Wind Sources Research Articles

Hybrid Wind-Solar Power System with a Battery-Assisted Quasi-Z-Source Inverter: Optimal Power Generation by Deploying Minimum Sensors

This paper presents a hybrid renewable energy system (RES) including wind and photovoltaic (PV) power sources. The wind energy subsystem (WES) consists of a squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG) driven by a variable-speed wind turbine (WT) and corresponding power electronic converter, by means of which a speed-sensorless indirect-rotor-field-oriented control of the SCIG is implemented. The outputs of both the WES and PV power source rated 1.5 kW and 3.5 kW, respectively, are connected to the DC bus, with the quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) acting as an interlinking converter between the DC bus and the AC grid/load. An advanced pulse-width-modulation scheme is applied to reduce the qZSI switching losses. The considered RES can operate both in grid-tie and island operation, whereas the battery storage system—integrated within the qZSI impedance network—enables more efficient energy management. The proposed control scheme includes successively executed algorithms for the optimization of the WES and PV power outputs under varying atmospheric conditions. A perturb-and-observe PV optimization algorithm is executed first due to the significantly faster dynamics and higher-rated power of the PV source compared to the WES. The WES optimization algorithm includes two distinct fuzzy logic optimizations: one for extraction of the maximum wind power and the other for minimization of the SCIG losses. To reduce the number of the required sensors, all three MPPT algorithms utilize the same input variable—the qZSI’s input power—thus increasing the system’s reliability and reducing the cost of implementation. The performance of the proposed hybrid RES was experimentally evaluated over wide ranges of simulated atmospheric conditions in both the island and grid-tie operation.

A deterministic method of distributed generation hosting capacity calculation: case study of underground distribution grid in Morocco

<span lang="EN-US">Global warming has become a significant concern over the past decades. As a result, governments have shifted their policies toward renewable energy sources and environmentally friendly industries. This approach requires a renewal of the electrical networks to accommodate this new intermittent generation (from solar and wind sources) while remaining stable and reliable. In this vision, the notion of hosting capacity has been introduced to define the amount of new distributed generation that an electrical network can host without affecting its stability and reliability. This study proposes a deterministic method based on the π model of cables to estimate the underground feeder's hosting capacity. This method considers reverse power flow, overvoltage, reconfiguration, overloading, and the physical characteristics of lines. It is applied to the Moroccan medium voltage underground radial feeder. Through DIgSILENT power factory software, the power flow analysis is carried out to validate its effectiveness in overcoming overvoltage and cable overload problems. The results validate the relevance of our method, its reliability, its fluidity of application, and its ability to maintain performance indices within the acceptable range.</span>

Real time frequency stabilization of islanded multi-microgrid

The paper represents a hybrid power system consisting of solar, wind, and Battery sources. The intermittent characteristics of the power system manage the power balance among the generations and load demands. Under these conditions, the system faces high instability. It addresses well-structured PID controllers for the load frequency control in a standalone hybrid microgrid for this problem. The proposed PID controllers offer superior stability. Each Microgrid incorporates the self Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm to validate the existing microgrids. The test bed has been validated in real-time in Software in Loop (SIL) depending on OPAL-RT 4500 tool.

Modeling of MPPT-Based Solar Eco-System Using Fuzzy Logic Controller

Due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, renewable sources are now one of the most important sources of generating electricity. As far as reachable RE technologies are concerned, wind and photovoltaic sources offer the best potential, since they are omnipresent, free, and environmentally friendly. PV (photovoltaic) energy from the sun is an incredibly valuable renewable energy source on this planet. Because of varying climatic conditions, the energy generated directly from sunlight through PV panels is not steady. Environmental conditions are not every time favourable to generate electricity through solar. One of the solutions to this problem is to utilize optimization methods like P&O (Perturbation and Observation) with Maximum Power Point (MPPT) controllers. In this paper the main objective is to enhance the power capabilities of systems by utilizing maximum environmental conditions with Maximum Power Point Tracker to extract the maximum power from sunrays present in the environment. To improve the efficiency and accuracy of this MPPT tracking, a Fuzzy Logic Control technique has also been used in this paper. Simulations of the suggested method are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink.

Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Systems

The use of fossil fuels has contributed to climate change and global warming, which has led to a growing need for renewable and ecologically friendly alternatives to these. It is accepted that renewable energy sources are the ideal option to substitute fossil fuels in the near future. Significant progress has been made to produce renewable energy sources with acceptable prices at a commercial scale, such as solar, wind, and biomass energies. This success has been due to technological advances that can use renewable energy sources effectively at lower prices. More work is needed to maximize the capacity of renewable energy sources with a focus on their dispatchability, where the function of storage is considered crucial. Furthermore, hybrid renewable energy systems are needed with good energy management to balance the various renewable energy sources’ production/consumption/storage. This work covers the progress done in the main renewable energy sources at a commercial scale, including solar, wind, biomass, and hybrid renewable energy sources. Moreover, energy management between the various renewable energy sources and storage systems is discussed. Finally, this work discusses the recent progress in green hydrogen production and fuel cells that could pave the way for commercial usage of renewable energy in a wide range of applications.

Economic dispatch of CAES in an integrated energy system with cooling, heating, and electricity supplies

AbstractFlexible combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems are effective in integrating wind sources. As an attractive, clean, and large‐scale energy storage technique, the advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage (AA‐CAES) can store and generate both electricity and heating, and also provide cooling during expansion under certain conditions. Although AA‐CAES has immense potential in multi‐energy supply systems, CCHP dispatch with AA‐CAES and wind power generation (WPG) is yet to be systematically studied. In this study, the economic dispatch of an AA‐CAES system equipped with WPG is addressed. The AA‐CAES system is comprehensively modelled by considering its thermal characteristics, air‐temperature changes due to heating exchange, air storage constraint, and other factors, particularly the heat supply to the air for expansion, which is a key factor that influences the cooling supply. Subsequently, the cooling, heating, and power of the AA‐CAES system are dispatched to minimise the operating cost under different supply modes. In conclusion, the proposed method is demonstrated using an integrated energy system in an industrial park, and the operation cost of the AA‐CAES system is minimised. The numerical results demonstrate that the participation of AA‐CAES in CCHP dispatch can curtail WPG and reduce operation costs. The economics of the different supply modes of AA‐CAES are also discussed.

Availability and Energy Generation Potential of Cattle Rumen Content collected from Vegetable Market Abattoir in Benin City, Nigeria

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a proven technology for treating biomass materials with a view of producing bioenergy and recovering nutrients. Cattle rumen content (CRC) is an example of a waste biomass material that can be a viable feedstock for AD process. This paper accesses the availability and energy generation potential of cattle rumen content (CRC) collected from vegetable market abattoir in Benin City, Nigeria for a ten-year data of slaughtered cattle in Nigeria. Data obtained revealed that an average 99581.303 Metric tons of dry matter from CRC is generated per annum and with a theoretical biomethane yield of 444.90 ml/gVS can potentially generate 420 GW (gigawatts) in form of biomethane annually in Nigeria through the AD process. When compared with other renewable energy sources in Nigeria, it potentially meets 6.44 % supply from other renewable energy sources, and exceeds energy currently being generated from wind and solar sources combined. Anaerobic digestion if deployed is an effective technology to harness the potential that CRC presents Nigeria as a country for affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), clean water sanitation and sustainable communities (SDG 6 and 11), and zero hunger (SDG 2) through soil nutrient enhancement.

Pakistan CO2 Emission Modelling and Forecasting: A Linear and Nonlinear Time Series Approach.

Pakistan is considered among the top five countries with the highest CO2 emissions globally. This calls for pragmatic policy implementation by all stakeholders to bring finality to this alarming situation since it contributes greatly to global warming, thereby leading to climate change. This study is an attempt to make a comparative analysis of the linear time series models with nonlinear time series models to study CO2 emission data in Pakistan. These linear and nonlinear time series models were used to model and forecast future values of CO2 emissions for a short period. To assess and select the best model among these linear and nonlinear time series models, we used the root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) as performance indicators. The outputs showed that the nonlinear machine learning models are the best among all other models, having the lowest RMSE and MAE values. Based on the forecasted value of the nonlinear machine learning neural network autoregressive model, Pakistan's CO2 emissions will be 1.048 metric tons per capita by 2028. The increasing trend in emissions is a frightening and clear warning, suggesting that innovative policies must be initiated to reduce the trend. We encourage the Pakistan government to price CO2 emissions by companies and entities per ton, adapt electricity production from hydro, wind, and different sources with no emissions of CO2, initiate rigorous planting of more trees in the populated areas of Pakistan as forest covers, provide incentives to companies, organisations, institutions, and households to come out with clean technologies or use technologies with no CO2 emissions or those with lower ones, and fund more studies to develop clean and innovative technologies with less or no CO2 emissions.

