Installed Wind Power Plants Research Articles

Wind Power Plant Location Selection with Fuzzy Logic and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making methods, especially Fuzzy Weight by Envelope and Slope (F-WENSLO) and Fuzzy Ranking Alternatives with Weights of Criterion (F-RAWEC) for evaluating the potential locations for wind power plants. The study's objective is to provide a solid framework for deciding which locations are most suitable for wind energy projects, taking into account various criteria and expert opinion. The study includes the evaluation of five potential places including Gürün, Kangal, Divriği, Ulaş and Zara in Sivas province of Turkey. The evaluation criteria include wind speed and direction, altitude, land use, environmental impacts, infrastructure proximity, social acceptance, economic costs, security and risk factors, climatic conditions and legal and permit requirements. Scores from experts from various fields and weights of criteria were determined. The analysis revealed that Ulaş and Kangal got the highest point for the wind power plant installation. As Ulaş gets the highest point due to favorable wind conditions, favorable altitude and advantageous land use; Kangal stood out as a strong candidate because of its acceptable wind speed, positive social acceptance and low economic costs. The study highlights the importance of integrating multiple criteria and expert assessments in the decision-making process. The findings suggest that fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making methods can be effectively supportive of wind power plant site selection. The study provides valuable information for project managers and policy makers, emphasizing the importance of criteria such as security in the choice of location, legal requirements and social acceptance. Future research may expand these findings to examine the integration of additional criteria, alternative locations, and other multi-criteria decision-making techniques.

Assessment of Wind Energy Potential and Optimal Site Selection for Wind Energy Plant Installations in Igdir/Turkey

Wind energy is an eco-friendly, renewable, domestic, and infinite resource. These factors render the construction of wind turbines appealing to nations, prompting numerous governments to implement incentives to augment their installed capacity of wind turbines. Alongside augmenting the installed capacity of wind turbines, identifying suitable locations for their installation is crucial for optimizing turbine performance. This study aims to evaluate potential sites for wind power plant installation via a GIS, a mapping technique. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to assess the locations, including both quantitative and qualitative aspects that significantly impact the wind farm suitability map. Utilizing the GIS methodology, all datasets were examined through height and raster transformations of land surface temperature, plant density index, air pressure, humidity, wind speed, air temperature, land cover, solar radiation, aspect, slope, and topographical characteristics, resulting in the creation of a wind farm map. The correlation between the five-year meteorological data and environmental parameters (wind direction, daily wind speed, daily maximum and minimum air temperatures, daily relative humidity, daily average air temperature, solar radiation duration, daily cloud cover, air humidity, and air pressure) influencing the wind power plant in Iğdır province, including Iğdır Airport, Karakoyunlu, Aralık, and Tuzluca districts, was analyzed. If wind energy towers are installed at 1 km intervals across an area of roughly 858,180 hectares in Igdir province, an estimated 858,180 GWh of wind energy can be generated. The GIS-derived wind power plant map indicates that the installation sites for wind power plants are located in regions susceptible to wind erosion.

Probabilistic assessment of wind power plant energy potential through a copula-deep learning approach in decision trees

In the face of environmental degradation and diminished energy resources, there is an urgent need for clean, affordable, and sustainable energy solutions, which highlights the importance of wind energy. In the global transition to renewable energy sources, wind power has emerged as a key player that is in line with the Paris Agreement, the Net Zero Target by 2050, and the UN 2030 Goals, especially SDG-7. It is critical to consider the variable and intermittent nature of wind to efficiently harness wind energy and evaluate its potential. Nonetheless, since wind energy is inherently variable and intermittent, a comprehensive assessment of a prospective site's wind power generation potential is required. This analysis is crucial for stakeholders and policymakers to make well-informed decisions because it helps them assess financial risks and choose the best locations for wind power plant installations. In this study, we introduce a framework based on Copula-Deep Learning within the context of decision trees. The main objective is to enhance the assessment of the wind power potential of a site by exploiting the intricate and non-linear dependencies among meteorological variables through the fusion of copulas and deep learning techniques. An empirical study was carried out using wind power plant data from Turkey. This dataset includes hourly power output measurements as well as comprehensive meteorological data for 2021. The results show that acknowledging and addressing the non-independence of variables through innovative frameworks like the Copula-LSTM based decision tree approach can significantly improve the accuracy and reliability of wind power plant potential assessment and analysis in other real-world data scenarios. The implications of this research extend beyond wind energy to inform decision-making processes critical for a sustainable energy future.

