Width Of Maxillary Central Incisor Research Articles

Comparative evaluation of two different dental age estimation methods using tooth pulp: A CBCT study.

To estimate the age of an individual based on 3D radiographic evaluation of pulp width of maxillary central incisor. This study included 185 CBCT images of individuals within age range of 14-64 years. Images were evaluated for maxillary central incisors and pulp width measurements were taken from cementoenamel junction and middle third of root. Obtained data was subjected to correlation and regression analysis from which the age of an individual was predicted. Results of the present study were compared with another study by the same authors. A negative linear relationship was obtained between age and pulp width. The standard error of estimate (SEE) in sagittal section was 11.36 years and that in coronal section was 11.23 years. The coefficient of determination for sagittal section was 0.107 and for coronal section was 0.127. An obtained regression formula was highly significant. Division of samples into various age groups reduced SEE drastically. It can be concluded that pulp width of maxillary central incisor is a reliable indicator of age estimation.

A Photographic Assessment of Smile by Modifying Crown Height, Width and Angulation of Maxillary Lateral Incisor among Orthodontic Patients of Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract: Background: Smile aesthetics vary culturally, influenced by media and the Golden Proportion in dental beauty. Challenges arise with missing lateral incisors, treated through composite build-up or canine substitution, highlighting the importance of crown dimensions and the need for clinician expertise in personalized treatments. Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate the influence of altering height, width and angulation of maxillary lateral incisors on the perception of smile. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at OPD of Jinnah Medical and Dental College, Karachi from January 2020 to June 2020, on 120 orthodontic patients (44 males and 76 females) aged between 15 and 35 years. Photoshopped photographs of an ideal smile were shown to the participants. In an ideal smile photo, the width of lateral incisor was 62% of the width of maxillary central incisors. The pictures showed to the participants had modifications in terms of crown heights, width and angulation of only maxillary lateral incisor without doing any changes to the other maxillary teeth. The responses of the participants were graded on the basis of perception of attractiveness. Result: Mean score for height, width and angulation changes were obtained. The highest score by males was given to lateral incisor whose length was increased by 1mm (6.87±2.21) and in females; the highest score was given to lateral incisor which is modified by adding 0.5 mm increment (6.98±1.05). Both males and females preferred narrow lateral incisors as esthetically attractive. The mean highest scores for the decrease in width given by males were 6.52±2.52 and 6.8±2.217 by females, respectively. Both males (6.37±2.18) and females (6.64±1.81) preferred 10 degrees of mesial angulation of lateral incisor as more esthetically pleasing. Changes in distal angulation of more than 5 degrees are considered unattractive by both genders. Mean values were 6.04±2.15 for males and 6.00±1.99 for females. Conclusion: In conclusion females are more concerned to the change in height, while in terms of width both genders preferred narrower maxillary lateral incisors over wider ones. Both genders perceived a 10 degree mesially angulated lateral incisor as more attractive.

The Evaluation of the Relationship Between Intercondylar and Intercanine Distances, Maxillary Central Incisor Width, and Various Facial Forms: A Comparative Study.

Background The intercondylar distance is a predictable and invariable parameter, which is not influenced by the soft tissue limitations and resorption unlike comparable anatomical markers. Limited studies are available on the use of intercondylar distance for the selection of teeth arrangement and its relationship with varying face forms. Aim The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between intercondylar distance and maxillary intercanine tip distances and central incisor width in square, tapering, and ovoid facial forms. Materials and methods The comparative cross-sectional study was performed between January 2021 and August 2022. A convenience sampling strategy was used to include subjects between the ages of 18 and 40 years who had all of their natural teeth.The facial forms of the subjects were detected using a face form indicator and grouped into ovoid (group A), tapering (group B), and square (group C) forms comprising 63 subjects in each group. The intercondylar and intercanine distances and maxillary central incisor width were measured using a digital caliper. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY) was employed to determine the statistical difference between and across the groups using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analysis, respectively. The correlation between the variables was determined by the Pearson correlation test. Results The average age of the subjects was 24.55±3.47 years, and the age distribution was found to be statistically insignificant between the groups (p=0.63). The study consisted of 21% of males and 79% of females. The mean intercondylar distance was 125.2 mm in ovoid, 123.1 mm in tapering, and 125.9 mm in square face forms (p<0.01). The mean intercanine distance was 34.82 mm for ovoid, 37.11 mm for tapering, and 37.04 mm for square facial forms (p<0.01). Similarly, the mean central incisor width was 9, 7.84, and 8.51 mm for ovoid, tapering, and square facial forms, respectively (p<0.01). The ratio of intercondylar and intercanine distances in ovoid, tapering, and square faces was 1:3.59, 1:3.31, and 1:3.39, respectively. The ratio of intercondylar and central incisor width was 1:13.9, 1:15.7, and 1:14.7for the groups A, B, and C, respectively. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between square and ovoid incisor width, square intercanineand ovoid incisor width, tapering incisor width and intercondylar distance, tapering intercanine and intercondylar distances, and tapering incisor width and square intercanine distance. The relationship between intercondylar and intercanine distances and the central incisor width was also revealed to be statistically highly significant (p<0.01). Conclusion When face form is taken into account, tapering face form shows more positive result for the relationship of intercondylar distance with intercanine distance and central incisor width. In patients with edentulous conditions, the intercondylar distance may offer useful measurements for tooth selection.

