Wind Direction Sensor Research Articles

Sistem Komunikasi Jarak Jauh Alat Pengukur Kecepatan Dan Arah Angin Berbasis Mikrokontroller

Monitoring wind speed and direction is usually performed at close range, therefore,it is necessaryto monitor remotely for time efficiencies. Making these systems start with a literature study the data relating to the technology to be used. Then the data was processed to determine the design of the system being designed. Making this system begins with a measuring instrument wind speed and wind direction. In this device for chopping round of the wind speed sensor using optocoupler. And magnetic hall sensor, constructed as a weathervane as a determinant of the wind direction sensor. RTC is used as time refference of measurement. Arduino Mega 2560 Microcontroller used to process data obtained from sensors and RTC. Then the data is the data is recorded with a cycle which can be set. After the manufacture of measuring devices and then proceed to make the data transmission system and application interface. With GSM shield Sim900a data that has been recorded is sent in the form of SMS through GSM network. Then the data is received by GSM shield servers and read by Arduino UNO. Data is read by Arduino UNO is then sent to a computer with serial communication. The data is sent to the computer will be processed by the application interface to be stored and displayed. The results of this system is able to measure and store data speed and direction of the wind from a distance. With a windspeed error of 4.56% of the measurements manually, and wind direction indicates the actual wind direction.

Wind direction sensor based on thermal anemometer for olfactory mobile robot

A wind direction sensor has been implemented for many applications, such as navigation, weather, and air pollution monitoring. In an odor tracking system, the wind plays the important role to carry gas from its source. Therefore, the precise, low-cost, and effective wind direction sensor is required to trace the gas source. In this study, a new design of wind direction sensor has been developed using thermal anemometer principle with the main component of the positive temperature coefficient thermistor. Three anemometers each of which has different directions are used as inputs for the neural network to determine the direction of the wind automatically.The experimental results show that the wind sensor system is able to detect twelve wind directions. A mobile robot equipped with this sensor system can navigate to a wind source in the open air with a success rate of 80%.This system is expected to increase the success rate of the mobile robot in searching for dangerous leaking gas in the open air.

A dust event in the Mongolian Gobi Desert in spring 2016: Observations and vertical dust flux estimation

A meteorological and dust monitoring tower with 20 m height set up at a Nomgon site in the Mongolian Gobi Deserts in 2010. The Nomgon monitoring tower equipped with wind speed sensors at 2, 4, 10 and 20 m height above the ground level (AGL), a wind direction sensor at 10 m height, a sonic anemometer to measure turbulent momentum flux at 8 m height and a soil moisture sensor at 5 cm depth. A dust storm was expected in the Mongolian Gobi from 30 April to 1 May 2016 and two aerosol monitors (Dust-Trak) were set at 0.9 and 2.95 m heights in the tower for measuring PM10. Above mentioned data from the tower during an intensive observation period (IOP) of the dust event are used in this study. In association with a surface cyclone, its frontal system and a trough aloft, dust concentrations of PM10 increased during the dust storm period due to raised wind speed in the dry conditions of air and soil. The present study aims to estimate friction velocity (u*) and vertical dust flux (F) around the Nomgon site during the dust storm period. The observations and estimation results are presented.

ESTIMATION OF VERTICAL DUST EMISSION FLUX AT A SITE IN THE MONGOLIAN GOBI DURING A DUST STORM PERIOD

A meteorological and dust monitoring tower with 20 m height set up at a Nomgon site in Umnugobi Aimag in the Mongolian Gobi in 2010. The Nomgon monitoring tower equipped with wind speed sensors at 2, 4, 10 and 20 m height above the ground level (AGL), a wind direction sensor at 10 m height, a sonic anemometer to measure turbulent momentum flux at 8 m height and a soil moisture sensor at 5 cm depth. We had a purpose to measure dust concentration of PM10 at two levels using Dust-Trak instruments during an intensive observation period (IOP) of a dust event in spring. A dust storm was expected in the Mongolian Gobi from 30 April to 1 May 2016 and two Dust-Traks were set at 0.9 and 2.95 m heights in the tower during this IOP for measuring PM10. Wind data at 2 and 10 m height, three wind components at 8 m height by a sonic anemometer, soil moisture (volumetric water content) data in 5 cm depth and dust concentrations of PM10 at two levels are used in this study. These data from the sensors and instruments in the tower were used for estimation friction velocity and vertical dust flux at the Nomgon site. In association with a surface cyclone, its frontal system and a trough aloft, the expected dust storm occurred in the Mongolian Gobi during the IOP period. Dust concentrations of PM10 increased during the dust storm period due to raised wind speed in the dry conditions of air and soil. The present study aimed to estimate friction velocity (u*) and vertical dust flux (F) around Nomgon site in the Mongolian Gobi desert during the dust storm period. The estimation results were presented in this paper.

