Willingness Of Children Research Articles

Education: an efficient tool to increase the willingness of children to consume farmed crickets in Madagascar

Abstract Insects are increasingly promoted as a sustainable protein alternative for human consumption. Yet consumers have shown varied levels of acceptance, especially in countries without a tradition of eating insects. Even in countries where people traditionally eat insects, farmed insects might be considered novel foods if they are not the same species locals traditionally consume. In this work, we measured acceptance of a farmed cricket (Gryllus madagascariensis) as food at eight primary schools in the central highlands of Madagascar, a country with a long tradition of eating insects but not this species. We evaluated the role of education as a strategy to increase acceptance of insects as food. We also assessed whether education interventions affect children’s willingness to try cricket-based products, comparing three five-minute education interventions : historical overview of entomophagy in Madagascar, nutritional benefits of consuming insects, and preparation of cricket-based meals. Out of the 483 children, 73% had consumed insects in the past. The percentage of children willing to eat novel farmed crickets in school meals jumped from 16% before the education sessions to 87% after the education sessions. Education based on preparation of cricket-based meals was the most effective, as 86% of the reluctant children changed their minds. Finally, we found strong evidence that males were more willing to try insects than females before and after education. Our results are in line with past studies, and underscore the importance of education in promoting insect consumption. The drastic increase in the proportion of children willing to try insects suggests that barriers to consuming farmed insects are low in countries with a tradition of insect consumption and can be overcome through education. Our study supports the acceptability of novel farmed insects as an alternative protein solution to combat malnutrition in children in developing countries like Madagascar.

Acceptance of Food Allergic Children in Japanese Childcare Facilities

Background: Food allergy management systems are important for childcare facilities to accept children with food allergies prescribed epinephrine (epinephrine-treated children). The relationship between the food allergy management system of a childcare facility and the willingness of children attending the facility to accept epinephrine is unclear. We believe that childcare facilities that cooperate with local health and medical institutions are more willing to accept children receiving epinephrine. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the actual situation of epinephrine acceptance in children attending childcare facilities across Japan and the factors associated with their willingness to accept them. Methods: Between May and June 2021, 686 childcare facilities across Japan were selected and surveyed. To analyze the factors related to the willingness to accept epinephrine children attending childcare facilities, the facilities were classified into 2 groups, “willingness to accept” and “no willingness to accept,” and their attributes and characteristics, food allergy management system, cooperation with relevant organizations and ability to cooperate were compared by univariate analysis. Results: A questionnaire-based survey of 162 centers revealed that 18.2% of the centers had accepted children receiving epinephrine and 74.7% were willing to accept them. There was a significant association between the willingness to accept epinephrine in children and satisfaction with the food allergy management system, availability of childcare consulting agencies, and ability to work with healthcare organizations, which differed. Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of strengthening the management system of facilities and cooperating with relevant institutions for epinephrine children to live safely in the community.

MENINGKATKAN MINAT BACA ANAK-ANAK DI DESA SILIWANGI

Reading gardens (community library) are one of the factors that can foster an interest reading in children. The low interest in reading in children is on of the obstacles to the lack of desire and willingness of children to read. In an effort to foster an interest in reading in children, a student helped by establishing a reading garden in a village, Pelawan distric, Sarolangun distric. Learning to read will not achieve satisfactory result for children if it is only carried out by reading. Textbooks only provide specific, narrow, and limited experience in certain fielsd or subjects. While children in their development really need broader experiences so they can see further into their world. Therefore, students prepare or provide places and books that suit the needs of children’s reading interest. In this case, the reading garden has a strategic role, especially in supporting efforts to build a childern’s reading culture. For that, reading gardens must be managedso that they are able to support efforts to foster children’s reading interests and awareness that books are a source of knowledge.

Proses Pendidikan Bagi Anak Suku Bajo di Desa Tinakin Laut Kecamatan Banggai Kabupaten Banggai Laut