Three pathways towards elimination of CO2 emissions from industrial plants that use hydrocarbon fuels

Many industrial plants burn hydrocarbon fuels to generate electricity and high-temperature thermal energy required in their processes. This work proposes a novel system for generation of such thermal energy while eliminating CO2 emissions. The system produces electricity, thermal energy, methanol, and carbon black. Combined heat and power (CHP) unit generates high-temperature thermal energy and electricity required by the industrial plant; CO2 produced by CHP and by the plant itself is converted to methanol by using hydrogen produced via pyrolysis of methane, which has recently advanced to the first industrial scale plant. Thermal energy contained in the CHP flue gas replaces utility plant boilers or furnaces of the industrial plant (e.g. a refinery or a petrochemical plant). Two pathways are based on two different methane pyrolysis methods and CO2 removal via MEA absorption. The third pathway replaces MEA absorption with a novel in situ CO2 conversion reactor. Proposed pathways are examined as ways of eliminating CO2 emissions from a 5 million ton of crude oil per annum refinery. The study includes operational costs, capital costs, and material prices in USA, EU, and China. The results show that the proposed pathways are profitable for USA and EU, while for China they are not. The proposed pathways provide CO2 free energy generation from natural gas as an alternative to energy generation from either solar, wind or hydro energy sources. In addition, they enable capture and conversion of CO2 emissions from industrial process units.

Supporting files for "Interchange reconnection as the source of the fast solar wind within coronal holes"

Supporting files for "Interchange reconnection as the source of the fast solar wind within coronal holes"

Energy management and control strategy of DC microgrid based hybrid storage system

In this paper, a method of energy management shared with storage devices in a standalone DC microgrid is presented. The objective of management is to satisfy the energy demand in addition to guaranteeing a production/consumption balance with good regulation and stability of DC bus voltage. Another advantage of the energy management method lies in the consideration of losses in the static converters by calculating the effective power available on the common DC bus. The proposed control strategy takes advantage of non-linear control by combining fuzzy logic control for the extraction of the maximum power from the photovoltaic and wind sources, while sliding mode control is used for the control of the storage power converters. The control of the power flow of the common DC bus allowed good stability of the bus voltage with small deviations around the desired value, limiting the battery stress since the low-frequency current component is sent to the battery while the higher-frequency power component is directed to the supercapacitor. The simulation results show the validity of the proposed energy management and control strategy.

Fuzzy logic control of an artificial neural network-based floating offshore wind turbine model integrated with four oscillating water columns

Renewable energy induced by wind and wave sources is playing an indispensable role in electricity production. The innovative hybrid renewable offshore platform concept, which combines Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs) with Oscillating Water Columns (OWCs), has proven to be a promising solution to harvest clean energy. The hybrid platform can increase the total energy absorption, reduce the unwanted dynamic response of the platform, mitigate the load in critical situations, and improve the system's cost efficiency. However, the nonlinear dynamical behavior of the hybrid offshore wind system presents an opportunity for stabilization via challenging control applications. Wind and wave loads lead to stress on the FOWT tower structure, increasing the risk of damage and failure, and raising maintenance costs while lowering its performance and lifespan. Moreover, the dynamics of the tower and the platform are extremely sensitive to wind speed and wave elevation, which causes substantial destabilization in extreme conditions, particularly to the tower top displacement and the platform pitch angle. Therefore, this article focuses on two main novel targets: (i) regressive modeling of the hybrid aero-hydro-servo-elastic-mooring coupled numerical system and (ii) an ad-hoc fuzzy-based control implementation for the stabilization of the platform. In order to analyze the performance of the hybrid FOWT-OWCs, this article first employs computational Machine Learning (ML) techniques, i.e., Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), to match the behavior of the detailed FOWT-OWCs numerical model. Then, a Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) is developed and applied to establish a structural controller mitigating the undesired structural vibrations. Both modeling and control schemes are successfully implemented, showing a superior performance compared to the FOWT system without OWCs. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed ANN-based modeling is a promising alternative to other intricate nonlinear NREL 5 MW FOWT dynamical models. Meanwhile, the proposed FLC improves the platform's dynamic behavior, increasing its stability under a wide range of wind and wave conditions.

