Wind Power In China Research Articles

A Multi-Source Coordinated Optimal Operation Model Considering the Risk of Nuclear Power Peak Shaving and Wind Power Consumption

In view of the development trend of nuclear power and offshore wind power in China’s coastal areas, as well as the current situation of peak shaving pressure brought by reverse peak shaving of wind power to the power grid. In this paper, according to the number of failures and power loss per year in each region, the risk of peak load regulation is calculated comprehensively and quantitatively, and the risk cost increment of nuclear power peak shaving is calculated and evaluated. Optimize and linearize the constraints, and the relatively complete constraint conditions are established. Thus, the traditional peak shaving model of fixed gear nuclear power dispatch is improved, and the peak shaving depth is continuous within the safety regulation range of nuclear power. Then, based on the peak shaving operation model of nuclear power safety constraints, considering the nuclear power risk and wind power consumption, taking into account the operation cost, risk cost, environmental cost and safe operation constraints of various types of power supply, a multi-source optimal scheduling model of wind-nuclear-thermal-storage-gas is established. Based on the calculation example of the actual regional power grid, the security, low carbon and economy of the model are analyzed, and the sensitivity analysis of the risk cost coefficient and wind power reserve coefficient in the dispatching model is carried out. It can be concluded that the nuclear power has a little safety impact on the reactor core and coolant circulation system after participating in the peak shaving operation, and the increase in the probability of man-made misoperation is not obvious. The main source of the risk cost increase is the benefit loss of selling electricity, so that it can properly participate in the peak shaving of the system. When the nuclear safety risk is low and the risk of wind abandonment is high, the nuclear power peak shaving has a stronger economic advantage. The dynamic optimal allocation of wind power reserve capacity can further reduce the abandonment of nuclear power and improve the operation economy of the system.

Cluster Wind Power Uncertainty Model and Operation Simulation Method

The rational modelling of wind power uncertainty is the premise of relevant analysis and decision-making. The uncertainty, intermittent nature of cluster wind power and the spatial correlation between different wind farms are the key factors to determine the impact of cluster wind power on the power system. The rationality of the wind power uncertainty model will determine the validity of the wind power uncertainty analysis and decision-making model and the credibility of the analysis conclusions. The development of wind power in China is very rapid, but the accumulation of wind power and meteorological statistics is insufficient. The research on the uncertainty of cluster wind power output is not deep-going. For this reason, the wind power uncertainty model is taken as the entry point. This paper will establish the uncertain model of wind power and its simulation method. This method can generate time series of wind farm output in accordance with wind power uncertainty characteristics, and effectively analyze the overall output characteristics of large-scale cluster wind power to be planned in the future, which provides a new idea for studying the impact of wind power on future power systems.

Research on the Subsidy Policy of Wind Energy Price in Shandong Province Based on CGE Model

In recent years, with the improvement of wind power generation technology and industrial upgrading, China's wind power generation manufacturing and application scale ranks among the top in the world. Technological advances in these related fields have reduced costs, making renewable energy an important area of the energy transition. At present, renewable energy mainly includes wind, solar and biomass energy. Among them, wind energy has the advantages of wide sources, low cost, advanced energy capture and conversion technology and equipment, which make it has been applied in many places on a large scale. By contrast, due to the difficulty of material recovery and high cost, the large-scale application of biomass energy is limited. Meanwhile, the production of solar panels is characterized by high pollution and high energy consumption, which is not environmentally friendly and limits its industrial expansion. Therefore, this research will focus on wind power price related policies in Shandong Province. In this paper, a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model of renewable energy policy according to the current development in Shandong Province was first built. Then, by simulating the increase of wind energy electricity price subsidies by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% compared with the base year, the effects of electricity price subsidies on energy, economics, social and environment were further analyzed. Finally, suggestions were proposed which can provide a reference for the promotion and development of wind energy in Shandong Province.