Education is one of the crucial aspects for broadening the knowledge of the nation's future generations. A similar situation is observed among the children of the Bajo tribe in Tinakin Laut Village, Banggai Laut Regency. In the past, the majority of them had low educational levels, necessitating awareness to encourage the Bajo community to value knowledge as much as possible. This research aims to understand the educational process for Bajo children in Tinakin Laut Village. The method employed in this study is a qualitative approach using ethnographic methods, involving data collection techniques such as observation, interviews, and documentation. The research data sources consist of primary and secondary data, with data analysis techniques including data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research results reveal several key findings. First, the education process in Tinakin Laut Village has undergone significant changes. In the past, the community there had little interest in education, but currently, the Bajo community has recognized the importance of education. Second, the education process in Tinakin Village is based on the willingness of children, parental encouragement and awareness, school support, and the influence of the surrounding environment. Third, the economic conditions in Tinakin Laut Village have improved, especially marked by increased job opportunities. Bajo parents in Tinakin Laut Village, who previously relied solely on sea resources, now consider job diversification to avoid dependence on seasons, enabling them to experience a prosperous life similar to the local Banggai community

PARENTING PATTERNS IN FORMING CHILDREN'S MORALS IN CLASS IB MI SALAFIYAH ASY SYAFI'IYAH JATIROGO TUBAN

Every parent has their own way of raising children. different parenting styles, the attitudes shown will also be different. This research discusses 1). Parenting patterns in the formation of children's morals in the IB class of MI Salafiyah Asy Syafi'iyah Jatirogo, Tuban Regency, academic year 2021/2022, 2). Supporting and inhibiting factors that influence the formation of children's morals in the IB class at MI Salafiyah Asy Syafi'iyah Jatirogo, Tuban Regency, academic year 2021/2022. This research uses qualitative descriptive research methods. This type of research is field research using interview techniques with parents and several teachers. In collecting data, researchers used observation, interview and documentation techniques. The results of the first research show that there are three types of parenting styles applied by parents to children, namely, democratic, permissive and authoritarian parenting. Second, from the results of this research, researchers found that there were two factors that influenced the formation of children's morals. The first is the supporting factors which include: the awareness and willingness of children, the support and motivation of parents, and the implementation of 3S by school institutions. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors are lack of awareness and interest from children, lack of guidance from parents.

Virtual Risk Management-Exploring Effects of Childhood Risk Experiences through Innovative Methods (ViRMa) for Primary School Children in Norway: Study Protocol for the ViRMa Project.

Research indicates that risky play benefits children's risk assessment and risk management skills and offers several positive health effects such as resilience, social skills, physical activity, well-being, and involvement. There are also indications that the lack of risky play and autonomy increases the likelihood of anxiety. Despite its well-documented importance, and the willingness of children to engage in risky play, this type of play is increasingly restricted. Assessing long-term effects of risky play has been problematic because of ethical issues with conducting studies designed to allow or encourage children to take physical risks with the potential of injury. The Virtual Risk Management project aims to examine children's development of risk management skills through risky play. To accomplish this, the project aims to use and validate newly developed and ethically appropriate data collection tools such as virtual reality, eye tracking, and motion capturing, and to provide insight into how children assess and handle risk situations and how children's past risky play experiences are associated with their risk management. We will recruit 500 children aged 7-10 years and their parents from primary schools in Norway. Children's risk management will be measured through data concerning their risk assessment, risk willingness, and risk handling when completing a number of tasks in 3 categories of virtual reality scenarios: street crossing, river crossing, and playing on playground equipment. The children will move around physically in a large space while conducting the tasks and wear 17 motion-capturing sensors that will measure their movements to analyze motor skills. We will also collect data on children's perceived motor competence and their sensation-seeking personality. To obtain data on children's risk experiences, parents will complete questionnaires on their parental style and risk tolerance, as well as information about the child's practical risk experience. Four schools have been recruited to participate in data collection. The recruitment of children and parents for this study started in December 2022, and as of April 2023, a total of 433 parents have consented for their children to participate. The Virtual Risk Management project will increase our understanding of how children's characteristics, upbringing, and previous experiences influence their learning and ability to handle challenges. Through development and use of cutting-edge technology and previously developed measures to describe aspects of the children's past experiences, this project addresses crucial topics related to children's health and development. Such knowledge may guide pedagogical questions and the development of educational, injury prevention, and other health-related interventions, and reveal essential areas for focus in future studies. It may also impact how risk is addressed in crucial societal institutions such as the family, early childhood education, and schools. DERR1-10.2196/45857.