Spatial multi-criteria decision analysis for site selection of wind power plants: a case study

ABSTRACT Site selection for wind power plant (WPP) installation is a complex process that includes not only technical requirements but also physical, economic, social, and environmental sanctions. This study was carried out to determine optimal sites for WPP installation within the borders of Çanakkale province using spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Within the scope of the study, sites with a high level of suitability where a WPP can be established were determined by the geographic information system (GIS) and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The results were examined in two ways: by excluding and not excluding forest areas. After creating the two separate suitability maps, the annual electrical power generation potential (GP) map of the study area was generated. The results show that for the case where the forest areas were excluded, 67.26% of the study area is restricted and 29.94% is highly suitable, and for the case where the forest areas were not excluded, 58.94% is restricted and 36.25% is highly suitable. The total GP value of the highly suitable sites is 104,061.61 GWh/year. When the locations of existing WPPs were examined for control purposes, it was seen that the majority of them were located inside the areas with high suitability and outside the non-installable areas, but some of them were established in forested areas.

Offshore wind power plant site selection in the Baltic Sea

The selection of suitable sites for offshore wind power plants is an important marine spatial planning problem in the Baltic Sea. The application of multiple and different decision support tools (DSTs) can facilitate site selection. This study employs a geographical information system (GIS) integrated with the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) model, and GIS with multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) using an analytical hierarch process (AHP), fuzzy logic, weighted linear combination (WLC), and the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) as an extension of MCDA. The core novelty of the study is the use of several concurrent state-of-the art techniques to quantify the detailed spatial pattern of suitability of different sea areas for offshore wind power plant installations for the entire Baltic Sea at an unprecedented, for such a large sea area, resolution. Important parameters were identified and data from the Global Wind Atlas, HELCOM, and EMODnet portals were used. The most appropriate areas exhibit LCOE values between 42 and 58 €/MWh, MCDA values in the range of 0.78–0.92, and capacity factor values from 0.52 to 0.55. The areas identified as the least appropriate were characterized by LCOE values ranging from 107 to 210 €/MWh, MCDA values between 0.34 and 0.59, and capacity factor values within the range of 0.30–0.43. The outcomes using both methodologies were similar. The decision preferred are mostly locations close to shore in shallow water and with a high capacity factor. The largest suitable areas are in the south-west Baltic Sea whereas some suitable locations are identified further to the north and east.

노르웨이 사미족의 ‘기후정의’ 실현 가능성에 관한 소고

Sámi Reindeer herders in Trøndelag county of Norway insist that Fosen Vind project is in operation taking up the grazing land for their reindeers posing a threat to their land for living. They maintain that it is in violation of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples stipulated in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The Norwegian Fosen Vind project exemplifies a major case that local people in certain region are likely to get exposed to the risk of ‘Climate Justice’ by running renewable energy plant or the accompanying installations or facilities.
 Strengthening the authority of Norwegian municipalities regarding installation of wind power generation and legal guarantee of the veto, and need for cooperation among the municipalities and the Sámi through implementation of the Zoning Plan, and arranging dialogue window of consultative group consisting of the representatives of operators of the wind power plant and the local people can be the feasible options to take into consideration to materialize the ‘Climate Justice’ for the local people around the wind power plant or the relevant installations However, before any of the options, it is significantly important that the Zoning Plan that comprehends the permit procedure for land use should be effectively put in place. And for that purpose, legal guarantee for land ownership of people residing around the area of installation of wind power plant and the relevant legal review of it and cementing clarity of the ownership should become safety for the likely conflicting case of ‘Climate Justice’ even involving the other renewable energy plants.

ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗМЕЩЕНИЯ ВЭС НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОЙ АГЛОМЕРАЦИИ В АКВАТОРИИ ФИНСКОГО ЗАЛИВА

The article deals with urban planning aspects of the installation of wind power plants on the territory of the St. Petersburg agglomeration in the waters of the Gulf of Finland.
 The main method of research is the analysis of various data: the legislative framework, natural and climatic conditions, scientific research, established routes of large vessels and visual and spatial characteristics. The collected information is plotted on a summary map-scheme that allows you to identify and evaluate the areas of the Gulf of Finland suitable for the installation of wind farms.
 As a result of the study, the presence of four zones suitable for the installation of wind power plants in the bay was established. These zones are located on both sides of the complex of flood defenses of St. Petersburg, as well as along the northern shore of the bay between the village of Lisiy Nos and the public and business complex "Lakhta Center". Each of the identified zones has a different set of climatic, compositional and spatial characteristics that provide flexibility in decision-making and the ability to create a unique architectural ensemble. Recommendations are also given on the choice of a methodology for assessing the degree of influence of planned objects on the established tourist panoramas and views of the city in cases when the territory under consideration for development is outside the legally protected zones.

Renewable energy resource assessment for rural electrification: a case study in Nepal

Abstract Renewable energy could mitigate remote area energy crises through rural electrification. Karnali province, one of the seven federal provinces of Nepal, is such a remote location and is most deprived in terms of electricity access. Around 67% of the population of the Karnali province is not connected to the national grid electricity supply. High altitude, mountainous topography makes it difficult to provide grid access to the region. This study summarizes the current electricity access status in Nepal and Karnali province specifically. The paper discusses the energy, economic and environmental (3E) analysis of different renewable energy resources like solar and wind energy for the grid-isolated region in Mugu and Jumla district of Karnali province. The study investigates the feasibility of a 200-kW solar power plant installation in Gamghadi, the capital of Mugu district and a 100-kW wind power plant installation in Tila village, Jumla district. The study suggests whether a similar installation of the distributed energy plant is a solution to mitigate the energy crisis problem in the high Himalayas regions, like Karnali province of Nepal. Based on the high-level resource assessment, the study estimates an investment cost ranging from 7 to 9 million USD would be necessary for the installation of such distributed solar PV and wind turbines.

Local and global experience curves for lumpy and granular energy technologies

Current electricity generation systems have been dominated by lumpy energy technologies because the electricity they create has been cheaper than that generated from granular technologies. Accelerating the development and deployment of low-carbon technologies to mitigate climate change will require a better understanding of how lumpy and granular technology innovations work to reduce domestic and foreign technology costs. We estimated one-factor and two-factor experience curves to identify drivers and assess the relative importance of local and global learning experiences in Korea's climate change mitigation efforts between lumpy and granular energy technologies. The results suggest that granular technologies are likely to play a key role in mitigating climate change due to a rapid decline in its cost. Further tapping the local potential of cost reduction in granular technologies will require decreasing the soft costs of solar technologies and ramping up wind power plant installations. The results also suggest that knowledge spillover is relatively limited and slow for lumpy technologies, but frequent and fast for granular technologies. To maximize the spillover of global learning to local innovators, policy makers should improve the absorptive capacity of a country and strengthen the global network ties of local firms.