Subjective Human Perception of Open Urban Spaces in the Brazilian Subtropical Climate: A First Approach

This research concerns a first approach to adapt the thermal comfort bands of the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET), New Standard Effective Temperature (SET), and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) indices to Santa Maria’s population, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, on the basis of the application of perception/sensation questionnaires to inhabitants while, at the same time, recording meteorological attribute data. Meteorological and thermal sensation data were collected from an automatic weather station installed on paved ground in the downtown area, which contained the following sensors: a scale gauge; a global radiation sensor; a temperature and humidity sensor; a speed and wind direction sensor; a gray globe thermometer. First of all, air temperature, gray globe temperature, relative air humidity, wind speed, wind gust, global solar radiation and precipitation were collected. People were interviewed using a questionnaire adapted from the model established by ISO 10551. The results demonstrated the efficiency of the linear regression model and the adequacy of the interpretive indexes, presenting results different from those analyzed by other authors in different climatic zones. These differences meet the analyzed literature and attest to the effectiveness of the calibration method of the PET, SET, and PMV indices for the Brazilian subtropical climate. After calibration, the PET index hit rate increased from 32.8% to 69.3%. The SET index, which had an initial hit rate of 34.6% before calibration, reached a hit-rate of 64.9%, while the PMV index increased from 35.9% to 58.7%.

Maximum power extraction for wind turbines through a novel yaw control solution using predicted wind directions

For modern horizontal axis wind turbines (WTs), a yaw drive mechanism is utilized to adjust the nacelle position to face the wind direction. Depending on historical signals from wind direction sensors, conventional yaw control methods could not provide sufficient performance in tracking winds, and thus result in a reduction of wind power extraction. This issue needs to be tackled using advanced control solutions. Taking advantage of predicted wind directions, a novel control solution is proposed in this study. Specifically, the proposed solution refers to a novel control structure that consists of a wind direction predictive model and a novel yaw control method. Under the proposed control structure, a hybrid autoregressive integrated moving average method-based Kalman filter (ARIMA-KF) model is used to predict the wind direction, and two novel yaw control methods are proposed: one created by using the predicted wind direction as the tracking reference, and the other based on a model predictive control (MPC) using a finite control set. To demonstrate the feasibility and the superiority of the proposed solution, two novel yaw controllers are developed and tested through some simulation tests using industrial data. Their performance is compared to the one of two industrial yaw controllers. Comparison results show that the two novel yaw controllers are capable of reducing yaw error, and thus increase wind power extraction for the WTs. Meanwhile, it is noticeable that the MPC-based controller has an advantage in the aspect of reducing yaw actuator usage.

Application of Surface Protective Coating to Enhance Environment-Withstanding Property of the MEMS 2D Wind Direction and Wind Speed Sensor.

In this study, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) two-dimensional (2D) wind direction and wind speed sensor consisting of a square heating source and four thermopiles was manufactured using the heat detection method. The heating source and thermopiles of the manufactured sensor must be exposed to air to detect wind speed and wind direction. Therefore, there are concerns that the sensor could be contaminated by deposition or adhesion of dust, sandy dust, snow, rain, and so forth, in the air, and that the membrane may be damaged by physical shock. Hence, there was a need to protect the heating source, thermopiles, and the membrane from environmental and physical shock. The upper protective coating to protect both the heating source and thermopiles and the lower protective coating to protect the membrane were formed by using high-molecular substances such as SU-8, Teflon and polyimide (PI). The sensor characteristics with the applied protective coatings were evaluated.

Wind direction prediction for yaw control of wind turbines

Depending on historical signals from wind direction sensors, conventional yaw control methods provide general performance and may be optimized by taking advantage of wind direction prediction. This paper presents two wind direction prediction methods based on time series models. The first method adopts a univariate ARIMA (auto-regressive integrated moving average) model, while the second one uses a hybrid model that integrates the ARIMA model into a Kalman Filter (KF). Since the predicted results are used to optimize yaw control of wind turbines, six prediction models are developed using three types of mean wind directions. Finally, industrial data is used to develop, validate and test the proposed models. From obtained results, it is shown that the hybrid models outperform other ones in terms of three performance indexes and different types of wind direction time series.