KOMUNIKASI PERSUASIF ORANG TUA DENGAN ANAK DALAM MEMBENTUK PERILAKU TAAT BERIBADAH DI DESA JATI KESUMA

The phenomenon that occurs in the Jatikesuma Village community provides the background for this research, where parents use persuasive communication activities in the form of persuasion or invitations to their children, but not all parents apply it. This fact encourages the author to propose the forms of persuasive communication used by parents on their children, the obstacles faced by parents in their children, and the results achieved by parents on their children. The author used a qualitative research method by conducting field research and qualitative description, collecting qualitative data, and analyzing the data afterwards. The author collected data using observation, interviews, and documentation techniques. The results of this study are expected to provide an overview of the forms of persuasive communication used by parents on their children in the Jatikesuma Village community. The forms of child behavior in worship in Jatikesuma Village were found to be different in this study. This study identifies the forms of persuasive communication used by parents to their children in the form of persuasion or invitations, namely forcing the child, monitoring, complying with the child's wishes or providing rewards, and giving praise. This study also identifies obstacles faced by parents with their children, namely the lack of willingness from the child themselves, the child only performs worship when given a reward, the child spends too much time playing with their phone, and parents who do not care. The results achieved in this study include the increasing diligence of children in worship, the emergence of trust from parents towards their children, and the increasing willingness of children to read the Quran. The recommendations from this study include urging the village chief and religious figures to encourage the community to teach children to read the Quran and to perform prayers in congregation, urging parents to provide understanding and influence children to get used to and willing to perform worship from an early age, and urging children to perform worship and make the Quran a guide in a better life.

Children’s Digital and Non-Digital Play Practices with Cozmo, the Toy Robot

Children’s Digital and Non-Digital Play Practices with Cozmo, the Toy Robot

Offering vegetables to children at breakfast time in nursery and kindergarten settings: the Veggie Brek feasibility and acceptability cluster randomised controlled trial

BackgroundIn many Westernised countries, children do not consume a sufficient amount of vegetables for optimal health and development. Child-feeding guidelines have been produced to address this, but often only promote offering vegetables at midday/evening meals and snack times. With guidance having limited success in increasing children’s vegetable intake at a population level, novel approaches to address this must be developed. Offering vegetables to children at breakfast time in nursery/kindergarten settings has the potential to increase children’s overall daily vegetable consumption as children typically attend nursery/kindergarten and many routinely eat breakfast there. However, the feasibility and acceptability of this intervention (Veggie Brek) to children and nursery staff has not been investigated.MethodsA feasibility and acceptability cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) was undertaken in eight UK nurseries. All nurseries engaged in one-week baseline and follow-up phases before and after an intervention/control period. Staff in intervention nurseries offered three raw carrot batons and three cucumber sticks alongside children’s main breakfast food each day for three weeks. Control nurseries offered children their usual breakfast. Feasibility was assessed by recruitment data and nursery staff's ability to follow the trial protocol. Acceptability was assessed by children’s willingness to eat the vegetables at breakfast time. All primary outcomes were assessed against traffic-light progression criteria. Staff preference for collecting data via photographs versus using paper was also assessed. Further views about the intervention were obtained through semi-structured interviews with nursery staff.ResultsThe recruitment of parents/caregivers willing to provide consent for eligible children was acceptable at 67.8% (within the amber stop–go criterion) with 351 children taking part across eight nurseries. Both the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention to nursery staff and the willingness of children to consume the vegetables met the green stop–go criteria, with children eating some part of the vegetables in 62.4% (745/1194) of instances where vegetables were offered. Additionally, staff preferred reporting data using paper compared to taking photographs.ConclusionsOffering vegetables to children at breakfast time in nursery/kindergarten settings is feasible and acceptable to children and nursery staff. A full intervention evaluation should be explored via a definitive RCT.Trial registrationNCT05217550.

Non-Pharmacological Management for Vaccine-Related Pain in Children in the Healthcare Setting: A Scoping Review.

PurposeTo examine how research was conducted on non-pharmacological management in children with vaccine-related pain in the healthcare setting, so as to provide reference for the relief of vaccine-related pain in children.MethodsThis study conducted a scoping review guided by the methodological framework of Arksey and O’Malley. MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed databases were searched in detail, and search strategy included the keyword “vaccine”, the keyword “pain”, and the keyword “children”. Two researchers conducted literature screening and data extraction independently, and any disagreements were resolved through team consultation.ResultsThis study retrieved 1017 literatures, of which 22 were finally included, including 18 randomized controlled studies, 3 quasi-experimental studies and 1 cohort study. Non-pharmacological management measures were summarized in the study, mainly involving taste, tactile, olfactory, visual, exercise, and postural interventions and injection technique. All the above non-pharmacological management were effective in mitigating vaccine-related pain in children. The study population in the included literatures was mainly neonates and infants. Regarding the analgesic effects of taste intervention, breastfeeding was better than sweeteners, and sweeteners were better than sterile water or non-nutritive sucking. However, there was a lack of comparative studies on the analgesic effects of other non-pharmacological management.ConclusionThere are many non-pharmacological management measures with varying analgesic effects. Diversified non-pharmacological management measures can provide more analgesic choices for children. For reducing vaccine-related pain in newborns and infants, breastfeeding is recommended first, then sweeteners, and then non-nutritious sucking. In addition to the taste intervention, the analgesic effects of other non-pharmacological management measures need further comparative studies. Moreover, medical staff can use a combination of non-pharmacological analgesic measures to maximize the analgesic effect, and medical staff should also fully consider the analgesia willingness of children and parents.

