept on sustainability and “made in Germany” characteristics (design, technology, and reliability) is highly regarded potentially allowing to escape price cutting in their key export destinations.

State of the International Wine Markets in 2022: New market trends for wines require new strategies

The objective of this discussion paper is to provide an overview of the state of the global wine sector in 2022 and discuss the effects of recent events on the wine trade’s development. First, long-term trends in the global consumption and production of wine and the development of the international wine trade are discussed. The growth trend of global wine consumption ceased in 2008, but the last decade in the global wine trade has been characterised by stagnant volumes but increasing values driven by premiumisation. Several recent events have affected the volume or composition of the global wine trade: the recovery of the wine trade after Covid-19, global cost increases and inflation, the shift of Chinese wine consumption and the effect of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on Russian wine imports. The paper closes with an outlook on how underlying long-term trends might affect the strategies that successful wine business can employ in the future and suggests future areas of research in the wine business and economics.

Part II—Aroma Profile of Twenty White Grapevine Varieties: A Chemotaxonomic Marker Approach

The importance of white wines in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula has led to study on the aromatic profiles of 20 white grapevine varieties along three consecutive vintages. Volatile compounds were evaluated through solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology (SPME-GC-MS). The main aims of this study were as follow: test if their aromatic profile could be used as a potential chemotaxonomic tool to differentiate among grapevine varieties, evaluate if there is any relationship among the aromatic characteristics and the genetic origin of the varieties studied and try to bring out aromatically interesting varieties that could trigger diversified wine production in the study area. Free and bound volatile profiles were tentatively identified in each variety, grouping all identified compounds into thirteen volatile families to allow for a better discussion of the results obtained. Significant differences were found for terpenes among varieties in the free fraction and for acids, aldehydes, terpenes and norisoprenoids in the glicosidically bound fraction. Good differentiation among varieties was achieved by free and glicosidically bound profiles in the principal component analysis (PCA), as well as some clustering of varieties belonging to the same genetic reconstructed populations (RPP). Varietal aromatic profiling could be expected to be a good chemotaxonomic tool.

Long-Term Trends of Global Wine Market

The major factors of wine trade have been showing distinct patterns of temporal trends worldwide in past decades. Wine consumption, production, imports, and exports differ according to their location and classification to Old World and New World wine markets. Using datasets from various sources, this work focused on quantifying long-term trends (1995–2021) of these wine industry factors for each country, including long-term means and temporal trends, using the Mann-Kendall trend test, and resulting in Z-scores. The temporal relationships between these global factors were quantified by applying Pearson correlation to the original values, as well as by correlating the Z-scores. Our findings show that Old World wine consumers and producers (e.g., Spain, France, and Italy) have been experiencing gradual decreasing trends of wine consumption and production. In New World countries, some of the largest wine-consuming countries were found to have strong, significant increases in wine consumption and new wine production markets show rapid growth trends. About 80% of the countries demonstrated increasing trends of wine imports, signifying the impact of globalization on the wine market and the growing demand for foreign wine. Globally, consumption per capita was found to have significantly decreased. Wine production showed a strong, significant, and lagged dependence on wine consumption, which was also related to the temporal trends of wine imports and exports. The major forces driving the wine market are possibly economic growth and wider competition, with climate change acting as a disruptive force.

Product differentiation and the relative importance of wine attributes: U.S. retail prices

AbstractThis paper investigates the relative importance of various attributes, including varietal, brands, and geographic origin, in explaining retail wine prices for the United States market. We use a metric based on the Shapely value, from cooperative game theory, in the context of an empirical hedonic price equation estimated using a large sample of retail wine sales for home consumption over the period 2007–2019. We find that brands alone explain more than 70% of the variation in wine prices, but geographic origin and varietals retain additional explanatory power. Furthermore, information about the geographic origin appears to be a considerably more important attribute than varietals.

Review on Legal Supervision System of the Chinese Wine Industry

After more than 40 years of development, China’s wine regulatory system has been constantly improved, from half-base wine standards to pure-juice fermented wine standards, and then to the establishment of a relatively complete and mature industry-standard system with product and manufacturing standards as the core and other relevant industry standards as accessories. This advancement supports that the Chinese wine industry has emerged from New World wine countries. Nowadays, according to statistics from the International Organization of Vine and Wine, China is one of the top grape producers, wine consumers, and importers globally. Still, wine production has fallen in recent years, and the balance of wine import and export trade also shows a growing trade deficit. Faced with this problem, it is worth thinking about how to improve the regulatory system to help domestic wines overcome the difficulties. In this article, we first review the development process of China’s wine legal supervision system and summarize the situation of Chinese wine production, consumption, and trade in the past 20 years. Then we elaborate on China’s current legal framework for the wine industry consisting of a series of laws, regulations, and standards, and introduce domestic wine geographical indications. Finally, some suggestions are put forward on brand building, wine testing standards, and taxation of domestic wine. This review will help someone interested in Chinese wine to have a deeper understanding of the wine from a legal supervision system perspective and promote international cooperation and communication in the wine industry. In addition, it will also provide references for the establishment of wine regulations and standards in New World wine countries or regions.

