Wide Belt Research Articles

Latitudinal variations in the composition and structure of vegetation in the northwestern Tatar Strait

The pattern of the latitudinal distribution of the floristic composition and structure of the submerged vegetation cover in the western Tatar Strait (within Khabarovsk Krai) is studied using the published data and original materials. Irregularities of the floristic composition have been found within limited areas of bays in this region, where they do not form any distinct borders or gradients. In the vegetation cover, vice versa, borders and gradients have been shown to form various combinations. The specific biomasses of most of the dominant species are significantly increasing, whereas the width and depth of the vegetation belt decreases from the south to the north. Their regression lines intersect at the latitude of 50° N (Cape Syurkum). Discrete coenotic variations are manifested most clearly as well at this point, where the dominance of Saccharina japonica, observed south of the cape, changes for S. cichorioides north of it. This allows establishing the phytocoenotic border here. The revealed features correspond to the direction of the temperature gradient, as well as to the variations in topical conditions and the level of hydrodynamic load along the coast.

The turbulent diffusion of toroidal magnetic flux as inferred from properties of the sunspot butterfly diagram

In order to match observed properties of the solar cycle, flux-transport dynamo models require the toroidal magnetic flux to be stored in a region of low magnetic diffusivity, typically located at or below the bottom of the convection zone. We infer the turbulent magnetic diffusivity affecting the toroidal field on the basis of empirical data. We consider the time evolution of mean latitude and width of the activity belts of solar cycles 12--23 and their dependence on cycle strength. We interpret the decline phase of the cycles as a diffusion process. The activity level of a given cycle begins to decline when the centers of its equatorward propagating activity belts come within their width (at half maximum) from the equator. This happens earlier for stronger cycles because their activity belts are wider. From that moment on, the activity and the belt width decrease in the same manner for all cycles, independent of their maximum activity level. In terms of diffusive cancellation of opposite-polarity toroidal flux across the equator, we infer the turbulent diffusivity experienced by the toroidal field, wherever it is located, to be in the range 150--450~km$^2$s$^{-1}$. Strong diffusive latitudinal spreading of the toroidal flux underneath the activity belts can be inhibited by an inflow towards the toroidal field bands in the convection zone with a magnitude of several meters per second. The inferred value of the turbulent magnetic diffusivity affecting the toroidal field agrees, to order of magnitude, with estimates based on mixing-length models for the solar convection zone. This is at variance with the requirement of flux-transport dynamo models. The inflows required to keep the toroidal field bands together before they approach the equator are similar to the inflows towards the activity belts observed with local helioseismology.

Temporal and spatial patterns of air temperature in a coastal city with a slope base setting

AbstractIn coastal cities with a slope base setting, effects of sea breeze and cold air drainage superpose on top of the urban heat island (UHI) effect. It is difficult to articulate the urbanization effect which, however, is important in developing summer heat mitigation solutions. The aim of this study is to address this challenge by investigating the temporal and spatial distribution of air temperature in the Adelaide metropolitan area of South Australia based on data from a monitoring network in 2011–2013. The results indicate that the dominant influence on the spatial variability of air temperature in winter is the urban heat island effect, followed by the prevailing nighttime northeasterly wind and cold air drainage. In summer, the dominant influence comes from daytime sea breezes, followed by the urban heat island effect, and the prevailing southeasterly nighttime wind. The urban heat island intensity is estimated based on various references where the influence of other factors is minimal. A clear nighttime urban heat island is observed over the Adelaide metropolitan area, with a mean intensity of 2.5°C for both summer and winter. The daytime urban heat island is not clear. On hot days, the city center develops a dominant nighttime urban heat island about 4°C warmer than the coast, stronger than an average summer night. Given multiple influences on the thermal climate in the Adelaide metropolitan area, it is suggested that the unique 500 m wide Adelaide parkland belt surrounding the city center be used as a reference to evaluate the Adelaide city center urban heat island in summer. A rural station, Edinburgh, can be used to evaluate the nighttime urban heat island intensity in the study area.