Determining the Correlation Between Maxillary Anterior Teeth Size with Bitragion Width, Wrist Width, Interpupillary Width, Nasal Height in Indian Population and Using These Anthropometric Measurement as A Guide For Selecting Maxillary Anterior Dimensions

Background: The vast number of combinations such as face form and size, Sex, Personality, and Age factor are utilized for determining the anterior tooth dimension. Whenever possible, it is advisable to record the form and shape of the natural teeth before extracting them. However, several anatomic entities and anthropometric measurements are used as a guide to select anterior teeth dimensions, but which is the most reliable indicator to determine the maxillary anterior teeth dimensions remains unclear. The study aimed to determine the correlation between maxillary anterior teeth size (Right Maxillary central incisor Length, Right Maxillary central incisor Width, Intercanine distance) with Bitragion width (BW), wrist width (WW), interpupillary width (IPW), Nasal height (NH) in Indian population. Material &amp; Methods: Measurements of intraoral and extraoral landmarks made using Digital vernier caliper &amp; Measuring tape in 173 subjects with an age range from 19 to 87 years were randomly selected fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The present study found that statistically significant difference (0.001) and strong correlation between Right maxillary central incisor length &amp; width, and Intercanine distance with wrist width, nasal height &amp; interpupillary distance, whereas, it is not significant between Right central incisor length &amp; width, and Intercanine distance with Bitragion width. Conclusion: The results suggested that a high degree of correlation was seen between Wrist width, interpupillary width, nasal height, and maxillary anterior teeth dimensions. Hence, these anthropometric measurements can also be used for determining the maxillary anterior dimension in edentulous patients.

Machine learning model to predict the width of maxillary central incisor from anthropological measurements.

To improve smile esthetics, clinicians should comprehensively analyze the face and ensure that the sizes selected for the maxillary anterior teeth are compatible with the available anthropological measurements. The inter commissural (ICW), interalar (IAW), intermedial-canthus (MCW), interlateral-canthus (LCW), and interpupillary (IPW) widths are used to determine the width of maxillary central incisors (CW). The aim of this study was to develop an automated approach using machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict central incisor width in a young Turkish population using anthropological measurements. This automation can contribute to digital dentistry and clinical decision-making. In the initial phase of this cross-sectional study, several ML regression models-including multiple linear regression (MLR), multi-layer-perceptron (MLP), decision-tree (DT), and random forest (RF) models-were validated to confirm the central width prediction accuracy. Datasets containing only male and female measurements, as well as combined were considered for ML model implementation, and the performance of each model was evaluated for an unbiased population dataset. Compared with the other algorithms, the RF algorithm showed improved performance for all cases, with an accuracy of 96%, which represents the percentage of correct predictions. The plot reveals the applicability of the RF model in predicting the CW from anthropological measurements irrespective of the candidate's sex. These results demonstrated the possibility of predicting central incisor widths based on anthropometric measurements using ML models. The accurate central incisor width prediction from these trials also indicates the applicability of the proposed model to be deployed for enhanced clinical decision-making.