Are government subsidies effective in improving innovation efficiency? Based on the research of China's wind power industry

China's wind power industry has rapidly developed and the level of technological innovation has been improved greatly with the government's funding support. However, few studies have considered whether government subsidies are effective in improving the innovation performance of Chinese wind power industry. To answer the above problem, this paper uses the sample data of listed wind power enterprises from 2012 to 2018 to evaluate the innovation efficiency of Chinese wind power industry. We employ a stochastic frontier model based on the translog production function, analyze the impact of government subsidies and other enterprise characteristics on innovation efficiency. Our results show that, first, the innovation efficiency of China's wind power industry is relatively low, but the overall trend is upward. Second, in the long term, there is a U-shaped relationship between government subsidies and innovation efficiency, reducing government subsidies can improve innovation efficiency before the turning point. Third, the effect of ownership concentration and financial leverage is not significant, but employees' high quality and high profitability play a significantly positive role in improving the innovation efficiency of China's wind power industry. The conclusions also provide a reference to policy making for the sustainable development of Chinese wind power industry.

Do China's wind energy products have potentials for trade with the “Belt and Road” countries? -- A gravity model approach

China has become the leader in the wind energy industry and the “Belt and Road Initiative” provides a broad stage for China's international cooperation in this field. This paper examines the trade status of China's wind energy products in the “Belt and Road” countries, and measures the export potential and its determinants in the market of these countries, by adopting the gravity model with a balanced dataset of 19 products and 65 countries covering the period 2007–2017. The results indicate that: (1) China's wind energy product trade with the “Belt and Road” countries has grown rapidly, but the market structure is relatively concentrated; (2) The GDP and total energy consumption of the importing countries and China's wind power generation capacity have a positive impact on China's exports of wind energy products, while the physical distances between capitals of China and the importing countries have a negative effect; (3) The traditional market for China's wind energy product exports is becoming increasingly saturated, and 35 countries with untapped potentials and the growing markets are mainly distributed in the CIS, East Asia, West Asia, Central Asia and South Asia. Finally, this paper proposes corresponding policy implications based on these findings.

A novel power-driven fractional accumulated grey model and its application in forecasting wind energy consumption of China.

Wind energy is one of the most important renewable resources and plays a vital role in reducing carbon emission and solving global warming problem. Every country has made a corresponding energy policy to stimulate wind energy industry development based on wind energy production, consumption, and distribution. In this paper, we focus on forecasting wind energy consumption from a macro perspective. A novel power-driven fractional accumulated grey model (PFAGM) is proposed to solve the wind energy consumption prediction problem with historic annual consumption of the past ten years. PFAGM model optimizes the grey input of the classic fractional grey model with an exponential term of time. For boosting prediction performance, a heuristic intelligent algorithm WOA is used to search the optimal order of PFAGM model. Its linear parameters are estimated by using the least-square method. Then validation experiments on real-life data sets have been conducted to verify the superior prediction accuracy of PFAGM model compared with other three well-known grey models. Finally, the PFAGM model is applied to predict China’s wind energy consumption in the next three years.

The grid parity analysis of onshore wind power in China: A system cost perspective

The grid parity of wind generation has drawn increasing attention owing to the serious subsidy funding shortages in China, but scientific evidences for the grid parity feasibility are still not sufficient, because most studies have neglected the additional balancing cost and grid-connection cost caused by the wind generation. We hence develop an integrated methodology to analyze the grid parity of onshore wind generation from a system cost perspective, coupling a system generation cost model, a grid parity index model and a learning curve model. Key findings are summarized as follows: (1) The average system cost of wind generation declined from 0.84 yuan/kWh in 2006 to 0.57 yuan/kWh in 2017. Guangdong has the highest system cost, while Xinjiang costs the least. (2) The traditional LCOE approach underestimates the wind generation cost by about 15%, resulting in biased conclusions regarding the grid parity. (3) All the provincial grid parity indexes have values more than 1, indicating that the current grid parity of wind generation is impractical. (4) The national average grid parity time of wind generation are forecasted to be 2021, 2023 and 2026 when the on-grid coal generation prices are 0.50 yuan/kWh, 0.45 yuan/kWh and 0.40 yuan/kWh, respectively.