World Economy of Winemaking

Old traditional winemaking countries are now ahead of new winemaking countries. In addition to countries with European and Middle Eastern viticultural traditions, wine production has begun on a large scale in Canada, Australia, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia and the Americas. The top wine exporters in 2019 are dominated by international wine trade in Italy, Spain and France - the total of 57.1 million hectoliters, which is 54% of the global market. Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States were the largest importers - a total of 40.4 million hectoliters, accounting for 38% of the global market. These three countries account for 39% of the total value of world wine imports, amounting to 11.9 billion euros. The US is the largest consumer of wine in the world, with a record level of 33.0 million hectoliters in 2019. Georgia has a serious potential to establish itself in the world markets with its uniqueness, with the introduction of innovative digital technologies. Keywords: Old World wines, New World wines, Wine Export-Import, Global Wine Market, Wine Economy, Viticulture, Harmonized customs system.

La construcción del mercado local del vino de Jerez de la Frontera a finales de la Edad Media: normativa y espacios

The aim of this article is to study the local wine market of Jerez during the period of the foundations of its international expansion, the 15th century and the early 16th century. There are hardly any specific studies about this theme in that period. This work is part of a line of research whose main objective is the study of wine-growing landscapes and vine products in Western Andalusia in the Late Middle Ages. Its documentary basis is the Official Acts of the Jerez Council, as well as the Affidavits that are preserved between 1392 and 1505. A thorough study of these two valuable sources has been carried out in order to extract from them all the information related to wine. Subsequently, a database was designed to make their analysis feasible and assign them to different thematic categories. We have enriched and contrasted them with specialized bibliographic contributions. All this has allowed us to identify the policy of the Jerez Council to prevent shortages in the local market and try to end fraudulent activities that reduced the quality of the wine. We have also verified the importance of wine in the morphological conformation of the urban space, with the genesis of infrastructures dedicated to its consumption and delight.

Consumer Responses to Price Shocks of Wine Imports in Korea

The main purpose of the study is to develop a methodology that divides consumers' responses to FTAs or commodity taxes into quantitative and qualitative margins, which cause exogenous price changes for some specific goods. The use of unit values as a dependent variable for consumers' qualitative choice, unlike the usual method of utilization of unit values as a proxy variable for market prices, showed that qualitative response to price changes exists and its size is significant. The methodology of separating and estimating qualitative responses to income changes as in economic crises is also presented, and the empirical analysis using this methodology showed that much of the existing income effects were qualitative responses. As a key result, the price elasticity of -1.178 estimated by the usual demand model based on a single commodity assumption is reduced to -0.712 for the quantitative margin only, and the qualitative margin is the remaining -0.466, accounting for more than a third of the overall response. The significant degree of qualitative response estimates suggests that policy makers and researchers should consider qualitative response as an important factor when analyzing the effectiveness of FTAs, especially on consumption.

The effect of taxes, similar financial liabilities and demographic variables on Turkey's table wine market: a survey

PurposeThis study examines the effect of taxes, similar financial liabilities, and demographic variables such as respondent age, company age, and field of operation on the table wine market in Turkey.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey was conducted on the wine producers and importers via SurveyMonkey. Thirty-six survey questions were answered using a five-point Likert scale. The responses obtained from 51 owners and administrators of wine companies were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 23 program.FindingsExcise and value-added taxes affected the amount and price of table wine production in Turkey, whereas the banderole affected quality and price. The excise tax, value-added tax, banderole, Resource Utilization Support Fund, customs duty, and authorizations also affected the amount, quality and price of table wine imports. Although financial liabilities such as the banderole, Resource Utilization Support Fund and authorizations required for import do not constitute a heavy load on wine costs, they do have similar effects as other taxes on table wine imports.Research limitations/implicationsA limitation of this study was its sample size. Only 51 individuals responded, as it was an online questionnaire. However, this did not compromise the representativeness of the sample with regard to the company's field of operation (production and import of table wine), lending credibility to the opinions provided.Originality/valueThis study establishes that, contrary to popular belief, decisions regarding wine production and import are not solely affected by a heavy tax burden. Other factors, such as the banderole, Resource Utilization Support Fund, ages of companies and respondents and authorizations required for import, which are not viewed as a heavy burden in monetary terms, also prove to be decisive.