Determination of areas with potential for wind power plant installation in Kars province using GIS analysis and AHP method

Rüzgâr enerjisi santrallerinin kurulacağı alanların belirlenmesi oldukça karmaşık ve analizi güç birmekânsal karar alma problemi dizisi oluşturmaktadır. Bu problem dizisinin çözülmesi ve rüzgârenerjisi santrallerinin kurulacağı alanların belirlenmesi için son yıllarda Çok Kriterli Karar Verme(ÇKKV) yöntemleri tercih edilmektedir. Bu araştırmada, Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemlerinden,Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHP) ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinin (CBS) birlikte kullanılmasıyla, Kars ilinderüzgâr enerjisi üretim potansiyeli taşıyan alanların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Araştırmada, literatürde kabul gören çalışmalar ve çevre alanlarda uygulanmış projelerin sonuçlarıdoğrultusunda belirlenen kriterlerin analizlerinin yapılmasına yönelik olarak çeşitli açık kaynaklardantedarik edilen raster ve vektör formatlı ham verilerin işlenmesiyle tematik altlık haritalar oluşturulmuştur.Bu haritalardan, AHP analizleriyle hesaplanan kriter ağırlıkları baz alınarak, Kars ilinderüzgar enerjisi santrali kurulumu için potansiyel taşıyan uygun alanlar CBS ortamında haritalanarakbelirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, Kars ilinde rüzgâr enerjisi santrali kurulumuna çok uygun veuygun potansiyeli taşıyan 183 km2 alan belirlenmiş olup bu araziler toplam 10,193 km2 yüzölçümünesahip il yüzölçümünün ancak %’1,8’ini oluşturmaktadır. Kars ilinde rüzgâr enerjisi santralikurulumuna uygun potansiyel taşıyan araziler heterojen bir dağılım göstermekte olup bu özelliktekiarazilerin büyük kısmı ili güneyden ve batıdan sınırlandıran sıra dağlar üzerinde bulunmaktadır.

Optimalno planiranje balansne rezerve za pokrivanje debalansa u proizvodnji vetroelektrana u Južnom Banatu

- Balancing of variable renewable energy sources is one of the main problems of integrating renewable energy sources into the power electricity system. This paper performs a statistical analysis of the dependence of the error in the prediction of wind farm production in the region of southern Banat, on the forecasted power. The main contribution of the paper is the proposal of the methodology for the calculation of the required balance reserve in the electric power system of Serbia for day ahead for the existing condition of the installed wind power plants that are connected to the transmission network. All stakeholders have practical significance and benefit from the proposed methodology, the wind farm owner who can plan the necessary lease of balancing capacities, the transmission system operator who can plan uncertainties in wind farm production and the balancing responsible party that should plan balancing capacities.

PROGRAM KEMITRAAN MASYARAKAT INOVASI RESERVE ENERGY HYBRID (WIND TURBINE, SOLAR CELL DAN GENERATOR) DI PEMERINTAH DESA TEGAL SAMBI KABUPATEN JEPARA

This service activity aims to assist service partners in optimizing the surrounding natural resources and financial efficiency of village government institutions. In addition, this activity also aims to help the central government in order to reduce the use of fossil fuel electrical energy by maximizing the use of solar and wind heat which is very abundant in the village of Tegalsambi Tahunan Jepara. To realize the purpose and purpose of holding this service activity, the team provided several solutions which include the following things 1) making a hybrid solar cell power plant design that will be placed in the Tegal Sambi village hall as an effort to efficiently use PLN electricity so that it is expected to reduce the cost of electricity use at the village service office. This activity is made with five stages, namely analyzing the needs of energy use, designing solar cell power plants, socialization to village governments and communities, installation and installation of solar cell power plants, as well as assistance in use and maintenance. 2) manufacture and installation of wind power plants (wind turbines) on public street lighting (PJU)

Nature of the Wind, the Culture of the Landscape: Toward an Energy Sustainability Project in Catalonia