Determining Mathematical Standards for Smile Designing Using Berry’s Biometric Index and the Golden Proportion

Introduction: Berry’s biometric index correlates the bizygomatic width to the width of the maxillary central incisors (CIs). It has also been suggested that dental and facial esthetics follow the concept of the golden ratio (1.61803). The present research aims to evaluate the practical applicability of Berry’s bizygomatic index and the golden ratio to the width of the maxillary anterior teeth. Materials and Methods: The bizygomatic width and the width of all the maxillary anterior teeth were measured for a total sample of n = 100. The width of maxillary CI was calculated by Berry’s biometric index and the other teeth by golden ratio. The measured and calculated values were compared by means of statistical analysis. Results: The age of study participants ranged from 19 to 35 years with a mean of 24.99 years (standard deviation = ±5.098). There was no statistically significant difference between the measured and the calculated values (P &gt; 0.05). The relative Dahlberg’s error was found to be low for all the teeth. Conclusion: Berry’s biometric index along with golden proportion can be reliably used to determine the mesiodistal width of the maxillary anterior teeth. The methods can be implemented in cases where there is no reference to determine the width of upper anterior teeth during any esthetic restorative procedure. Maxillary anterior teeth dictate the esthetics of a smile; therefore, this study attempts to shed light on the importance of the coherent use of these mathematical ratios to provide an objective formula for smile rehabilitation.

A Comparative Analysis of Interpupillary Distance and Corneal Diameter for Assessment of Width of Maxillary Central Incisor Using Digital Photography

Aim - The purposefulness of this study was to establish if a correlation existed between interpupillary distance, corneal diameter, and the width of the maxillary central incisor in selection of teeth .Materials and methods - A total of 120 subjects-60 males and 60 females in the age group 18-26 years were selected based on predetermined selection criteria. On smiling the digital facial image constituting the teeth and the eyes were captured using standardized digital camera. The digital measurements of the interpupillary distance, corneal diameter (medial aperture height, tangential to cornea) and mesiodistal width of maxillary right central incisor in millimeters were analysed using Adobe Photoshop creative cloud software. The data was tabulated , to assess the association between the variables a Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation was used.Result –Although the Pearson correlation coefficient(PC) was relatively weak (r&lt;0.39) a significant relationship existed between interpupillary distance and (right, left) maxillary central incisor width with p-value &lt;0.01. A negligible positive correlation (r&lt; 0.27) existed between right corneal diameter and (right, left) maxillary central incisor width with p value &lt;0.01. A negligible positive correlation (r&lt; 0.28) existed between left corneal diameter and (right, left) maxillary central incisor width with p value &lt;0.01.Conclusion - The correlations between interpupillary distance, right and left corneal diameter with maxillary central incisor were unable to produce a strong positive statistical association.

Comparative Evaluation of the Relationship between Different Anthropometric Measurements on the Face with the Mesiodistal Width of the Maxillary Central Incisor in Males and Females in Local Population in Pune, India

Aims: To compare the width of the central incisor obtained by the given formulae with the actual width of the central incisor in males and females and assess whether the interpupillary , interalar ,intercommisural and interlateral canthus widths are reliable anthropometric measurements to give an accurate value of the width of the central incisor in local population.&#x0D; Study Design: Original Research.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department Of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Pimpri, Pune. Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune – 411018, between June 2009 and July 2010.&#x0D; Methodology: A total of 160 participants [Males=80; Females=80] were selected in the age group of 18-25 yrs which fulfilled the selection criteria. Informed consent was obtained from each student before participation. The following anthropometric measurements were performed: CW which is the mesiodistal width of the maxillary central incisor, interpupillary width (IPW) and the interalar width (IAW), intercommisural width (ICW) and interlateral canthus width (LCW) which were calculated using a digital vernier calliper. The differences and variables were studied by sex and the differences in the expected mesiodistal width of the central incisor by IPW/CW=6.6 and CW=IAW/4 with the real value was evaluated. The values were evaluated and the differences helped in determining whether these anthropometric measurements can be used as a guide for selection of artificial teeth in males and females in local population.&#x0D; Results: As per this study conducted, in males &amp; females there was statistically significant correlation between the width of the central incisors (CI) and the interalar width IAW (P value =0.043) and the interpupillary width IPW (P value =0.003) when calculated by formula CI=IAW/4 and CI=IPW/6.6. There was no statistically significant correlation between the width of the central incisor and the interlateral canthus width (LCW) and the intercommisural width (ICW).&#x0D; Conclusion: There was significant correlation between the interalar width and interpupillary width and the width of the central incisor. Thus, interalar width, when divided by 4, and the interpupillary width when divided by 6.6 was a reliable predictor of the selection of the maxillary central incisor width in females and males in local population.