Research of rational curtailment rate and development guiding mechanism of wind power in China

It is not conducive to green low-carbon development to pursuit very low wind power accommodation rate regardless of cost. In order to improve the efficiency of wind accommodation and realize the coordinated development of wind power and power grid, a “rational curtailment rate” of wind power should be studied and evaluated. This work proposes that the “rational curtailment rate” of wind power should be defined as a curtailment rate when the marginal wind power accommodation cost equals to the marginal wind power accommodation benefits at given level of installed wind capacity. The rational curtailment rate is related to the system peak shaving capacity and installed wind capacity. According to the rational curtailment rate, three development strategies are proposed to guide the improvement of wind power accommodation level and energy supply efficiency: First, calculate rational curtailment rate separately in every provinces, and establishing early warning standards for wind power construction differently. Second, the idea of wind power development should be adjusted to “adjust resources flexibly first”. Third, set up different wind power investment guidance for in different areas, indicated by rational curtailment rate.

Book review: Wind Power in China: Ambiguous Winds of Change in China’s Energy Market

Book review: Wind Power in China: Ambiguous Winds of Change in China’s Energy Market

An improved maximum power point tracking method based on decreasing torque gain for large scale wind turbines at low wind sites

With the rapid development of wind power in China, high wind sites have become scarce and are often located far away from major load centers. Due to technological improvement and close proximity to load centers, low wind sites (wind speeds around 3–7m/s) have become economically viable in China. However, the characteristics of low mean wind speed and high turbulence intensity at low wind sites make maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control challenging. Therefore, an improved maximum power point tracking (IMPPT) control approach is proposed in this paper. This approach is based on decreasing torque gain (DTG) control algorithm, and is designed to dynamically adjust the gain coefficient aimed for better energy capture at low wind sites. The proposed IMPPT algorithm is compared with traditional MPPT algorithms by simulation using actual wind speeds, including DTG control, adaptive torque gain (ATG) control, the improved MPPT control based on the reduction of tracking range (RTR-MPPT control), and an improved ATG control based on curve fit method (CF-ATG control). Simulation results verify that the proposed approach (IMPPT algorithm) is more effective.

Multi-objective electro-thermal coupling scheduling model for a hybrid energy system comprising wind power plant, conventional gas turbine, and regenerative electric boiler, considering uncertainty and demand response

Abstract Regenerative electric boiler (REB) can convert electricity into heating, improve the grid-connected space of wind power plant (WPP), and is an effective way of solving the severe problem of abandoned wind power in China. To achieve a synergistically coordinated optimization between the supply side and the user side, incentive-based demand response (IBDR) is implemented for decentralized thermal load while price-based demand response (PBDR) is implemented for the electrical load and centralized thermal load. The study then integrates WPP, REB, conventional gas turbine (CGT) and IBDR into a hybrid energy system (HES). Next, the uncertainty scenarios of wind speed are simulated using the Latin hypercube sampling method, and Kantorovich distance based on the values predicted using auto-regressive and moving average mode. Then a multi-objective optimization model for HES operation is proposed based on the objectives of maximizing economic revenue and minimizing the level of risk. Finally, an industrial park in northern China is selected for sample analysis. The results show: (1) if the power output of WPP is converted into heating, the economic benefits increase significantly, with certain risks attached. The REB can store energy during off-peak periods and dispense energy during peak periods. The smooth net power output curve is preferable for decreased operational risk. (2) PBDR can smooth the demand curves of electrical and thermal load. The peak-to-valley ratios of the electrical load and thermal load decrease by 1.207 and 1.500. (3) IBDR can provide more reserve service for a HES while simultaneously satisfying different load demands and yielding optimal operation results with the implementation of PBDR. The peak-to-valley ratios of the net power curves are 1.242 (IBDR alone) and 1.214 (IBDR and PBDR). Overall, the proposed optimization model could give full play to the coupling effect of centralized thermal load and decentralized thermal load, which would provide feasible tools for decision-makers to create an optimal operation plan.