Quantitative seismic geomorphology, south Texas, United States

In this paper we use three-dimensional seismic attribute imaging and well data to reveal the previously unknown quantitative measures, directionality, and spatial locations of the Oligocene middle Frio fluvial channel systems within an area of 254 km2 (98 mi2) that covers two oil and gas fields in the Texas Gulf Coast Basin of the United States. The objective of this study is to apply quantitative seismic geomorphology techniques to quantify the morphometric parameters important to building predictive geologic models for fluvial reservoirs. Three categories of channel systems are differentiated based on their geomorphology, seismic signature, and the mode of transport. The first, category 1, includes channel systems of high-amplitude, moderate- to high-sinuosity, mixed load channels. Category 2 channel systems are high-amplitude, straight to low-sinuosity, bed load channels with both category 1 and 2 channels filled with coarse-grained sandstone deposits. Category 3 crevasse channel systems are low-amplitude, highly sinuous, suspended load channels filled with fine-grained deposits. These fluvial system categories were found to show unique morphometric characteristics such as channel width, meander belt width, and meander length. Analysis of the middle Frio channel systems imaged in the south Texas study area revealed a significant downstream decrease of channel belt width along the length of the channel belts. The creation of a quantitative morphometric database for the middle Frio fluvial reservoirs in the basin would be very useful for exploration and development purposes. The results of this study may have general applicability to the Texas Gulf Coast Basin and to similar fluvial reservoirs worldwide.

Climate Model Biases in the Width of the Tropical Belt

Abstract Earth’s arid subtropics are situated at the edges of the tropical belt, which encircles the planet along the equator and covers half of its surface area. The climate of the tropical belt is strongly influenced by the Hadley cells, with their subsidence and easterly trade winds both sustaining the aridity at the belt’s edges. The understanding of Earth’s past, present, and future climates is contingent on understanding the dynamics influencing this region. An important but unanswered question is how realistically climate models reproduce the mean state of the tropical belt. This study augments the existing literature by examining the mean width and seasonality of the tropical belt in climate models from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5) and experiments from the second phase of the Chemistry–Climate Model Validation (CCMVal-2) activity of the Stratospheric Processes and Their Role in Climate (SPARC) project. While the models overall reproduce the structure of the tropical belt width’s seasonal cycle, they underestimate its amplitude and cannot consistently reproduce the seasonal cycle lag between the Northern Hemisphere Hadley cell edge and subtropical jet latitudes found in observations. Additionally, up to 50% of the intermodel variation in mean tropical belt width can be attributed to model horizontal resolution, with finer resolution leading to a narrower tropical belt. Finer resolution is associated with an equatorward shift and intensification of subtropical eddy momentum flux convergence, which via the Coriolis torque explains essentially all of the grid-size bias and a large fraction of the total intermodel variation in Hadley cell width.

Variability features of the width of the tropical belt from COSMIC radio occultation data

In this work, we analyzed time-series and trends of the tropical belt edges and widths with three methods based on the tropopause using new global positioning system radio occultation (GPS RO) data from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission for September 2006–February 2014. The results from the three methods agreed well with previous studies and new features were found. To avoid the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) influence, we applied a simple multiple linear regression model to the monthly anomalies to obtain the tropical belt edges and width trends. During the study, we found equatorward movements of the tropical belt edges on both hemispheres. The narrowing of the tropical belt mainly occurred in the Pacific Ocean. We also found that the deseasonalized monthly anomalies of the tropical belt width were closely related with the ENSO and QBO. The tropical belt at a height of 15 km was mostly closely related with the ENSO. The correlations between the QBO and the tropical belt were consistent for the three methods.

