Wind Power Generation System Research Articles

Overview of Key Technologies for Wind Energy Applications

Due to the pursuit of economic benefits and the development and damage to the environment, the need to develop new energy sources is increasing day by day. as one of the earliest and most mature new energy generation methods, wind power has received much attention. However, wind power generation system is constrained seriously by the environment because of the random fluctuation of wind power itself. It is easy to cause problems such as low power generation efficiency and fast device loss due to the influence of wind instability. At the same time, it is difficult to store and connect electric energy to the electricity grid.

Grounding System Design for Wind Power Generation System Considering the Effective Length of Grounding Conductor

Human safety is the most important factor to determine any grounding system, therefore low‐frequency grounding resistance (LFGR) of wind power generation systems should be very low. Lightning protection is another factor for the grounding system design. Grounding conductors (GCs) are used to reduce the LFGR. A long GC however, does not reduce peak voltages for lightning currents with steep‐front waveshapes. Thus, the GC length is an important factor for an effective grounding system. This paper proposes a method for determining the effective length of GC based on traveling wave theory in time domain. Based on this calculation, it describes a grounding system design for wind power generation systems that considers both, the LFGR and the lightning protection. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Enhanced control of grid-connected multi-machine wind power generation systems using fuzzy backstepping approaches

This research paper presents an approach for enhancing the performance of a multi-machine wind power generation system (WPGS) through the combination of nonlinear and intelligent control techniques. The suggested approach focuses on optimizing the WPGS, which utilizes permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) interconnected with the grid. To enable grid connection, a back-to-back configuration is employed for both the rectifier and inverter in a fifteen-switch configuration, with control achieved through pulse width modulation. The designed control algorithm is designed to effectively regulate the system and reduce the active and reactive power ripples. Initially, the WPGS model is provided. Subsequently, the fuzzy backstepping control (FBC) law is detailed, incorporating the Lyapunov stability technique. Fuzzy logic is used to adapt the gains in the backstepping approach, ensuring the control system can accommodate disturbances and system variations. As a result, this adaptive control approach enables optimal effusiveness of the entire system in both static and dynamic operational regimes. Experimental tests were conducted using MATLAB to compare the efficacy of the designed strategy against the traditional backstepping control approach. The obtained results demonstrated the robustness and effective reference tracking capabilities of the designed FBC approach, along with the complete elimination of speed overshoot across diverse wind conditions. These findings validate the designed control approach's effectiveness and superiority over the BC approach under varying conditions.

Research on wind turbines preventive maintenance strategies based on reliability and cost-effectiveness ratio

Purpose The purpose of this study is to optimize the operational efficiency of the entire system by developing a reasonable maintenance strategy for wind turbines that improves component reliability and safety while reducing maintenance costs. Design/methodology/approach A hybrid incomplete preventive maintenance (PM) model based on boundary intensity process is established to give dynamic PM intervals for wind turbines using an iterative method with reliability as a constraint; the selection method of PM and replacement is given based on the cost-effectiveness ratio, which in turn determines the optimal number of PM for wind turbines. Findings The reliability is used to obtain the components’ maintenance cycle, and the cost-effectiveness ratio is used to select the number of maintenance times, thus, getting the optimal maintenance strategy. The validity of this paper’s method is verified by arithmetic cases, which provides a new method for formulating a reasonable PM strategy for wind turbines. Practical implications The wind turbine preventive maintenance strategy for Boundary intensity process proposed in this paper can scientifically formulate the maintenance strategy, optimize the cost-effectiveness per unit of time of the wind power generation system, and solve the problems of difficulty in formulating a reasonable maintenance strategy for the wind turbine components and high operation and maintenance costs. Originality/value In this paper, the authors describe the failure pattern by a Boundary intensity process, establish a hybrid incomplete PM model by introducing a failure intensity increment factor and an age reduction factor and establish a maintenance strategy optimization model with comprehensive consideration of reliability and cost-effectiveness ratio. Finally, the validity of the model in this paper is verified by arithmetic case analysis. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-05-2024-0153/

Artificial intelligent-based backstepping control of parallel-connected multi-machine wind generation system using a new fifteen-switch rectifier

This academic work offers a new variable-speed wind power generation system (NVS-WPGS) that employs two 5-phase permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) controlled through a fifteen-switch rectifier (FSR) architecture for a system that’s integrated to the power grid. The two 5-phase PMSGs are linked to the DC bus through an FSR, which, in turn, connects the DC link to the grid via a three-phase inverter. To ameliorate the operational efficiency of the wind system under investigation, the backstepping control (BSC) approach was employed. Building upon this technique, the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was trained and implemented for controlling the wind system. The goal is to boost system performance and control. While BSC is a strong control method for reference signal tracking, its dependence on system parameters is a downside. This dependence typically degrades performance. On the other hand, ANFIS exhibits robustness to variations in system parameters and uncertainties. The efficaciousness of the suggested control methodology was evaluated via experimental investigations conducted using the Matlab/Simulink program. The simulations were performed to verify the system’s capacity to maintain controlled variables in accordance with desired references, even in the presence of fluctuations in wind velocity. Simulations exhibit that the suggested ANFIS-BSC control system accurately tracks controlled intended references. Furthermore, system performance improved. Speed overshoot was decreased by 100%. Additionally, the system’s efficiency was enhanced, reaching a level of 96.5%, beating the BSC approach’s 96%. These findings underscore the remarkable effectiveness of the ANFIS-BSC approach compared to BSC methodologies.