Digital Weather Stations as a Part of Wind Power Station

This paper mainly studies Weather Stations part of the wind power station. The use of wind energy in practice is carried out using the facilities of the wind in which the kinetic energy of the windscreen flow is converted into mechanical energy wind speed, then electrical energy alternator. The effective operation of the wind turbine is dependent on the direction of the wind. Speed air density, which in turn depends on the temperature and humidity. Thus, the speed of the wind worked effectively in its composition must include the weather. Meteorological station also performs the role of prevention. When the sharp wind speed or increase wind speed above the maximum value, it sends a signal to the lock assembly wind to prevent wind turbine technology from damage. The work of the meteorological stations design as part of the Wind Energy Station is considered. The complex technical devices are used for its implementation. A set of technical means used to its implementation and designed system consists of a temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction and rain gauge sensors that are connected to PIC16f876A microcontroller.

Assessment of wind resources in two parts of Northeast Brazil with the use of numerical models

Assessment of wind resources in two parts of Northeast Brazil with the use of numerical models

Orientation correction of wind direction measurements by means of staring lidar

In spite of the efforts made at the time of installation of wind vanes or ultrasonic anemometers (Sonic), there is always a remaining uncertainty of several degrees in the absolute north of such sensors. In this research a method is presented to reduce the azimuthal orientation error of wind direction sensors by means of Doppler Lidar measurements. The method is based on the comparison between the conventional sensor and a distant long range lidar pointing to it in staring mode. By comparing their line-of-sight wind speeds any misalignment between both systems can be estimated more accurately. This method was applied in an measurement campaign in the offshore wind farm alpha ventus next to the meteorological mast FINO 1. The maximum alignment error of a Sonic was reduced to below ±1°. This accurate alignment has asserted, that no bias exists between Lidar and Sonic wind speed measurements.

Spherical Wind Sensor for the Atmosphere of Mars

A novel wind speed and direction sensor designed for the atmosphere of Mars is described. It is based on a spherical shell divided into four triangular sectors according to the central projection of tetrahedron onto the surface of the unit sphere. Each sector is individually controlled to be heated above the ambient temperature independently of the wind velocity and incidence angle. A convection heat rate model of four hot spherical triangles under forced wind has been built with finite element method thermal-fluidic simulations. The angular sensitivity of the tetrahedral sphere structure has been theoretically determined and compared with the tessellation of the sphere by four biangles. A 9-mm-diameter prototype has been assembled using 3-D printing of the spherical shell housing in the interior commercial platinum resistors connected to an extension of a custom design printed board. Measurements in Martianlike atmosphere demonstrate sensor responsiveness to the flow in the velocity range 1–13 m/s at 10-mBar CO2 pressure. Numerical modelization of the sensor behavior allows to devise an inverse algorithm to retrieve the wind direction data from the raw measurements of the power delivered to each spherical sector. The functionality of the inverse algorithm is also demonstrated.

The Key Technology Research on Information Acquisition about Tropical Crop Production Environment

The information of tropical crop production environment includes the wind velocity and direction data, light intensity, air humidity, air temperatures, soil moisture, concentration of carbon dioxide, rainfall and so on. These data will be of great reference value to environmental control and scientific field management. As the characteristics of tropical crop growth and tropical climate conditions, information acquisition and tracking about the environment of crop growth are quite behind the time. This research is precisely centers on this core question to launch, carrying on analysis on the key technology of intelligent sensor and monitoring about tropical crop production environment. We build a system on a tiny210 chip using android operating system. Sensors that will be linked include air humidity & temperature sensor, illumination sensor, soil moisture sensor, wind-direction sensor and wind power sensor. This research focuses on field information dynamic acquisition and management. This study can offer references for in field environmental control and further research work.

A Targeting System in Lifesaving Equipment

In this paper, a targeting system in lifesaving equipment is introduced. The targeting system is made up of seven modules, that is laser ranging module, wind direction and speed sensors, electronic compass, tilt sensor, control operation module, LCD display module and power module. With the help of the operational control module, the data of every module is processed, and the optimal angle is calculated. The optimal angle and pressure ensure the accuracy of lifesaving equipment. Several actual experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed targeting system in the lifesaving equipment.

Evolutionary robotics approach to odor source localization

An Evolutionary Robotics (ER) approach to the task of odor source localization is investigated. In particular, Continuous Time Recurrent Neural Networks (CTRNNs) are evolved for odor source localization in simulated turbulent odor plumes. In the experiments, the simulated robot is equipped with a single chemical sensor and a wind direction sensor. Three main contributions are made. First, it is shown that the ER approach can be successfully applied to odor source localization in both low-turbulent and high-turbulent conditions. Second, it is demonstrated that a small neural network is able to successfully perform all three sub-tasks of odor source localization: (i) finding the odor plume, (ii) moving toward the odor source, and (iii) identifying the odor source. Third, the analysis of the evolved behaviors reveals two novel odor source localization strategies. These strategies are successfully re-implemented as finite state machines, validating the insights from the analysis of the neural controllers.