Modelling and Analysis of Nominal Conveying Ability for the Toothed Belt with STD Profile

Abstract: In this paper is presented mathematical modelling and analyzing of nominal conveying ability of toothed belts with STD profile. For the designer and constructor of transmitters with toothed belts determination of nominal conveying ability for the respective belt profile has special practical importance. Under this power the constructor for the concrete conditions in which transmitter would worked, determine the conveying ability, respectively power which can carry the transmitter. From the mathematical expressions for each of the profiles STD belts through MathCAD program, are gained diagrams from that we can see change of nominal conveying ability, depending on the number of rotations of the driving pulley, and its kinematic diameter. Expressions for nominal conveying ability given in the paper are for the transmission ratio i = 1. When nominal conveying ability multiplied by factor, which takes into account, the impact of the belt width, then is obtained corrected conveying ability.

The Spear Horizon: First spatial analysis of the Schöningen site 13 II-4

The Spear Horizon (Schöningen 13 II-4) from Schöningen, Lower Saxony, Germany, is one of the most important archeological sites dating to the Middle Pleistocene. Until today, the numerous finds have only been published individually, often outside of their context. Here we present for the first time the distribution map of the Spear Horizon together with a spatial analysis of the different categories of remains (flint, bones, and woods).The finds are situated in a 10 m wide belt, which runs parallel to a former lakeshore. The distribution of faunal remains correlates closely with the distribution of flint artifacts and wooden objects. We have been able to distinguish five different sectors that can be aligned with different events or activities. The greatest density of finds was evident within an area of 11 × 15 m, where most of the horse skulls were recovered. Some of the square meters contain more than 150 finds.During the excavation the profiles were continually documented and these data help us to reconstruct the shoreline of the paleo-lake with considerable accuracy. Over a distance of 60 m, the thickness and density of the organic mud and peat layers could be reconstructed in high resolution.The distribution of finds shows no preferred orientation or selection through size. The analyses only indicate small-scale dislocations and limited taphonomic alterations. The fraction of lithic artifacts with size ranges less than 2 cm are preserved, while some smaller bone fragments are missing.Most of the wooden artifacts are in-situ, but were deformed by the ice load during the Saalian ice age. While some small charcoal remains as well as a burnt artifact have been observed, there is no evidence of burnt bones.Our results allow a first insight into the formation history of the site.

Southward shift of the northern tropical belt from 1945 to 1980

The width of the tropical belt affects the subtropical dry zones and has expanded since 1980. Analyses of observations and climate–chemistry model simulations suggest that the northern tropical edge retracted between 1945 and 1980.

Toward 4D modeling of orogenic belts: Example from the transpressive Zagros Fold Belt

Latest developments in computer power and computational solutions open new ways to envision complex natural systems. Advances in high-resolution 3D geodynamic modeling, in particular, allow investigating tectonic processes such as transpression, which involve “normal” and “tangential” kinematics with respect to the bulk orogenic trends. We demonstrate that implementing the 4 dimensions (space and time) provides and constrains new answers to long-lasting discussions. As case study, we have chosen the Zagros Simply Folded Belt in Iran, which exhibits spatial variations of structural patterns from the homogeneously shortened, wide fold belt in the Fars to the narrower, higher elevated area in the Izeh. High-resolution, 4D numerical modeling shows how a low-viscosity décollement becoming frictional toward the Dezful embayment influences the exposed fold patterns. Results also emphasize the importance of an oblique backstop to produce en-échelon arranged folds where convergence-related and backstop-controlled folds are mingled in the transpressional orogen.