Anterior teeth selection in edentulous patients and its relationship with interhamular distance, maxillary arch width and maxillary central incisors: A study in North East Indian Population

: In prosthodontics, esthetics a combination of the art and science. Patients requiring complete dentures usually expect comfort first, followed by harmonious appearance, and lastly efficiency. Therefore, the correct selection of the artificial teeth is essential for achieving a pleasant esthetic outcome. A number of soft tissue landmarks have been purported as useful for anterior tooth selection; but these are easily affected by several factors such as aging and the weight and build of the person. In the present study hard tissue landmarks like pterygomaxillary notches and maxillary arch width was presented as alternative anatomical landmark for anterior teeth selection. The aim of the study was to evaluate the hamular width and inter maxillary arch width which could be the guide for the selection ofartificial teeth for complete maxillary denture in the North-East Indian population.The study was conducted on 100 dentate individuals from the North Eastern Indian population, between the age group of 18- 30 years. All measurements were done with digital calliper on cast obtained after impression with irreversible hydrocolloid impression material.Pearson correlation analysis showed, statistically significant correlation between maxillary archwidth and central incisor width. The result was significant at p&amp;#60;0.05 but not high enough to be practically used. Correlation between hamular width and central incisor width was found to be insignificant. The value of R was 0.05435. The result was significant at p &amp;#60; 0.05. The maxillary arch width was in direct proportion to the maxillary central incisor width which meant that the increase of maxillary arch width,there was a corresponding increase of maxillary central incisor width. Significant correlation was found between maxillary arch width and central incisor width with p value=0132. The result was significant at p&amp;#60;0.05 but not high enough to be practically used. But In this study statistically insignificant correlation was found between hamular width and central incisor width.

English

BACKGROUND The mesio-distal width of anterior teeth can be determined by certain anthropometric measurements of face. The inter pupillary width is a facial landmark that is stable and does not modify after the age of 14 years. This study intended to determine if any relationship exists between inner canthal distances (ICD), inter-pupillary width (IPW), and golden proportion in determining the association between them and the maxillary central incisor width (CIW). METHODS 252 adult dentate subjects of age group 18 - 26 years who were free from dentofacial deformities were evaluated in the present in vivo study. The mesiodistal measurement of each maxillary central incisor, inner canthal distance (ICD), interpupillary width (IPW) was measured. The inner canthal distance of each subject was multiplied by a decreasing function of the geometric progression value (0.618) to provide the total width of two central incisors. The product was divided by 2 to get the width of a maxillary central incisor. A 't' test was used to establish significant differences if any in the mesiodistal width of the maxillary central incisors (CIW), inner canthal distance (ICD), and inter-pupillary width (IPW). Concurrence between the measured and calculated central incisor widths was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS The mean ICD of male and female subjects was 33.03 ± 3.037 mm and 30.75 ± 2.89 mm, respectively. The mean IPW of male and female subjects was 62.26 ± 2.99 mm and 58.46 ± 2.73 mm, respectively. The mean CIW of male and female subjects was 19.98 ± 1.96 mm and 18.54 ± 1.87 mm, respectively. A high correlation was found between the measured and calculated width of central incisors (r=0.954 and r=0.974 in males and females). CONCLUSIONS There is a high positive correlation between ICD and CIW and it exists in the golden proportion. On the other hand, it was seen that the IPW and CIW were not in golden proportion. The mean of calculated CIW was significantly higher compared to the measured CIW in both males and females. ICD was seen as a significant factor in determining the CIW in males and females. All the facial and dental measurements were greater for men than for women; however, no significant differences were found between sexes with respect to ICD. KEY WORDS Inner Canthal Distance (ICD), Inter Pupillary Width (IPW), Central Incisor Width (CIW), Golden Proportion

Revealing Stature and Facial Proportions from Teeth: An Adjunct to Forensic Science