Investigation of Wake Effects on the Energy Production of Small Wind Turbines

This paper examines the impact of natural and man-made obstructions on local wind conditions and the performance of small wind turbines when impacted by wake effects. The rural site used for this research contains three Skystream 3.7 turbines in close proximity to each other and several buildings. A 13 m meteorological tower with wind speed and direction sensors was installed in a nearby open area. An empirical analysis was conducted to provide a comparison of turbine performance and measured wind speed for each turbine as a function of localized disturbances caused by turbine placement. Turbine proximity to nearby buildings was observed to cause an overall reduction in power production, although cases of apparent wind speed-up induced by the buildings, and increased relative power output, were also observed. A reduction in wind turbine power output due to the wake of an adjacent turbine was observed. Overall, the turbine closest to the buildings produced about 10% less energy during the measurement period than the most distant turbine. This study confirmed the importance of careful micrositing of small wind turbines, and the complexity of the flow field near buildings and wind turbines.

Design and Manufacture of a Temperature Adaptive MEMS Wind Speed Sensor

In this paper, an AlN-based hot-film wind speed and direction sensor was designed through the thermal analysis of two-dimensional flow field, realized the measurement of wind speed and direction. The 2D micro structure sensor was prepared by lithography process and laser micro machining process on 0.2mm thick AlN substrate. It is composed of a heater in the middle, four temperature detectors around and a temperature sensor. The sensor has a small volume, a low power consumption, it is easily to be integrated, can be applied to a variety of portable flow meters and gas flow detectors of the complex environment.

풍력발전기 상태 모니터링을 위한 ZigBee 무선 센서노드 및 네트워크

풍력발전기가 경제적, 환경적 요인에 따라 대형화, 해상화 되고 있어 접근이 어렵고, 부품 및 유지보수 비용이 증가하고 있다. 풍력발전기 상태 모니터링을 통하여 고장 요소를 최소화 하고, 고장 시 2차 사고를 예방하여 운영유지 및 보수비용을 낮추고 신뢰성을 증가시켜야 한다. 본 논문에서는 IEC 61400-25-2에서 표준으로 추진하는 풍력발전기 모니터링에 적합한 센서 중 실제 풍력발전기 상태 모니터링에 필요한 온도, 습도, 전압, 전류, 풍향, 풍속 센서를 ZigBee 무선 통신 소자와 결합하여 무선 센서노드를 구성하고 이를 이용한 간단한 네트워크를 통하여 센서 신호를 전송한다. 각 무선 센서노드에서 전송되는 신호는 라우터를 통하여 중앙 모니터링 터미널에 전송한다. 또한 LabVIEW로 신호를 수집 및 처리하고, TCP/IP 통신 변환을 통해 인터넷 환경이면 언제 어디서든지 사용자 및 관리자가 모니터링 할 수 있도록 한다. Because wind turbines are larger and more off-shore construction due to economic and environmental factors, it is more difficult to access the wind turbine as well as the necessary parts and the maintenance costs are increasing. So, we need to minimize fault elements and to prevent a secondary accident at failure through monitoring to reduce maintenance costs and to increase reliability of operation. In this paper we have implemented ZigBee based wireless sensor nodes and network for wind turbine condition monitoring using temperature, humidity, voltage, current, wind direction, and wind speed sensors. ZigBee wireless sensor nodes signals are transmitted to a central monitoring system via routers. Also, the sensor signals are collected and processed using LabVIEW program to monitor the wind turbine conveniently. The administrators and users can monitor the condition of wind turbine at remote site in real time over TCP/IP.

Design and Simulation of Multi-Microchannel for Thermal Wind Sensor

This paper describes novel multi-microchannel, which is the major component of wind velocity and direction sensor based on MEMS technology. The multi-microchannel built in a cylinder, and the channels have been optimized to produce a flow rate that depends on the wind direction according to a cosine function. When two such cylinders placed orthogonally in wind condition, wind speed and direction can be inferred from flow rate data measured from the channels. With the help of Fluent simulation software, this paper not only provides the design ideas of multi-microchannel but also proposes one design approach which meets the practical needs.

Design of Battlefield Weather Environment Automatic Collection and Processing System

Battlefield weather environment can’t be collected automatically in the existing artillery command automation system, and the response speed of this system is affected seriously. So, firstly, the new-style wind speed, wind direction, temperature and humidity sensor are used to convert these weather parameters into frequency, gray code, voltage. Then the PIC16C73 chip is adopted to translate the output such as frequency and voltage into binary code which is identified easily by computer. The gray code is input into computer directly, and be translated into azimuth by programming. Finally, GAL20V8 and tri-state buffer 74HC573 are used to connect the four kind weather parameters with computer respectively through different port. The automatic collection and processing of battlefield weather environment is realized, and real time and accurate information source for command automation is provided.