MAKROEKONOMSKE DETERMINANTE PROIZVODNJE VINA U EUROPSKOJ UNIJI

This paper focuses on the determinants of wine production in the European wine industry. In the last two decades, the European wine industry has undergone many changes due to the entry of new countries into the world wine market. Although increasing competitiveness became the priority of the European Common Agricultural Policy, wine production and consumption in the EU have decreased in the last two decades, and therefore the aim of this research is to analyse and identify the macroeconomic determinants of wine production, i.e. what factors besides the price influence wine production in selected EU countries and in how they can be controlled. Empirical research was conducted using data for EU member states traditionally engaged in wine production. Panel data on wine production, wine consumption, average wine price, wine imports, wine exports and EU support to the wine sector were collected from secondary sources for 15 wine-producing EU countries and for the period 2009-2018. We estimated the econometric model using pooled OLS, as diagnostic tests indicated that this estimator was the best fit for our data. Our results suggest that domestic demand and domestic (EU) subsidies are the main drivers of wine production. To keep up with New World wine producers, even more emphasis should be placed on promoting the wine drinking culture.

النبيذ في الحياة اليومية من خلال المصادر القبطية

تتناول هذه الدراسة إحدى الموضوعات الهامة التي تهدف إلى تکوين ملامح عن حياة الأقباط، وذلک من خلال الإلمام بکل ما ورد عن النبيذ في المصادر القبطية التي تشمل النصوص الوثائقية والکتاب المقدس واللقى الأثرية وما ورد في الفن القبطي من مناظر، بالإضافة إلى ما ذکره المؤرخون عن حياة الأقباط ، فتلک المصادر غنية بالمعلومات التي تلقى الضوء على العديد من الجوانب الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والعادات والتقاليد الشعبية لتلک الحياة التي عاشها الأقباط، بالإضافة إلى المعتقدات الدينية التي کانت سائدة. يستهدف البحث دراسة المدلولات والاشتقاقات اللغوية المتعلقة بالنبيذ، وتحديد جميع أنواعه، ودراسة المکاييل والأواني المستخدمة في الکيل والحفظ، ثم التعرف على کيفية إعداده، وأخيرا التوصل إلى أهميته لدى الأقباط وذلک من خلال دراسة استخداماته المتعددة، فهو يعد المشروب الأساسي في الأفراح والأعياد، وکان له دور کبير في الطب؛ حيث أستخدم في علاج کثير من الأمراض، واستخدم ضمن ترکيبات دوائية متعددة، کما يمکن اعتباره أحد مصادر دخل الدولة؛ حيث کانت تجبى عليه ضرائب، وکان يعد من السلع الأساسية المستخدمة في التجارة الداخلية والمقايضة والتجارة الخارجية، إلى جانب استخدامه کثيرا کقيمة مادية في دفع جزء من أجور العمال وسداد بعض الديون والضرائب، وذلک بالإضافة إلى أهميته الدينية الکبيرة بالنسبة للأقباط؛ حيث ارتبط بالسيد المسيح والکنيسة والأعياد الدينية. The wine in Everyday Life through Coptic Sources Abstract: This study deals with an important topic that aims to form features of Coptic life through familiarity with all that was mentioned about the wine in Coptic sources, which include Published documentary texts (dated between the 6th and 10th centuries A.D.), the Bible, archaeological finds and what was mentioned in Coptic art in terms about wine, in addition to historians sayings about Coptic life. These sources are rich in information that focusing on many social and economic aspects, customs and folk traditions for these Copts, in addition to the religious beliefs that prevailed in this period. The research aims to study themeanings and linguistic derivations of wine, determining all types of it and try to find out which is more common, besides studying the measures and vessels which used for wine weight and its preservation, then recognition how to prepare it. Finally the importance of wine for the Copts, through explanation of its multiple uses, it was considered the main drink in ceremonies and it had a great role in the medicine, besides it played a great role in understanding some daily life transactions between individuals, inaddition to its great religious importance for the Copts.

COVID-19 and Global Beverage Markets: Implications for Wine

AbstractThis article provides an empirical case study of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on global beverage markets, particularly the wine sector. Both international trade and domestic sales have been adversely affected by temporary shifts away from on-premise sales by social distancing measures and self-isolation that led to the closure of restaurants, bars, and clubs, plus declines in international travel and tourism. Partly offsetting this has been a boost to off-premise and direct e-commerce sales. We first estimate those impacts in 2020 and their expected partial recovery in 2021 using a new model of global beverage markets. Further recent disruption to the global wine trade has been the imposition by China in late 2020 of prohibitive tariffs on its imports of bottled wine from Australia. Its diversionary and trade-reducing effects are compared with those due to COVID-19. (JEL Classifications: C63, D12, F14, F17, Q17)