Background: Teeth and skull remains are often some of the evidences available that can be used reliably for identification in medicolegal cases. Determination of Stature and facial proportions from teeth dimensions have not been utilised fully in the field of forensics. This study was designed with the aim to estimate stature as well as facial proportions from teeth and head measurements. Objectives: To correlate height of an individual to combined mesiodistal width (CMDW) of maxillary anterior teeth and head circumference and to correlate the facial height and facial width to the cervicoincisal and mesiodistal dimensions of maxillary central incisor. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 1000 patients of age group 18–30 years of Kerala origin by birth and domicile who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study variables included length and width of the face, combined mesiodistal (MD) width of maxillary anterior teeth, mesiodistal and cervicoincisal dimension of maxillary central incisor, circumference of the head and height of the individual. The results were statistically analysed using Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Correlation between height and head circumference, height and combined mesiodistal width of maxillary anterior teeth, width of face to mesio-distal width of maxillary central incisor showed significant correlation with p value &lt;0.05, but the correlation coefficients were very weak. But while correlating facial length to cervicoincisal length of maxillary central incisor the values obtained were not statistically significant.

Correlation of the Iris Diameter with the Mesiodistal Width of Maxillary Central Incisor using Digital Image Analyzer: An Observational Study

Aim: The purpose of this clinical study was to determine the correlation between the horizontal visible iris diameters with the mesiodistal width of the central incisor respectively in the Central India population aged between 18 and 26 years. Background: Can the Iris Diameter be correlated with the mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisor. If thus results obtained, the iris diameter can be used as a tool for the selection of maxillary anterior tooth in completely edentulous patients. Materials and Methods: Seventy Five Central Indian participants aged between 18 and 26 years participated in this study. Standardized digital photographs of the face generated from the frontal aspect were made using a digital camera. The measurements of the iris diameter and the mesiodistal width of the maxillary central incisor at the incisal edge, middle third, and cervical third were assessed with photoimaging software. The data obtained have undergone the statistical analysis by using the paired-sample t-test to compare the right and left sides, and independent-sample t-tests to compare between gender, and the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) to evaluate the relationship between variables. Results: A positive correlation between the horizontal visible iris diameter and the mesiodistal width of the maxillary central incisor was found in men and women. In men, the r = 0.276, 0.373, 0.378 (right side) and 282, 158, 429 (left side) respectively were found for cervical third, middle third, and incisal third region. In women, the r = 0.329, 0.415, 0.192 (right side) and 0.053, 0.469, 0.163 (left side) were found respectively in cervical third, middle third, and incisal region were found. Conclusions: The conclusion was that the horizontal visible iris diameter can be used as a reference point to estimate the mesiodistal width of the maxillary central incisor tooth.

Influence of maxillary lateral incisor width ratio on perception of smile esthetics among orthodontists and laypersons.

This study aimed to analyze the impact of different maxillary lateral incisor width ratios on the perception of smile esthetics among orthodontists and laypersons. A smile photograph of a male subject showing the lips and gingival margins was selected. The smile was standardized for maxillary central incisor width proportions and ideally perceived smile esthetics. The maxillary lateral incisor width was symmetrically modified in increments of ratios of the central incisor from a ratio of 4:10 to a ratio of 8:10. The images were analyzed by 283 laypersons and 83 orthodontists who ranked the level of attractiveness using a visual analog scale. There were significant differences between the esthetic perception of the five different width ratios, and between the orthodontists and laypersons in their evaluations of esthetics (P < 0.0004). There were no significant differences in esthetic evaluations between genders. For orthodontists, the most attractive width ratio was 5.7:10, while the highest ranked ratio among laypersons was 8:10, although laypersons ranked all ratios very similarly. Both groups ranked the width ratio of 4:10 the lowest. Orthodontists were more critical in their assessment of esthetics. To what proportions or protocol should a peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisor or missing lateral, that is, to be replaced with an implant/crown be restored? This is an important clinical question that is often encountered by the orthodontist and the restoring dentist. The literature suggests that orthodontists and laypeople have different perceptions of smile esthetics, and it is important to have patient centered goals when treatment planning. Further research is necessary to identify the width ratio of which the lateral incisor is perceived to be esthetic as well as the ideal ratio to consider when restoring lateral incisors. This research assessed and compared the perception that orthodontists and laypeople have on smile esthetics regarding different width ratios of lateral incisors.