A multi-valued decision diagrams-based method for reliability analysis of performance-sharing k-out-of-n: G system considering component degradation

This paper models the reliability of a performance-sharing k-out-of-n: G system with heterogeneous degrading components and a performance-redistributing common bus. Each component may behave at various performance levels to meet its random demand. If one component exhibits performance beyond its demand, the redundant performance is redistributed to components with deficit performance via the common bus with limited capacity. The system fails if the number of operating components is less than k after sharing the redundant performance. A new analytical method based on multi-valued decision diagrams (MDDs) is put forward, which comprises an efficient model generation algorithm leveraging top-down simplification rules and a new ordering heuristic for improving MDD generation efficiency. The MDD evaluation engages the continuous-time Markov Chains to compute the steady-state probabilities of system components considering the degradation effects. Case studies of a wind power generation system and a data processing system as well as benchmark studies are conducted to illustrate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed method. A comparative study with the universal generating function-based method is also provided to further demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed MDD-based method.

Reliability evaluation of direct current gathering system in onshore wind farm based on reliability block diagram-sequential monte carlo

The full DC wind power generation system has effectively overcome the harmonic resonance, reactive power transmission, and other problems of the traditional AC wind power system, which has broad prospects for development. As a key component of the mentioned system, the reliability of the collection system is critical to the safe and stable operation of the entire onshore wind farm. Firstly, this paper investigates the key equipment and topology of the onshore wind farm DC collection system. Secondly, considering both the internal components and external environment of the wind farm, a component outage probability model based on weather factors is constructed to provide accurate data for the reliability evaluation of the DC collection system of the wind farm. The Reliability Block Diagram is used to analyze the internal logical connection of different topologies of onshore wind farm DC collection systems in detail. Then, a reliability evaluation method of an onshore full DC wind farm collection system based on Reliability Block Diagram-Sequential Monte Carlo is proposed. Finally, a 50 MW onshore wind farm is studied as a sample to compare and analyze the assessment results of the reliability of different collection system topologies. The results show that the reliability of the DC collection system of onshore wind farms has significant advantages.

Implementation Joule Thief Buck-Boost Converter in A Neodymium Wind Power Plant

Wind power generation is gaining popularity as an environmentally friendly renewable energy source. However, the output voltage of a wind generator usually varies according to the wind speed, requiring a power converter to produce a stable DC voltage. The author of this research aims to implement a Joule Thief Buck-Boost Converter on a neodymium wind power generation system. Joule Thief is a DC-DC converter that has the ability to convert a low input voltage into a higher output voltage, and can maintain a relatively stable output voltage despite changes in the input voltage. In this study, a Joule Thief buck-boost converter is used to regulate the output DC voltage of the neodymium wind generator to remain stable despite the changing wind speed. System testing is done by measuring the output voltage of the neodymium wind power plant. The test results show that the Joule Thief Buck-Boost Converter can maintain the output DC voltage at a stable value of 14V at input voltages above 3V, so the implementation of this converter in neodymium wind power plants is proven effective in producing a stable DC voltage. This research is expected to contribute to the development of a more efficient and reliable wind power generation system.

Robust Load Frequency Control of Interconnected Power Systems with Back Propagation Neural Network-Proportional-Integral-Derivative-Controlled Wind Power Integration

As the global demand for energy sustainability increases, the scale of wind power integration steadily increases, so the system frequency suffers significant challenges due to the huge fluctuations of the wind power output. To address this issue, this paper proposes a Back Propagation Neural Network-Proportional-Integral-Derivative (BPNN-PID) controller to track the output power of the wind power generation system, which can well alleviate the volatility of the wind power output, resulting in the slighter imbalance with the rated wind power output. Furthermore, at the multi-area power system level, to mitigate the impact of the imbalanced wind power injected into the main grid, the H∞ robust controller was designed to ensure the frequency deviation within the admissible range. Finally, a four-area interconnected power system was employed as the test system, and the results validated the feasibility and effectiveness of both the proposed BPNN-PID controller and the robust controller.