Automatic Generation Control with Virtual Synchronous Renewables

As synchronous generators (SGs) are gradually displaced by renewable energy sources (RESs), the frequency stability of power systems deteriorates because RESs, represented by utility-scale solar and wind power sources, do not provide the inertial response, primary frequency response, secondary frequency response, and tertiary frequency regulation. As a result, the remaining SGs may not be sufficient to maintain the power balance and frequency stability. The concept and control strategies of virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) enable the inverter-based wind and solar power sources to emulate the outer characteristics of traditional SGs and participate in the active power and frequency control of power systems. This paper focuses on the automatic generation control (AGC) with virtual synchronous renewables (VSRs). First, the VSR strategy that enables the RESs to participate in AGC is introduced. Second, based on the interval representation of uncertainty, the output of RES is transformed into two portions, i.e., the dispatchable portion and the stochastic portion. In the dispatchable portion, the RESs can participate in AGC jointly with SGs. Accordingly, a security-constrained economic dispatch (SCED) model is built considering the RESs operating in VSR mode. Third, the solution strategy that employs the slack variables to acquire deterministic constraints is introduced. Finally, the proposed SCED model is solved based on the 6-bus and 39-bus systems. The results show that, compared with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mode, VSRs can participate in the active power and frequency control jointly with SGs, increase the maximum penetration level of RESs, and decrease the operating cost.

Optimizing the integration of photovoltaic and wind energy systems for enhanced efficiency

This paper presents a novel integration scheme of solar Photovoltaic (PV) with a large-capacity Doubly Excited Induction Generator (DFIG)-based wind energy system. The proposed scheme leverages both the grid and rotor-side power converters of the DFIG to inject PV power into the grid, eliminating the need for a dedicated converter for PV power processing and offering a cost-effective PV-grid integration solution. The system effectively delivers a substantial amount of PV power to the grid when compared to an equivalent rating inverter used in conventional PV-grid systems. Moreover, the proposed scheme prevents circulating power during sub-synchronous operation in the presence of solar radiation, enhancing overall system efficiency. Additionally, the system's stability benefits from turbine inertia, allowing for higher PV penetration into the power grid. The intermittent complementary nature of solar PV and wind energy sources significantly improves the utilization of the converters. Furthermore, the proposed scheme minimally impacts Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for PV and wind sources, except in rare environmental glitches, which the PV power control algorithm is adept at handling. The study provides a comprehensive system model used to design the control strategy, supported by analysis, simulations, and experiments conducted on a laboratory prototype.

Roadways Wind Turbine Technology

The project aims to develop a wind turbine system capable of harnessing wind energy generated by vehicles on highways. Wind energy is recognized as a rapidly growing and clean energy source; however, its use is constrained by the variability of natural wind. Highways, with their high volume of traffic, offer an ample source of wind that remains untapped. To achieve this goal, extensive research into wind patterns is essential in order to determine the average wind velocity produced by oncoming vehicles. The wind turbines will be strategically placed on the medians, taking into account the fluid flow from both sides of the highway in the design process. With the data collected, these wind turbines can be integrated into existing streetlights located on the medians. Recognizing that the wind source may fluctuate, a power storage system will be designed to ensure a consistent and reliable powesupply. The ultimate objective is to create a turbine system that can be adopted worldwide, providing an essentially limitless power source for streetlights and various other public utilities.