Correlation between bizygomatic and maxillary central incisor width for gender identification

Objective: The aim of the present study is to analyze and evaluate the applicability of bizygomatic and maxillary central incisor width in identifying the sex of an individual for anthropological studies. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 100 individuals in a private dental institution. The width of the central incisor was measured by requesting the subject to bite onto a sheet of modelling wax. The bizygomatic width was calculated with the help of a divider by taking the most prominent area of the zygomatic arch as the reference point bilaterally. Berry’s formula was used to calculate the width of the maxillary central incisor from the bizygomatic width. Berry’s Formula “Width of the maxillary central incisor = Bizygomatic width / 16.” The data obtained was tabulated and analyzed statistically. Results: The results in our study indicated that the widths of both maxillary central incisors and the bizygomatic width were found to be higher in males when compared to females with a positive strong correlation. Conclusion: The Berry’s index can be used for identifying the gender and can also be used for facial reconstruction.KeywordsBerry’s index; Bite mark; Bizygomatic width; CentralIncisor; Gender identification.

Assessments of the width of upper central incisor as an aid for selection of full denture teeth

This study was used to find out any correlation exists between the mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisor and the interpupillary distance also to find out if there is any relation between the sexual and racial differences in changing the measurement. The sample consisted of (108) students (53) male and (55) female, the width of 2 maxillary central incisors was measured by using a vamier caliper; the interpupillary distance was measured by using plastic ruler. The results of this study shows a relatively similar ratio between the mean interpupillary distance and the mean mesiodistal width of the central incisor for light colors male and female, dark colors women for both left and right sides. The interpupillary distance could be used reliably in selecting maxillary anterior teeth for prosthodontic

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF MINANGKABAUNES’ MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISOR’S WIDTH

Teeth are known as organs made up of the hardest mineral tissue that is resistant to decay and physical, thermal, mechanical, chemical or biological damage. Tooth crown dimensions are reasonably accurate predictors of genders especially to young individuals whose secondary skeletal characteristics are yet developed. This research aims to analyse the influence of genders to the width of maxillary central incisor Minangkabaunese. The study was conducted using cross-sectional method in Luhak Agam, Luhak Tanah Datar and Luhak Lima Puluh Kota, West Sumatra using simple random sampling technique to a total of 120 samples. Teeth width was measured in mesiodistal dimension with 0.01 mm calibrated sliding digital caliper. The measurement was done on a tooth mould at ⅓ incisal as the position of mesial and biggest distar. T-test independent statistic test was done to determine the relationship between the 2 variables. Sexual dimorphism was determined with Garn formula. The research shows significant difference (p=0.001) between the width of left and right central incisor in males and females. The average width of the male and female right maxillary incisor is 8.545 mm and 8.370 mm, while the left central incisor width is 8.877 mm in male and 8.283 mm in females. Sexual dimorphism on the right central incisor is 2.09% and 3.43% on the left side. The conclusion of the study is that maxillary central incisor width can distinguish different genders in the identification process.

Comparison between Obando´s anthropometric formula and Mondelli´s formula to estimate central incisor width.

Objective: to compare Mondelli’s formula with Obando’s anthropometric formula in order to determine the mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisor. Materials and Methods: 100 adults (50 women) were selected. The mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisor was measured. Maximum smile was used for Mondelli’s formula. Interalar distance and longitudinal axis of the ear were used for Obando’s formula. Correlations and differences between estimates of both formulas and the actual mesiodistal width of the central incisor were estimated. Results: Obando’s formula presented a strong correlation (r=0.8846) with the mesiodistal width, with no statistically significant differences between the two measures (p>0.05). Mondelli’s formula presented a moderate negative correlation with the mesiodistal width (r=-0.3401) and a statistically significant difference with respect to the mesiodistal width (p<0.0001), in both men and women. Conclusion: Obando’s formula estimated more accurately the mesiodistal width of the central incisor in comparison to Mondelli’s formula in the Peruvian population.