Enhanced MPPT in Permanent Magnet Direct-Drive Wind Power Systems via Improved Sliding Mode Control

Addressing the challenges of significant speed overshoot, stability issues, and system oscillations associated with the sliding mode control (SMC) strategy in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for permanent magnet synchronous wind power systems, this paper introduces a fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) method employing an innovative exponential convergence law. By incorporating a velocity adjustment function into the traditional exponential convergence law, a novel convergence law was designed to mitigate oscillations during the sliding phase and expedite the convergence rate. Additionally, a fuzzy controller was developed to implement a fuzzy adaptive SMC strategy, optimizing the MPPT for permanent magnet synchronous wind power generation systems. Simulation results indicated that this approach offered a faster response and superior interference rejection capabilities, compared to conventional and modified SMC strategies. The improved FSMC strategy demonstrated a swift, dynamic response and excellent steady-state performance, improving the efficiency of MPPT, thus confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Three-Phase Single-Stage AC-DC Converter Using Series–Series Compensation Circuit in Inductive-Power-Transfer-Based Small Wind Power Generation System

In this paper, a three-phase single-stage AC-DC converter for an IPT-based small wind power generation system (WPGS) with an S-S compensation circuit is proposed. It applies a three-phase single-stage AC-DC converter to improve the input power factor (PF), efficiency, and reliability in small WPGSs. Also, inductive power transfer (IPT) was applied to compensate for brush wear in the nacelle of small and medium-sized wind turbines while ensuring electrical safety. In conditions of the three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) voltage (80~260 Vrms) for the wind turbine and the load (150~1000 W), it was verified that the desired output voltage below 3% can be controlled through the fixed link voltage (VLink) control without wireless communication. A 1 kW prototype was built and tested to demonstrate its applicability to the rotation of small and medium-sized wind turbine nacelles instead of brushes and slip rings.

A smooth switching strategy for steady-state operation control and fault transient control of doubly fed induction generator

Abstract As the proportion of wind power generation systems in power systems continues to rise, their dynamic response during system malfunctions has gained significant importance. As the grid short-circuit ratio continues to decrease, traditional fault ride-through algorithms for wind power generators may no longer be applicable. This is evidenced by voltage oscillations under significant disturbances and overvoltage issues during low-voltage ride-through, which are further aggravated during asymmetric fault conditions. Therefore, this paper focuses on the low-voltage ride-through issues of doubly fed induction wind power generators in weak power grids. It investigates the steady-state operation and transient control schemes and proposes a smooth transition strategy for steady-state and fault transient operations of doubly fed wind power generators. This approach guarantees the synchronization of active and reactive power, mitigates steady-state reactive power imbalance, and prevents voltage fluctuations triggered by recurring low-voltage ride-through occurrences. Furthermore, during fault recovery, a ramped active power restoration approach is employed to mitigate the coupling of active and reactive power introduced by the phase-locked loop, enabling rapid and stable restoration of active and reactive power outputs. As a result, superior dynamic performance is achieved during both symmetric and asymmetric fault processes. Finally, the superiority of the proposed smooth transition strategy under different fault scenarios is validated through simulations with the RTLAB platform.

Utilization of solar and wind power-generation systems in the mining industry: recent trends and future prospects

Utilization of solar and wind power-generation systems in the mining industry: recent trends and future prospects

Performance improvement of a DPC-FPID strategy with matrix converter using CDFIG in wind power system

This study focuses on optimizing energy extraction from Wind Power Generation Systems (WPGS) using a cascaded Doubly Fed Induction Generator (CDFIG) amidst variable wind speed operation. The aim of this study is to provide a new robust nonlinear control technique. The proposed method is founded on a fractional-order Proportional–Integral–Derivative controller (FPID). To well control the injection of both active and reactive power into the electrical grid and respond to the needs of consumers despite the changes in environmental conditions, a robust Direct Power Control (DPC) is employed with FPID (DPC-FPID) associated with Matrix Converter (MC). To extract the greatest aerodynamic power Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), is employed. We compare the suggested method’s outcomes with traditional PID results in order to confirm and validate the findings. It can be argued that the DPC-FPID method exhibits superior performance compared to the DPC-PI method. In terms of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), the outcomes indicate that the proposed technique utilizing FPID (1.20%) outperforms the conventional technique relying on PID (1.87%). The DPC-FPID approach gives a reduction in ripple values in comparison to the DPC-PI strategy in terms of ratios for the torque (6.25%), active power (14.28%), and reactive power (14.705%).