Maintenance Optimization of Offshore Wind Turbines Based on an Opportunistic Maintenance Strategy

Owing to the late development of offshore wind power in China, operational data and maintenance experience are relatively scarce. Due to the harsh environmental conditions, a reliability analysis based on limited sample fault data has been regarded as an effective way to investigate maintenance optimization for offshore wind farms. The chief aim of the present work is to develop an effective strategy to reduce the maintenance costs of offshore wind turbines in consideration of their accessibility. The three-parameter Weibull distribution method was applied to failure rate estimation based on limited data. Moreover, considering the impacts of weather conditions on the marine maintenance activities, the Markov method and dynamic time window were used to depict the weather conditions. The opportunistic maintenance strategy was introduced to cut down on the maintenance costs through optimization of the preventive maintenance age and opportunistic maintenance age. The simulation analysis we have performed showed that the maintenance costs of the opportunistic maintenance strategy were 10% lower than those of the preventive maintenance strategy, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed maintenance strategy.

Review on China’s wind power policy (1986–2017)

As an important renewable energy source, wind power plays a key role in mitigating climate change and has become one of the fastest growing clean energies globally. In China, wind energy development has been a vital component of national energy transformation strategy. Over the years, the Chinese government has introduced a series of policies to promote the development of wind power and also to regulate this emerging industry. Base on examining all the key policy documents on wind power issued by the Chinese government over the last 30years, we find that China has built up a comprehensive policy system, and summarized the current framework of Chinese wind power policy systematically. Then, we analyze the policy objectives, policy tools, major measures, their results in each development stage, and the characteristics and trends of China's wind power policies. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the current policy and put forward corresponding suggestions.

Market segmentation and wind curtailment: An empirical analysis

Abstract: China's wind power has experienced explosive growth and reshaped the overall energy mix since 2009. However, increasing investment in the wind power industry has been accompanied by persistent and serious wind curtailment since 2010, leading to significant efficiency loss. This paper argues that the interprovincial market segmentation, which is driven by political motivations, is a key factor contributing to wind curtailment. We first construct an interprovincial electricity market segmentation index. This is then used as an independent variable to explain the variation in wind curtailment rates. A panel dataset of 28 provinces during the 2009–2016 period is used for empirical analysis. The results clearly show that market barriers positively contribute to wind power curtailment. Specifically, a 10% decrease in the market segmentation index will lead to a 4.3–5.3% decrease in wind power curtailment.

Summary of Technical Specifications for Offshore Wind Farm Facilities

[Introduction] This paper aims to promote the establishment of a complete technical standards system for offshore wind farms. [Method] The problems existing in the construction of offshore wind farms in China were pointed out, the standards for offshore wind farm facilities at home and abroad were summarized, and the exploration and effectiveness of the technical specifications for offshore wind power facilities by China Classification Society(CCS) were introduced. [Result] Despite the rapid development of offshore wind power in China, the supporting technical specifications for offshore wind power facilities have not been followed up in time, and the whole life cycle technical specifications system, including design, construction, installation, operation and maintenance and abandonment, has not been established. Although Europe has a mature specifications system for offshore wind power facilities, it cannot be completely copied and used, such as the LRFD method of structural design which is related to the environmental conditions and reliability index of the sea area, and the partial factor applicable to the European sea area is not applicable to the Chinese sea area. [Conclusion] Therefore, the technical specification system for the domestic offshore wind power facilities requires the joint efforts and cooperation of the industry, traditional ocean engineering specialty should play a greater role in this field, and the research achievements by CCS in this field can provide some reference values for the establishment of the technical specification system.

The Strategies for Improving Energy Efficiency of Power System with Increasing Share of Wind Power in China

Coal-fired power generation will dominate the electricity supply in China in the foreseeable future. Coal fired power units can play a crucial role in integrating intermittent wind energy and improving the overall energy efficiency of the power system. The integration benefits of wind power, along with the gains of high load rates of coal fired units, should be fully taken into account. An optimal model combining wind power and coal fired units is built to analyze the operational flexibility of coal fired units and the integration of wind power. Taking the coal fired units in North China Power Grid as an example, the dispatch costs and benefits are examined under the energy efficiency dispatch mode, in comparison with those under the fair dispatch rules and the installed capacity. The results show that increasing the flexibility of the power system under the energy efficiency dispatch mode may be the best choice for the power system with the high share of coal fired units to integrate more wind power, and that the units delivering flexibility services are financially influenced. The results also indicate that a certain amount of wind power curtailment may be reasonable, and that rational penalty rate and fees for the curtailment of wind power may help to optimize the operation of the power system and integrate more wind power. Based on these results, policy and strategy recommendations are proposed to promote the flexibility of coal fired units and change their operation mode and their dispatch mode in the power system.