Pseudo-Wind Perception Induced by Cross-Modal Reproduction of Thermal, Vibrotactile, Visual, and Auditory Stimuli

Numerous wind displays have been developed to provide wind sensation in virtual reality applications. However, in previous studies, wind displays required the production of physical wind using a wind source. To release cold or hot wind, previous wind displays required large equipment for making the air temperature changes. In this study, we propose to induce pseudo-wind perception, perceiving wind even in the absence of physical wind, using visuo-audio-haptic cross-modal effects. We provide audio-visual stimuli with a head-mounted display and headphones, and vibrotactile and thermal stimuli to the skin using belt-type devices, instead of physical wind. We found that vibrotactile and thermal stimuli based on the measurement of skin displacement and temperature exposed to the wind are suitable for the tactile sensation of wind. We also found that thermal and audio-visual stimuli can induce wind sensation of cold wind, and that vibro-thermal stimuli in addition to audio-visual stimuli are effective for the wind sensation and realness of the experience of hot wind. In future, inducing variable types of wind sensations will be pursued as a research direction regarding pseudo-wind perception.

Performance analysis of proportional integral derivative controller for frequency regulation of an interconnected power system integrated with renewable energy sources

This paper focuses on conducting a performance analysis of classical proportional integral derivative (PID) controller for frequency regulation in multi-area interconnected power system. The power system considered in the analysis includes wind and solar power sources integrated with thermal and hydal system. In area 1 along with thermal unit, WPG is appended and in second control area, a hydal unit is appended with SPG. The simulation of the present work is performed using MATLAB/Simulink. The dynamic responses obtained using the simulation using PID controller and without any controller have been compared. It is clearly demonstrated from the results that implementation of a PID controller effectively reduces the fluctuations in the system and hence, aids in order to maintain constant frequency.

Assessment of renewable energy sources using MCDM method: Case study

Energy is a prerequisite for development of today's economies and societies. Renewable energy sources (RES) are gaining increasing importance and share in the energy systems of many countries. However, assessment and selection among different renewable energy sources request analyzing numerous criteria, limitations, legal regulations etc. For this reason, multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) are often used in the literature and in practice for the assessment of RES projects/technologies. From numerous MCDM methods in this paper analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is selected to assess solar, wind, photovoltaic and biomass sources in Kosovo*. According obtained results first ranked is hydro alternative. Also, for results obtained, sensitivity analysis is conducted. Its show that changes in rank occur exclusively outside the allowable values, so it can be concluded that the results obtained are relevant.

Enhancing grid-connected hybrid PV-Wind systems: A comprehensive review

The ability to convert energy from one form to another is essential for both survival and the advancement of society. Wind and solar energy represent the most abundant and widely accessible renewable energy sources globally. It offers significant potential for sustainable power generation and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Because of the tremendous advancements in power electronic systems in recent years, the output of electricity from wind and photovoltaic energy sources has expanded dramatically. The nonlinear programming (NLP) optimization method was used to determine the maximum electrical efficiency of the grid-connected SOFC subject to the constraints of fuel utilization factor, stack temperature, and output active power based on the benchmark Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) dynamic model for power system studies and the analysis of the SOFC operating conditions. By solving the NLP issue with the power required by the air compressor, the optimal operating conditions of the grid-connected SOFC were determined. With the optimal SOFC operating conditions for maximum efficiency operation obtained at different active power output levels, a hierarchical load tracking control scheme for the grid-connected SOFC was proposed to have maximum electrical efficiency operation while keeping the stack temperature bounded.

Brief Study on Installation of Floating Solar Power Plant for Sustainable Energy Generation at Ladakh

The need for sustainable power generation is well understood by human kind, which has encouraged several initiatives across government, private, community and individual level to move towards a clean-renewable energy based sustainable environment. As compared to urban and semi urban region, rural and remote areas exhibit high levels of pollution from individual power generation systems like diesel generators for agriculture and other day to day activities. Particularly, electricity supply to some remote locations have always remained a challenge owing to various factors such as connectivity, transmission losses and weather conditions. Installation of local power generation systems has several advantages in providing electricity supply to these locations. Renewable energy harnessing systems using solar, wind, and geothermal energy sources may have higher chance of ease of installation and efficient operation at remote locations compared to conventional steam or thermal power plants. Leh, Ladakh is one such remote region, highly dependent on small hydro power stations and diesel generators for its energy demand. The low temperature climatic conditions, increasing tourism and recreational activities in this region demands high energy, exerting pressure on the common electricity supply chain. This article aims to conduct a preliminary study on the potential sites available for installing floating solar power plants and estimation of energy generation capability at Ladakh region.