ANAK PUTUS SEKOLAH (STUDI DI MASYARAKAT DESA SETELUK KABUPATEN SUMBAWA BARAT)

This study aims to determine: (1) the factors that cause children to drop out of school; (2) the impact of children dropping out of school and (3) efforts to overcome dropouts in Seteluk Village, Seteluk Sub-district, KSB. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data collection techniques in this study using interviews, observation and documentation. The results of this study found (1) the factors that cause children to drop out of school are low interest or willingness of children to go to school, schools are considered unattractive, inability to attend lessons, family economic conditions, lack of parental attention, less supportive environment, and less harmonious parental relationships. ; (2) There are four negative impacts of dropping out of school in Seteluk Village, namely limited insight or knowledge in children, having a sense of inferiority, children's emotional maturity will be increasingly hampered and become unemployed; (3) Efforts to overcome dropouts in Seteluk Village can be carried out, namely parents monitoring academic abilities, parents paying attention to children's personalities, providing scholarships and free school assistance for underprivileged children, increasing the role of the government in solving educational problems, and infrastructure development programs that evenly so that the Seteluk Village community can hone their skills and knowledge.

Willingness of Caregivers to Have Their Children Vaccinated with Pneumococcal Vaccines in the Context of an Innovative Immunization Strategy - Weifang City, Shandong Province, 2021.

What is already known about this topic?Pneumococcal diseases (PDs) pose a serious health threat to children. Vaccination is the most cost-effective intervention to prevent PDs, but pneumococcal vaccines coverage among children is low in China.What is added by this report?This study investigated the willingness of children’s caregivers to have their children vaccinated with pneumococcal vaccines under an innovative policy to offer 1-dose of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines at no charge to families. The research found that 70.51% of caregivers were willing to have their infants receive pneumococcal vaccines and that reducing the cost of vaccines may increase caregivers’ willingness.What are the implications for public health practice?This is the first evaluation in China of acceptance of pneumococcal vaccines among children under a 1-dose, cost-free policy. The results provide scientific evidence for updating local and national pneumococcal immunization strategies to promote the use of the pneumococcal vaccine.

Parents' Perceptions of Children's School Readiness During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

Children's school readiness is important to discuss because learning loss is an obstacle in preparing early childhood to enter elementary school. This study aims to look at parents' perceptions of their children's readiness for school during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study uses a quantitative descriptive survey research design to collect measurable data for statistical analysis from a population sample. The results show that preparing children for school during and after the COVID-19 pandemic is very different from the usual practice. Parents are required to provide appropriate stimulation to children at home to replace the role of teachers at school and restore the motivation and willingness of children to enter elementary school. The perception of parents is certainly very influential on the stimulation that will be given to children.
 Keywords: early childhood education, parents’ perceptions, school readiness

The Intergenerational Effect of Military Service in a Country with a Citizen-Soldier Army

The claim has been made that the social impact of army service has eroded in recent decades as the influence of service as an intergenerational familial tradition has declined, affecting the willingness of children to volunteer in the community and to enlist in the military. This study examines the effect of past service in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) on the values families have about both community and military service as a family tradition. Survey results from more than fourteen hundred respondents to a questionnaire published on social media show that the army service of parents positively affects the readiness of their children to volunteer in the community as well as to join the IDF. Additionally, the children of parents who have served in the military have a significantly higher social motivation than a security motivation to engage in military service, which lends support to the “citizen-soldier,” as opposed to the “professional army,” model. Hence, within contemporary Israeli society, the “citizen-soldier” army still serves as a “tribal fire,”1 and military service helps establish a constructive patriotism that is essential for such a divided society as Israel.