Landscape and energy are an inseparable and innovative binomial because of the challenges they imply and being the factors we use to measure the quality of our habitat. Presenting the report “Wind Energy and Landscape. Guidelines for a suitable installation in Catalonia”, which involved research into the methodology for installing wind farms, this article presents a critical reflection on the possible spatial, ethical, and aesthetic effects of energy transition. Landscape design interprets the convergence of territorial values with the innovation of an energy system: it is not measured on a geographical scale, but draws from geography the sense of the overwriting of everyday places, giving them sense, orientation, meaning, and narrative. The research involves ecology, society, nature, and culture. Methodologically, the approach is reversed: rather than designing a project for the correct installation of wind power plants, the project for the wind landscape is understood as new contemporary nature. Wind energy and the culture of the landscape legitimize an advance in thought on design tools, espousing the dictates of the European Landscape Convention and more recent ambitious goals set by the UN with the 2030 Agenda.

Wind power plant layout optimization using particle swarm optimization

The use of wind energy has rapidly increased in recent years. In parallel with this rapid increase, Wind Power Plant (WPP) installation has become an important research topic. The selection of wind turbine location in WPP installation effects turbine output power. If the appropriate turbine position is not selected, the total generation of WPP is decreased. The purpose of this study was to determine the locations that wind turbines can achieve the highest energy generation. In this study, an optimization model was proposed to achieve the best WPP layout. In the first stage, field data and Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) software were used to obtain wind speed distributions in the region where the WPP will be installed. . These distributions were used in the developed optimization model in MATLAB. The actual power curve of a wind turbine was used in the model to calculate energy generation. In the second stage, the locations of the wind turbine were determined by particle swarm optimization (PSO) method. In the final stage, the results of developed MATLAB model were compared with WASP to check accuracy. The difference between MATLAB model and WAsP software was found as 0.04%. This result showed that this model performed a calculation with acceptable accuracy. In addition, it was seen that wind turbines were located to the high wind velocity regions with the solution of the developed optimization model.

Determination of the most appropriate site selection of wind power plants based Geographic Information System and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making approach in Develi, Turkey

Wind power has major benefits including providing for an increasing energy demand while tackling climate change problems. Detailed planning processes such as technical, social, environmental, various agents, and political concerns are essential for the development of wind energy projects. The objective of the present study is to develop a visualization that combines Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and implementation for Kayseri, Develi in Turkey as a case study. For the analyzes, CORINE CLC 2000 and other data sources were employed for data acquisition to unlock fragmented and hidden onshore data resources and to facilitate investment in sustainable coastal and inland activities. Several factors were determined in the wind power plant installations such as wind potential, roads, water sources, and these factors were analyzed based on their buffer zones. After detailed analyses, sites near the Havadan (7.87 MW) and Kulpak (9.22 MW) villages were found to be the most suitable locations for the installation of a potential onshore wind farm. The method suggested in this study can be used to analyze the suitability of any region at the regional level for onshore wind power plant and the results of the study can be used to develop based on public perception, renewable energy policies, energy political rules.

Fractional kVA Rating PWM Converter Doubly Fed Variable Speed Electric Generator Systems: An Overview in 2020

Variable speed generator systems (VSGs) are at work in the now 600 GW installed wind power plants (parks). Also, they are used as vehicular and on ground stand-alone generators. VSGs imply full kVA rating PWM converters in permanent magnet (PM) or in electrically excited synchronous or in cage rotor inductance generators. But, to reduce cost in absence of PMs at a reasonable initial cost (weight) and efficiency, the fractional kVA PWM converter doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) cover now about 50% of all installed power in wind generators. The present paper reviews recent progress in DFIG and various forms of brushless DFGs (doubly fed generators) characterized in terms of topology, design, performance and advanced control for healthy and faulty load conditions in the hope of inspiring new, hopefully ground breakings, progress for wind and hydro energy conversion and in vehicular and on the ground stand-alone generator applications.