중년 여성의 니트 슬랙스 기본 원형 개발

Abstract This paper proposes knit slacks patterns by lower body shape of middle-aged women. In addition, this paper aims to propose a design method for a prototype of nice knit slacks using the properties of knitwear. To select basic woven slack patterns which would be used in designing prototype of knit slacks for middle-aged women, two industrial slack patterns and two educational slack patterns were collected, and lab coats were prefabricated using muslin. Then, a shape test was performed by an evaluation board which consisted of eight experts who majored in Clothing Construction. Using blended yarn (1/17’s) with 64% wool, 23% rayon and 13% nylon, 12G knit slacks in plain stitch were made. In terms of waist circumference of knit slacks, the front and the back were set to W/4+1+2(D) and W/4-1+2(D), respectively, with 1cm of difference using waist circumference (Omphalion) to cover the abdominal circumference. To make the front-back width of the side line even, the front waist circumference was increased by 1cm. The ease of hip circumference was set to 4cm in total with H/4+1+0.8 in front and H/4+1-0.8 in the back (0.8cm in difference). Crotch length was set by adding 3cm (width of waist belt) after deducting crotch height from waist height (Omphalion). The center front angle was shifted by 1cm while the center back angle was shifted from the center front to the side line by 5cm.Key words : middle-aged women( ), knit slacks( ), woven slacks(중년 여성 니트 슬랙스 우븐 슬 ), development of prototype( )랙스 원형 개발

Collisional modelling of the AU Microscopii debris disc

AU Microscopii’s debris disc is one of the most famous and best-studied debris discs and one of only two resolved debris discs around M stars. We perform in-depth collisional modelling of the AU Mic disc including stellar radiative and corpuscular forces (stellar winds), aiming at a comprehensive understanding of the dust production and the dust and planetesimal dynamics in the system. Our models are compared to a suite of observational data for thermal and scattered light emission, ranging from the ALMA radial surface brightness profile at 1.3 mm to spatially resolved polarisation measurements in the visible. Most of the data are shown to be reproduced with dust production in a belt of planetesimals with an outer edge at around 40 au and subsequent inward transport of dust by stellar winds. A low dynamical excitation of the planetesimals with eccentricities up to 0.03 is preferred. The radial width of the planetesimal belt cannot be constrained tightly. Belts that are 5 au and 17 au wide, as well as a broad 44 au-wide belt, are consistent with observations. All models show surface density profiles that increase with distance from the star up to ≈40 au, as inferred from observations. The best model is achieved by assuming a stellar mass loss rate that exceeds the solar one by a factor of 50. The models reproduce the spectral energy distribution and the shape of the ALMA radial profile well, but deviate from the scattered light observations more strongly. The observations show a bluer disc colour and a lower degree of polarisation for projected distances <40 au than predicted by the models. These deviations may be reduced by taking irregularly shaped dust grains which have scattering properties different from the Mie spheres used in this work. From tests with a handful of selected dust materials, we favour mixtures of silicate, carbon, and ice of moderate porosity. We also address the origin of the unresolved central excess emission detected by ALMA and show that it cannot stem from an additional inner belt alone. Instead, it should derive, at least partly, from the chromosphere of the central star.

Masses of asteroids and total mass of the main asteroid belt

AbstractAn estimation of the mass of the main asteroid belt was made on the basis of the new version of EPM2014 ephemerides of the Institute of Applied Astronomy of Russian Academy of Sciences using about 800000 positional observations of planets and spacecraft. We obtained the individual estimations of masses of large asteroids from radar data, as well as estimates of the masses of asteroids by using known diameters and estimated average densities for the three taxonomic types (C, S, M), and used the known mass values of binary asteroids and asteroids to which spacecraft approached. A two-dimensional homogeneous annulus with dimensions corresponding observed width of the main asteroid belt (2.06 au and 3.27 au) was used instead of a previous massive one-dimensional ring for modeling total perturbations from small asteroids. The obtained value of the total mass of the main asteroid belt is (12.25 ± 0.19)10−10M⊙.