Actual and Perceived Parental Knowledge and Child Delinquency: Does the Sex of the Parent, the Sex of the Child, and the Child’s Age Make a Difference?

Parental knowledge was tested as a possible deterrent to future delinquency in 3914 (51% male) early to mid-adolescent school children from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Using three waves of data, parent-rated mother and father knowledge were tested as correlates of future delinquency, controlling for age, perceived parental knowledge, and the willingness of children to share their thoughts and feelings with parents. Variables from Wave 5 (age 12/13) were used to predict delinquency at Wave 6 (age 14/15), and variables from Wave 6 were used to predict delinquency at Wave 7 (age 16/17). Results showed that mother- but not father-reported knowledge effectively deterred future child delinquency. A significant sex x mother knowledge interaction was found in both analyses, indicating that boys experienced a stronger deterrent effect than girls. It was further demonstrated that the deterrent effect of parental knowledge on child delinquency was stronger in early adolescence than in middle adolescence.

Willingness of children and adolescents to have a COVID-19 vaccination: Results of a large whole schools survey in England

BackgroundVaccine hesitancy has affected COVID-19 adult vaccination programs in many countries. Data on hesitancy amongst child and adolescent populations is largely confined to parent opinion. We investigated the characteristics of vaccine hesitant children and adolescents using results from a large, school-based self-report survey of the willingness to have a COVID-19 vaccination in students aged 9 –18 years in England.MethodsData from the OxWell Student Survey on mental health, life experiences and behaviours were used, collected from four counties across England. Local authority partners recruited schools. The vaccine hesitancy question gave six response options and were clustered to inform delivery: eager and willing were categorised as vaccination ‘opt-in’, don't know and not bothered categorised as ‘undecided’, and unwilling and anti-vaccination categorised as ‘opt-out’. We conducted a multinomial regression to determine associations between vaccine hesitancy and sociodemographic, health behaviour and social connection variables.Findings27,910 students from 180 schools answered the vaccine hesitancy question between 14th May and 21st July 2021, of whom 13984 (50.1%) would opt-in to take a vaccination, 10322 (37.0%) were undecided, and 3604 (12.9%) would opt-out. A lower percentage of younger students reported that they would opt-in to vaccination, for example, 35.7% of 9-year-olds and 51.3% of 13-year-olds compared to 77.8% of 17-year-olds would opt-in to take a vaccination. Students who were ‘opt-out’ or ‘undecided’ (a combined ‘vaccine hesitant’ group) were more likely to come from deprived socioeconomic contexts with higher rates of home rental versus home ownership and their school locations were more likely to be in areas of greater deprivation. They were more likely to smoke or vape, spend longer on social media, feel that they did not belong in their school community but had lower levels of anxiety and depression. The vaccine hesitant students- the undecided and opt-out groups- were similar in profile, although the opt-out students had higher reported confirmed or probable previous COVID-19 infection than the opt-in group, whereas those undecided, did not.InterpretationIf government vaccination strategies move towards vaccinating younger school-aged students, efforts to increase vaccination uptake may be necessary. Compared with students who would opt-in, those who were vaccine hesitant had greater indicators of social deprivation and felt a lack of community cohesion by not feeling a sense of belonging at their school. There were indications that those students who would opt-out had higher levels of marginalisation and mistrust. If programmes are rolled out, focus on hesitant younger students will be important, targeting more marginalised and deprived young people with information from trusted sources utilising social media; improving access to vaccination centres with provision both in and outside school; and addressing fears and worries about the effects of the vaccine. The main limitation of this study is that the participant group may not be wholly representative of England or the UK, which may bias population-level estimates of willingness to be vaccinated.FundingThe Westminster Foundation, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley at Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust and the NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre.

Using head-mounted eye tracking to examine visual and manual exploration during naturalistic toy play in children with and without autism spectrum disorder

Multimodal exploration of objects during toy play is important for a child’s development and is suggested to be abnormal in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) due to either atypical attention or atypical action. However, little is known about how children with ASD coordinate their visual attention and manual actions during toy play. The current study aims to understand if and in what ways children with ASD generate exploratory behaviors to toys in natural, unconstrained contexts by utilizing head-mounted eye tracking to quantify moment-by-moment attention. We found no differences in how 24- to 48-mo children with and without ASD distribute their visual attention, generate manual action, or coordinate their visual and manual behaviors during toy play with a parent. Our findings suggest an intact ability and willingness of children with ASD to explore toys and suggest that context is important when studying child behavior.