Regional differences study of renewable energy performance: A case of wind power in China

In recent years, the profit growth of wind power enterprises in China is generally weak, and the phenomenon of “wind curtailment” in some areas is relatively common. The comprehensive evaluation of wind power performance in various regions of China and the study of the driving forces of wind power performance differences in different regions are of great significance for scientific planning and layout of wind power investment. Based on the panel data, this paper combines Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to establish an evaluation model to evaluate the wind power performance of China's 29 provinces and cities from 2011 to 2018. Then uses the evaluation results as input data of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) prediction model to predict the wind power performance of 2019 in various regions of China under the current policy and environment. Finally, the main factors affecting the performance of China's wind power generation are explored by establishing a regression model. The research results show that at present, the main factors affecting the performance of China's wind power generation are local power consumption capacity, economic development degree and the rate of wind abandonment. On the premise of solving the problem of wind curtailment, appropriately promoting power consumption and renewable energy policy reform, from Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) to a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), are effective means to promote the development of wind power generation in China.

A cooperative game-based mechanism for allocating ancillary service costs associated with wind power integration in China

Wind power in China is developing rapidly. However, wind power curtailment has become increasingly severe, reaching 15% in 2015. The root cause of wind power curtailment in China is that its power system has insufficient flexibility. We analyze how to achieve a reasonable allocation of ancillary service costs for wind power plants, using a cooperative game approach. The analysis shows that, while the current allocation approach in the Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan power grid is based only on wind feed-in tariffs, an allocation method based on both the feed-in tariff and the capacity credit of wind would be more reasonable.

Achieving grid parity of wind power in China – Present levelized cost of electricity and future evolution

China has adopted an ambitious plan for wind power to achieve grid parity with the on-grid price of coal-fired power in 2020. Whether this target can be achieved is a great concern for policy makers as well as potential investors. To address this issue, we first estimate the future levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of wind power using a learning curve method, and then determine whether grid parity can be achieved by comparing it with the on-grid price of coal-fired power. Specially, the effect of carbon pricing on the grid-parity is explored, and a sensitivity analysis on how the discount rates, learning rates, and curtailment rates affect grid parity is conducted. The learning rate of onshore wind power is estimated using a panel dataset consisting of information of 2059 onshore wind projects in China from 2006 to 2015. Based on this learning rate, the future LCOE of Chinese onshore wind power from 2016 to 2025 is calculated. The results show that the LCOE of onshore wind power decreases by 13.91% from 0.40 RMB/kWh in 2016 to 0.34 RMB/kWh in 2025. By comparing the LCOE with the on-grid price of coal-fired power, the grid parity of onshore wind power may be achieved in 2019. With the implementation of the carbon pricing policy, the grid parity will be achieved earlier. More specifically, with the carbon price reaching 10, 35, and 60 RMB/t CO2, the grid parity can be achieved in 2019, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that in the case of high discount rates, low learning rates, high curtailment rates, high O&M cost and low capacity factor, the grid parity will be delayed, and a high carbon price will be required to achieve the grid parity.

Dynamic Impedances of Offshore Rock-Socketed Monopiles

With the development of offshore wind energy in China, more and more offshore wind turbines are being constructed in rock-based sea areas. However, the large diameter and thin-walled steel rock-socketed monopiles are very scarce at present, and both the construction and design are very difficult. For the design, the dynamic safety during the whole lifetime of the wind turbine is difficult to guarantee. Dynamic safety of a turbine is mostly controlled by the dynamic impedances of the rock-socketed monopile, which are still not well understood. How to choose the appropriate impedances of the socketed monopiles so that the wind turbines will neither resonant nor be too conservative is the main problem. Based on a numerical model in this study, the accurate impedances are obtained for different frequencies of excitation, different soil and rock parameters, and different rock-socketed lengths. The dynamic stiffness of monopile increases, while the radiative damping decreases as rock-socketed depth increases. When the weathering degree of rock increases, the dynamic stiffness of the monopile decreases, while the radiative damping increases.