The lithospheric structure of Pangea

Lithospheric thickness of continents, obtained from Rayleigh wave tomography, is used to make maps of the lithospheric thickness of Pangea by reconstructing the continental arrangement in the Permian. This approach assumes that lithosphere moves with the overlying continents, and therefore that the arrangement of both can be obtained using the poles of rotation obtained from magnetic anomalies and fracture zones. The resulting reconstruction shows that a contiguous arc of thick lithosphere underlay most of eastern Pangea. Beneath the western convex side of this arc, there is a wide belt of thinner lithosphere underlying what is believed to have been the active margin of Pangea, here named the Pangeides. On the inner side of this arc is another large area of thin lithosphere beneath the Pan-African belts of North Africa and Arabia. The arc of thick lithosphere is crossed by bands of slightly thinner lithosphere that lie beneath the Pan-African and Brasiliano mobile belts of South America, Africa, India, Madagascar, and Antarctica. This geometry suggests that lithospheric thickness has an important influence on continental deformation and accretion.

Challenging gait leads to stronger lower-limb kinematic synergies: The effects of walking within a more narrow pathway

Previous studies using the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis demonstrated that during the swing phase of gait, multi-joint kinematic synergies act to stabilize, i.e., minimize the variance of, the mediolateral trajectory of the swinging limb. Importantly, these synergies are strongest during midswing, suggesting that during gait, individuals may employ strategies to avoid collisions between the limbs at this instance. The purpose of the current study was to test this hypothesis by quantifying whether the synergy index (ΔV) during the middle period of the swing phase of treadmill walking was affected when the width of the treadmill belt was narrowed, a task expected to increase the risk of limb collisions. Eleven healthy young adults walked on a dual-belt treadmill under two conditions: (1) dual-belt – both belts of the treadmill moved at 1.2 m/s (total width: 62.5cm) and the subject walked with one foot on each of the moving belts and (2) single-belt – one treadmill belt moved at 1.2m/s while the other belt remained stationary and the subject walked with both feet on the moving belt (total width: 30.5cm). During both conditions, motion capture recorded the positions of 22 passive reflective markers from which UCM analysis was used to quantify ΔV in the joint configuration space. Results indicate that ΔV during the middle-third of swing phase significantly increased by 20% during single-belt walking (p<.01). We interpret this as evidence that the stronger synergies at midswing are needed to stabilize the limb trajectory in order to reduce the risk of between-limb collisions during a period when the lower limbs are nearest each other in the frontal plane.

Der Slawengau Quezici im Licht der Ortsnamen

The Slavonic district Quezici in the light of place names. ‒ The Slavonic district Quezici is mentioned for the first time in a document by Otto I, dated 961, as regio Quezici, in qua inest civitas Ilburg. Past linguistic research localized this district as a narrow strip of land beginning on the left bank of the Mulde river in the vicinity of Eilenburg which extended ca. 15 km to the north. The analysis and mapping of the Slavonic place names in the Eilenburg district revealed a clearly definable settlement area farther south. It extended from Taucha in the west to Müglenz, east of the Mulde. In the west it bordered on the pagus Chutici, in the north on the tribal area of the Siusili, in the south on the district Neletici. In the east a wide primeval forest belt separated the Quezici, Old Sorbian *Kvasici ‘Kvas people’, from the Slavonic tribes in the Elbe valley.

Research on belt grinding for marine propeller blade based on the second-order osculation

An effective method based on the second-order osculation principle is developed for grinding surface in this paper. On the assumption that the elastic contact wheel of abrasive belt grinder is a rigid body, the calculation of the contact wheel posture, the maximum width of the grinding belt, and grinding path are described in detail. Since the contact wheel touches the workpiece surface in line, the deformation of the contact wheel is uniform under the grinding pressure. Then an offset surface can be obtained by translating the tracing surface of the tool axis, and it can approach the machined surface more closely in the grinding process; thus, the precision and efficiency of the machining can be improved effectively. Finally, some machining examples are carried out on a developed five-axis computer numerical control (CNC) belt grinding machine, and the experimental results verify that the proposed method is practical and efficient.