Use of Facial Indicator for Choosing Anterior Teeth (Female Arabs and Persians Students)

Background: The maxillary anterior teeth are important in achieving pleasing dental aesthetics. The size of the maxillary central incisors is important for they are the most prominent teeth in arch as individual is viewed from frontal position. Various methods are used to measure the size of them, including the size of the face determined from two points, zygoma and chin to estimate the width and height by using “facial indicator”. The average width of the maxillary central incisor is estimated to be one sixteenth of the face measured between the zygoma. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the accuracy of a new device called “ facial indicator “ in choosing anterior teeth in dentulous patients of two different ethnic groups, Female Arabs & Non-Arabs (Persians) by attempting to prove the existence of a direct relationship between the facial sizes and the size of the natural maxillary central incisor. Methods: Dental casts of the maxillary arches were made in this cross-sectional study from AUST university college students who met the inclusion criteria. The 90 female participants represented the Arabs and NonArabs (Persians) population main ethnics. The width and height dimensions of the maxillary central incisors were measured using digital caliper. Then Facial Indicator Device used to decide the width and height of face in an attempt to prove the existence of a direct relationship between the facial sizes and the size of the natural maxillary central incisor. Results: Comparison of the width and height of maxillary central incisor on the casts and the width and height dimensions of faces by using facial indicator, revealed that there was a significant statistical difference (p >0.05). Conclusion: A direct relationship between the facial width and the widths of the natural maxillary central incisors was found, while there is no relation between the lengths of the face with the length of the central incisors. Ethnic variation has no association with the use of facial indicator.

Philtral Width and Width of Maxillary Central Incisor A Correlational Analysis in dentate adult human subjects

Statement of the problem: The estimation of the width of a missing maxillary central incisor is of a paramount importance for prosthodontic applications. Several facial anatomic land marks have been used to accomplish this purpose with varying degrees of certainty .This study explores the possibility of using labial philtrum to correlate and predict the width of maxillary central incisor. Aim : 1. To estimate the correlation between the width of maxillary central incisor and the width of the philtrum. 2. To predict the width of maxillary central incisor utilizing the philtrum width as a guide. Methodology : A prospective, observational, open label study design was performed to evaluate the correlation between the maxillary central incisor width and philtral width in 200 Indian dentate adult human subjects satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The maxillary central incisor width denoted as variable y and the philtral width as variable x and width was measured in millimetres and the values were subjected to statistical analysis to estimate correlation and regression. Statistical Analysis: Pearson's correlation coefficient was worked out (r) and a regression equation was formulated and analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. The correlation coefficient worked out was r = + 0.99, coefficient of determination r 2 = 0.96 and the regression intercept was -5.99. Mean central incisor width was 8.5 ±0.65 mm and mean philtral width was 14.4 ±0.42 mm. Inference: A strong positive correlation between the width of the philtrum and width of maxillary central incisor was observed (r = + 0.99). The maximum philtral width subtracted by 6 mm will provide the estimate for the width of maxillary central incisor.

A study on the validity of reference points for edentulous patient

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of reference points for edentulous patient by examining the correlation of teeth and face, and intraoral anatomic land- marks. Materials and methods: We examined a facial outline, length, bizygomatic width, nasion - gnathion length, glabella - nasion distance in 270 men and 280 women satisfied with inclusion criteria from Seoul National School of Dentistry. The shape of maxillary central incisor, mesiodistal crown width and length of maxillary 6 incisors, distance from incisive papilla to labial surface of maxillary central incisor, and perpendicular distance from incisive papilla to intercanine line were measured in the stone mod- el. We analyzed the ratio and relevant relation statistically. Results: The probability on having the same shape of face and the relative same shape maxillary incisor was 55.56% and 46.43% for men and women. The facial length proved to be a more valuable measurement in women in the tooth selection. The ratio of bizygomatic width to mesiodis- tal width of maxillary central incisor, and the ratio of bizygomatic width to width of maxillary 6 incisors were 16.8 : 1 and 3.0 : 1 and were positively correlated with each other. The distance of the canines from the maxillary incisal papilla was 1.33±1.28 mm. The distance between the center of the incisal papilla and the labial surface of their maxillary central incisor was 9.23±1.20 mm. Conclusion: It was showed that anatomical reference points in tooth selection and arrangement for edentulous patient are use- ful and have validity in our limited study. (J Korean Acad Prosthodont 2015;53:310-7)