Rüzgar Türbinlerinde Kurulum ve Bakım Süreçleri: Bandırma Örneği

Rüzgar enerjisi en hızlı büyüyen yenilenebilir enerji teknolojilerinden biridir. Maliyetler düşmesi ve kapasite faktörünün artması ile birlikte dünya çapında kullanımı da artmaktadır. Ülkemizin bulunduğu konum ve iklim koşulları açısından sahip olduğu rüzgar enerjisi potansiyeli birçok ülkeye göre çok daha avantajlı durumdadır. Türkiye, dünyanın en hızlı büyüyen enerji pazarlarından biridir.
 Bu çalışmada, rüzgar türbinlerinin temel bileşenleri, kurulum ve servis süreçleri incelenmiştir. Rüzgar türbinlerinin nakliye süreci ile başlayan ve ekipman kurulumları ile devam eden süreci irdelenip, işletme ve bakım konusunda dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar konusunda bilgi verilmiştir. Ayrıca Balıkesir ili Bandırma ilçesi rüzgar potansiyeli açısından incelenip kurulu rüzgar enerjisi santralleri hakkında detaylı bilgiler sunulmuştur.

Computation of Required Reactive Power Support of WPP in Systems with High Wind Generation

This paper presents a methodology to determine the adequate percentage of reactive power compensation required to provide an appropriate voltage support and mitigate the impact caused by the massive installation of Wind Power Plants (WPP) in a power system. Mainly, the impact in the system's loadability and the improvement achieved by installing several STATCOM to provide reactive compensation are measured through a probabilistic loadability margin that considers the intermittent behavior of the wind. In addition, the point estimate method is applied to give a stochastic characteristic to the analysis and to determine the statistical mean and standard deviation that are key values to identify the impact of WPP and the necessary reactive supply. This methodology is implemented in the IEEE New England test system (39 Bus) by comparing the statistical mean of loadability margin between an initial case and multiple cases considering different participation percentages of WPP (between 9% to 33%) and different percentages of reactive power compensation injected (between 15% to 75%) under normal operation conditions and considering N-1 contingency scenarios.

Estimativa do perfil de vento e potencial eólico offshore para costa de Cabo Frio

O homem é um grande consumidor de energia. Por conseguinte, estudar e melhorar os mecanismos de fornecimento de energia é de suma importância para a sociedade. Nessa temática, as energias renováveis vêm como um grande aliado ambiental em contraponto aos combustíveis fósseis. Alguns exemplos são: a energia solar, a eólica, a biomassa e a hidráulica. Nesse trabalho calculou-se a direção do vento, os perfis de velocidade do vento e potencial eólico para uma região próxima de Cabo Frio-RJ, utilizando os dados da boia de Cabo Frio (Nova) do Programa Nacional de Boias (PNBOIA) e os dados da reanálise do ERA5 de temperatura, velocidade, direção do vento e altura significativa da onda, para o período entre 01/08/2016 e 31/07/2017. Os resultados preliminares mostraram que a diferença absoluta média entre a velocidade do vento do PNBOIA e do ERA5 foi de aproximadamente 1 m/s. Além disso, através da rosa dos ventos, observa-se que não houve diferença significativa percentual entre as direções do vento do PNBOIA e do ERA 5. Concluiu-se que essa é uma região favorável para instalação de usinais eólicas. 

Pre-design feasibility study of grid connected wind power plants under weak grid condition

Due to high market competence and pressure, the wind power plant (WPP) developers are forced to extend their market territory to distant areas containing long transmission lines and hence weak grid connection of WPP. This paper suggests a steady state analysis method to identify the feasibility of WPP installation in site-specific location based on grid connection characteristics, i.e. short circuit ratio (SCR) and reactance over resistance (XoR), which are normally provided by transmission system operator (TSO). This feasibility study investigates the grid connection and identifies the weak grid conditions, the maximum possible active power transfer to the grid and the reactive power compensation required for stable and reliable connection to the grid under steady state condition.