Measurement of a pipe belt conveyor contact forces and cross section deformation by means of the six-point pipe belt stiffness testing device

This paper presents an experimental study that investigated the influence of major pipe conveyor parameters, such as pipe diameter, belt width, transverse bending stiffness, line mass and position of the belt overlap on the load distribution between the individual idler rolls, as well as the ability of the belt to form a stable pipe. The measurements were conducted using a static six-point pipe belt stiffness testing device. The results confirmed that bigger pipe diameters require higher bending stiffness to ensure the belt forms a stable pipe. The pipe diameter can be changed by either varying the length of the overlap, or by selecting a different belt width and keeping the ratio pipe diameter versus the belt width constant. More flexible belts require larger overlap for stable pipe shape. If the ratio belt width versus pipe diameter is constant for all manufactured belt widths, higher stiffness is needed for wider belts.

MAMBO image of the debris disk aroundϵEridani: robustness of the azimuthal structure

The debris disk closest to Earth is the one around the star epsilon Eridani at a distance of 3.2 pc. It is the prime target for detailed studies of a belt of planetesimals left from the early phase of planet formation other than the Kuiper Belt. The non-uniform ring-like structure around epsilon Eridani, originally discovered at lambda=850 microns with the bolometer camera SCUBA, could be the signpost of unseen long-period planets interior to the disk that gravitationally interact with it through mean-motion resonances. However, the reliability of the structure at 850 microns, which has been debated, has not been verified with independent observations until now. We present a high signal-to-noise ratio image of this structure at lambda=1.2 mm made with the bolometer camera MAMBO and compare this with the SCUBA image. We have found that three of the four emission clumps (NE, NW, SW) and the two deep hollows to the east and west are at the same positions in the MAMBO and SCUBA images within astrometric uncertainty. The SE clump is at odds, significantly brighter and more extended in the SCUBA than in the MAMBO images, but it is possible that this mismatch is an artifact. We conclude that this degree of positional coincidence provides tentative evidence that the observed structure is robust. In addition, we present the radial brightness profile of our MAMBO image and show that the width of the planetesimal belt around epsilon Eridani is narrower than 22 AU, a more stringent upper limit than determined from previous observations. The corresponding relative width is $0.1 < \Delta R / R < 0.4$, which is lower than for the Kuiper Belt.

Identification of efficient transport pathways from the soil surface to field drains by smoke injection

SummarySurface‐applied agrochemicals have been measured soon after application in drainage water from agricultural fields in various studies. The bypass flow from the soil surface into drains may result from direct macropore connections. In order to identify such macropores, smoke was injected into three 1.15‐m deep tile drains in a sandy loam soil using ‘smoke oil’ and an air blower. Smoke‐emitting macropores (SEM) at the soil surface were characterized as having either strong or weak plumes when compared with reference plumes from 3‐ and 6‐mm wide tubes. A total drain length of 93 m, at three separate sub‐drain lines, was investigated after harvest of wheat in autumn 2010 and in spring 2011. Smoke only reached the soil surface layer via earthworm burrows, located in a 1‐m wide belt directly above the drain lines. The distributions of SEM across the drain line were similar in autumn and spring. The average number of SEM along the drain lines was 2.3 SEM m−1 drain line. Ponded water in 6‐cm wide rings was applied above 52 burrows, including 17 reference burrows that did not emit smoke, and 13 pathways in the soil were examined with dye tracer. Strong SEM marked the entrance of efficient transport pathways conducting surface‐applied water and dye tracer into the drain. Water infiltration rates were significantly larger (P &lt; 0.05) in strong SEM (geometric mean, 195 ml minute−1; n = 19) than in weak SEM (geometric mean, 63 ml minute−1; n = 16) and for the reference burrows (geometric mean, 39 ml minute−1; n = 17). The results suggest that the smoke injection technique is a valuable means of identifying potentially efficient pathways for surface‐applied contaminants to enter drains, such pathways being associated primarily with strong SEM.