Pilot protection based on the similarity of the traveling waves between the quadratic fitting curve and the calculated curve for the All-DC wind power transmission system

The All-DC wind power generation system can effectively solve the harmonic resonance problem caused by large-scale wind power AC collection and transmission, gradually becoming a hot topic in future research. However, there are few studies on the relay protection of the All-DC wind power transmission systems. In the All-DC wind power systems, there are differences in topology, control strategies, fault characteristics, boundary characteristics, etc. At the same time, existing pilot protection has problems such as strict information synchronization requirements and selection of setting values through simulation. Therefore, the proposed pilot protection based on the similarity of the traveling wave between the quadratic fitting curve and the calculated curve for the All-DC wind power system transmission lines. Firstly, the difference of the 1-mode initial current waveform characteristics is analyzed in the time domain at both ends. Then, the least squares method is introduced to fit the differential curves of the current forward and backward traveling waves at two terminals. The differential characteristics of the differences between the fitted curve, the calculated curve, and the measured curve under the influence of internal and external errors are analyzed. Finally, the calculated value of traveling wave current during external metallicity fault is used as the standard. By comparing the fitting curve of current traveling waves and the difference in the calculation curve to distinguish internal faults from external faults. The simulation results show that the proposed protection principle can fault resistance of 2200 Ω and noise interference of 20 dB. In addition, the proposed method does not require strict data synchronization, higher sampling frequency, and setting value through simulation.

A Novel Finite-Set Ultra-Local Model-Based Predictive Current Control for AC/DC Converters of Direct-Driven Wind Power Generation with Enhanced Steady-State Performance

Compared with the standard finite-set model-based predictive current control (FS-MPCC), the finite-set ultra-local model-based predictive current control (FS-ULMPCC) removes the use of actual system parameters and thus has some advantages like good robustness and easy implementation. However, the steady-state performance of FS-ULMPCC is relatively weak. In this paper, a novel FS-ULMPCC method is proposed and applied to the AC/DC converter of a direct-driven wind power generation system. The proposed method is designed based on a linear-extended state observer (LESO). In particular, a new control set reconstruction strategy is proposed to improve the steady-state performance. Only three options are included in the reconstructed control set, and each one is associated with two independent, active voltage vectors and their durations. The proposed FS-ULMPCC method is compared with the traditional one through experiments. The proposed method includes enhanced steady-state performance and reduced computational burden.

Small signal stability analysis of a wind power system integrated with a multi-band supplementary damping controller

Abstract With the integration of wind turbines represented by doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) into the power system, the inertia level of the system decreases sharply, and small disturbances can easily cause low-frequency oscillation (LFO) in the system. In this paper, we propose a multi-band supplementary damping controller (MBSDC) directly applied to the active power control link of the rotor-side converter in the wind power generation system. We establish a linearized model for DFIG integrated with the power system, calculate eigenvalues, and screen out multiple electromechanical oscillation modes to be suppressed. Based on the calculation results, an MBSDC is designed to suppress LFO, and we propose a parameter-setting algorithm to enhance the suppression effect. Taking the New England 10-generator 39-bus system containing DFIG as an example for simulation verification, the results show that the MBSDC and parameter setting algorithm designed in this paper can effectively suppress LFO.

A Study of Development of Cylindrical Linear Generator for Bladeless Wind Power Generation System

A Study of Development of Cylindrical Linear Generator for Bladeless Wind Power Generation System

A novel higher rotational speed maintaining control for wind power generation systems under unstable wind conditions

This study proposes the Higher Rotational Speed Maintaining (HRSM) control algorithm that is suitable for large wind speed fluctuations. One of the challenges faced by wind generators is operating with significant wind speed oscillations. A wind generator with a large moment of inertia increases the time constant in rotational speed control and delays the tracking of the optimal operating point. This delay could reduce generated power by up to 40% or more. There are numerous regions in Japan’s inland areas where average wind speeds exceed 6.5 m/s. However, frequent fluctuations in wind speeds make wind power generation challenging. Therefore, this paper proposes a control algorithm suitable for wind turbines operating under unstable wind conditions. Higher rotational speeds are required to convert sudden high wind speeds into higher power output, especially when wind speed oscillations are large. Hence, the proposed algorithm focuses on maintaining the rotational speed during periods of unstable wind conditions to improve generation efficiency. The effectiveness of the proposed control method for wind turbines is verified through numerical simulation results. The novel control algorithm aims to promote the spread of wind turbines in areas with unstable wind conditions by overcoming these disadvantages.

Research on Overvoltage at the Wind Turbine Terminal

Abstract This article provides an in-depth analysis of the causes of overvoltage at the generator end and the existing overvoltage protection circuits. Due to the long cable connection between the generator and the converter, voltage reflection occurs during the power transmission process, resulting in overvoltage at the output end of the generator and the input end of the converter. A mathematical model and simulation model have been established to address this issue. Firstly, the transmission line theory is used to analyze the characteristics of PWM pulse transmission in long cables. The reasons for overvoltage at the generator end and the influence of cable distribution parameters on overvoltage are analyzed; Secondly, conduct theoretical calculations; Finally, establish a simulation model using Matlab/Simulink, and analyze the harm of motor terminal overvoltage to the wind power generation system through simulation.