Young people' s willingness to pay for environmental protection

The cost of the ongoing degradation of natural capital will inevitably be borne by the younger generations. And, as the wave of school strikes for action against climate change have proved, they do not want their voice to be ignored. Discrete Choice Experiments are increasingly used for the valuation of environmental goods, but they have never been conducted with minors. We designed and administered such an experiment to elicit the willingness of children and teenagers, aged 8–19, to pay for environmental projects. The results suggest that their marginal willingness to pay is higher for projects in their own country (Italy) and that the utility of environmental protection is greater for girls and for teenagers. We also find that a pro-environmental attitude reduces the likelihood of the individual's opting for continuation of the status quo. Our results suggest that children and adolescents have definite economic preferences for environmental protection and that they are similar to those of adults. These findings are relevant to policy decisions dealing with environmental conservation.

Content Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of School Function Assessment in Children With Cerebral Palsy Aged 7-12 Years

Objective: Cerebral Palsy is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Due to the increase in the number of students with Cerebral Palsy (CP) entering ordinary schools and facing problems with independent functioning, there is a need for a valid and comprehensive assessment tool for their successful entry as well as providing a proper treatment plan. The School Function Assessment (SFA), by measuring many school-related functional skills, can identify the strengths and weaknesses affecting the students’ independence and participation in school assignments. It has 320 items and three main parts of participation, task support, and activity performance. The test score can be reported in general or based on each part, separately. The purpose of this study is to examine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the SFA in children with CP. Materials & Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with methodological design. The study population consists of all children with CP aged 7-12 years in Tehran. Of these, 120 were selected from exceptional public school using a convenience sampling method. The inclusion criteria were: CP diagnosed by a neurologist, age between 7 and 12 years, no other disabilities (e.g. deafness or blindness), and the willingness of children’s parents to participate in the study. A demographic form and the Persian SFA were used for data collection through interview. In order to measure the content validity, Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were calculated according to the standard protocol of International Quality of Life Assessment. In this regard, 8 experts in the field of pediatrics completed the Persian SFA. To determine the test-retest reliability, the questionnaire was completed by the parents of children with a 4-week interval. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability were examined by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC), respectively. Data was analyzed in SPSS V. 22 software. Results: Participants were 64 boys and 56 girls with CP (mean age= 9.4 years). The distribution of CP was as follows: 10% hemiplegic CP, 27.5% diplegic CP, 5.8% monoplegic CP, and 56.7% quadriplegic CP. Eighty hundred-eight percent of respondents were the mothers of students. The CVR and CVI values were in a range of 0.7-1 and 0.87-1, respectively indicating an acceptable validity. All the items had acceptable content validity. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was obtained 0.95 for participation, 0.95-0.99 for task support, 0.83-0.99 for activity performance, and 0.92 in total. Moreover, the ICC value was reported 0.90 for participation; 0.84-0.91 for task support; 0.84-0.97 for activity performance; and 0.89 for the overall test. Conclusion: The Persian version of SFA has acceptable content validity and reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) for children with CP. Therefore, it can be applied as a research and clinical tool to assess the school-related performance of these children.

Attitudes and acceptance of young people toward the consumption of insects and cultured meat in Germany

The present study examined the willingness of children and adolescents (N = 718, MAge = 13.67, SD = 2.31; female = 57.5%) from Germany to consume insects and cultured meat. One focus of the study was the comparison of attitudes toward foods made from insects and cultured meat in general and in a specific form (a burger). Another focus was analyzing the influence of selected nutritional-psychological factors on the willingness of children and adolescents to consume these products. In addition to sociodemographic factors (age, sex), meat consumption, familiarity, attitudes, food neophobia, and food disgust were included as variables. The study participants showed a significantly higher willingness to consume the cultured meat burger than the insect burger, although no difference could be shown in their attitudes toward the alternatives as food (i.e., irrespective of their form of preparation). Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that the attitude toward the alternative protein product in burger form, specifically, was the strongest predictor for the willingness to consume both burger alternatives. This illustrates that the attitudes of children and adolescents toward a particular product are especially important. The negative influence of food neophobia on the willingness to consume the meat alternatives, which had previously been reported in other studies, was confirmed in this study. In the regression model with the sociodemographic variables, food disgust showed a negative influence on the willingness to consume the two meat alternatives; however, this negative influence was not detected after including the nutritional-psychological variables in the model. Proposals for the use of the results of this study in designing marketing strategies and educational interventions in schools are presented.